Quantum Effects in Synaptic Neurons and Their Networks in the Brain
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 6, December 2016
Pages:
47-66
Received:
2 January 2017
Accepted:
10 January 2017
Published:
10 February 2017
Abstract: This article describes small neurotransmitters as particles of a spinless quantum field. That is, the particles are Bosons that e.g. can occupy equal energy levels. In addition, we consider the particles of the presynaptic region before exocytosis occur as elements of a grand canonical ensemble that is in a thermodynamic equilibrium. Thus, the particles obey the Bose-Einstein statistics, which also determines the corresponding information entropy and the corresponding density matrix. When the release of neurotransmitters occur, the equilibrium collapses and the Bose-Einstein distribution transfers to the Poisson distribution. Moreover, the particles transmit as wave packets, with quantized energies and momenta, through the chemical synapses, where we also describe the effects of the quantum fluctuations. We mark this symmetry braking process that corresponds to a non-equilibrium phase transition by a threshold, which mainly depends on the mean of the particles number, with defined quanta. We model the connections of synaptic neurons of a population to a network by Hamiltonians that include both Bosons and Fermions and their interactions. Bosons are the carriers of messages (information) and Fermions are the switches, which forward these messages, with a modified content. The effects we observe in such a neural circuitry reveals a strong dependence of the solutions from the initial values and, more relevant, solutions with chaotic behavior exist. These circuitry-based ramifications together with possible internal malfunctioning of particular neurons (e.g. intermitted flow) of the network cause a sustainable reduction of the synaptic plasticity.
Abstract: This article describes small neurotransmitters as particles of a spinless quantum field. That is, the particles are Bosons that e.g. can occupy equal energy levels. In addition, we consider the particles of the presynaptic region before exocytosis occur as elements of a grand canonical ensemble that is in a thermodynamic equilibrium. Thus, the part...
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Antioxidant Capacity of Essential Oils of Two Juniperus Species from Northwest of Algeria
Bachir Raho Ghalem,
Otsmane Malika,
Sebaa Fatiha
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 6, December 2016
Pages:
67-70
Received:
18 September 2016
Accepted:
27 September 2016
Published:
11 February 2017
Abstract: This study was performed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activities of Juniperus phoenicea and Juniperus oxycedrus essential oils by three different methods, revealing an important antioxidant potential for both species. The results of the total antioxidant capacity of the EO's were 212.42 mg AE / g DM for J.phoenicea and 88.14 mg AE / g DM for J.oxycedrus. The effective concentration that reduces 50% of the DPPH solution is 1.279 g / ml for the J. phoenicea EO's and 6.56 µg/ml for J.oxycedrus EO's. With the method of FRAP, the two essential oils tested showed moderate reducing activity and significantly lower than ascorbic acid. The results indicated that Juniperus species have shown antioxidant activity which could be potential candidates for preparation of natural antioxidant drug or additive preparation.
Abstract: This study was performed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activities of Juniperus phoenicea and Juniperus oxycedrus essential oils by three different methods, revealing an important antioxidant potential for both species. The results of the total antioxidant capacity of the EO's were 212.42 mg AE / g DM for J.phoenicea and 88.14 mg AE / g DM fo...
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Comparative Study of the Physicochemical Properties of Zizyphus Spina and Moringa Oleifera Seed Oils
Emmanuel Stella Adedunni,
Olajide Olutayo Olawumi,
Owoicho Idoko,
Adebiyi Adedayo Olufemi,
Thomas Sunday Asuquo
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 6, December 2016
Pages:
71-75
Received:
15 September 2016
Accepted:
20 October 2016
Published:
12 February 2017
Abstract: Oils of Zyziphus spina (Z. spina) and Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) seeds were analyzed for physicochemical, phytochemical and lipid composition. M. oleifera seeds gave oil yield of 40.47% while Z. Spina seeds gave 30%. Refractive index, density and acid value (mg KOH g-1) of M. oleifera oil were 1.471, 0.81, 1.16 while Z .spina had 1.441, 0.79, 7.57 respectively. Similarly, Iodine (Wijs), Saponification (mg KOH g-1) and Peroxide (meq kg-1) values obtained for M. oleifera oil were 46.50, 166.77 and 2.16 whereas Z. spina had 86.40, 184.00 and traces respectively. The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of secondary metabolites such as saponin, flavonoids, terpenoid, sterol and balsam in M. oleifera and alkaloids, flavonoid, terpenoid, sterol and resin in Z. spina. Lipid composition showed the presence of neutral lipids, glycolipid and phospholipid in both Z. spina and M. oleifera.
Abstract: Oils of Zyziphus spina (Z. spina) and Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) seeds were analyzed for physicochemical, phytochemical and lipid composition. M. oleifera seeds gave oil yield of 40.47% while Z. Spina seeds gave 30%. Refractive index, density and acid value (mg KOH g-1) of M. oleifera oil were 1.471, 0.81, 1.16 while Z .spina had 1.441, 0.79, 7...
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