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Detection of DNA Damage in White Spot Syndrome Virus –Infected Shrimp (Peneaus Mondon) by Using Comet Assay
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
87-93
Received:
5 May 2014
Accepted:
27 May 2014
Published:
10 June 2014
Abstract: White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is the causative agent of a disease which has recently caused high shrimp morbidity, mortality and severe damage to shrimp cultures. In this study a strain of WSSV from tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon was used to detect DNA damage in muscle cells by using Comet Assay. The term "comet" refers to the pattern of DNA migration through the electrophoresis gel, which often resembles a comet. The present results declare that Comet Assay is a rapid, simple, visual and sensitive technique for detecting and analyzing DNA in damaged cells. In WSSV infected shrimps, damaged cells looked like a tiny comet under a microscope. When DNA is broken in infected cells it forms a tail that moves away from the unbroken DNA. The amount of DNA damage in cells was estimated from comet tail length as the extent of migration of the genetic material. Significant increases in intensity percentage of DNA tail portion, tail length and tail moments of infected shrimps were observed in comparison with normal healthy shrimps. Furthermore, the clinical signs of white spot disease were also discussed in this study.
Abstract: White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is the causative agent of a disease which has recently caused high shrimp morbidity, mortality and severe damage to shrimp cultures. In this study a strain of WSSV from tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon was used to detect DNA damage in muscle cells by using Comet Assay. The term "comet" refers to the pattern of DNA migra...
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Assessment of Bovine Tuberculosis and Its Risk Factors in Cattle and Humans, at and around Dilla Town, Southern Ethiopia
Gebremedhin Romha,
Gebremedhin Gebre egziabher,
Gobena Ameni
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
94-100
Received:
1 May 2014
Accepted:
4 June 2014
Published:
20 June 2014
Abstract: A cross-sectional study was carried out from February, 2012 to June, 2013 using comparative intradermal tuberculin (CIDT) test on 440 individual live cattle kept in 118 housholds/farms to determine the prevalence of, and to identify the risk factors associated with, bovine tuberculosis (BTB) infection in cattle and to assess the public awareness on its zoonotic importance through structured questionnaires at and around Dilla town, southern Ethiopia. The herd and individual cattle prevalence of bovine tuberculin positivity were 15.3% (95%, Confidence interval (CI): 8.7 to 21.8) and 4.3% (95%, CI: 2.4 to 6.2), respectively at cut-off greater than 4 mm. The herd prevalence of BTB varied significantly among herd size (P=0.019) and management conditions (P=0.031). Herds which had 5-9 and more than 9 cattle were six (Odds ratio (OR) = 6.4) and twelve (OR=12.0) times more reactive to bovine tuberculin testing than herds that had less than or equals to four cattle in their farms. Among the animal related risk factors only breed (P=0.020) had a significant association with the prevalence of bovine tuberculin positivity with the highest odds ratio in Holstein breeds (OR= 6.1) as compared to Zebu and cross (Holstein X Zebu) breeds. Less than one third (29.7%; 35 of 118) of the respondents recognized BTB, and only 22.9% (27/118) of the respondents had understanding of its zoonotic implication. Awareness rising of cattle owners about BTB and its transmission, and the zoonotic implication of BTB is of extreme importance for effective implementation of TB control measures.
Abstract: A cross-sectional study was carried out from February, 2012 to June, 2013 using comparative intradermal tuberculin (CIDT) test on 440 individual live cattle kept in 118 housholds/farms to determine the prevalence of, and to identify the risk factors associated with, bovine tuberculosis (BTB) infection in cattle and to assess the public awareness on...
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Dynamics of Vaginal pH in the Bitch during Proestrus and Estrus
Anton Lazarinov Antonov,
Julieta Dineva Dineva,
Plamen Ivanchev Georgiev
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
101-104
Received:
12 June 2014
Accepted:
26 June 2014
Published:
30 June 2014
Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamics of the pH of vaginal secretions during proestrus and estrus in bitches and its association with the optimal time for insemination and the values of steroid hormones. Sixteen bitches from different breeds and age were included in this investigation. Vaginal pH of each bitch was measured once daily, starting from the first day of vulval bleeding and continuing until the first day of cytological diestrus. In each bitch vaginal smears were taken to determine the onset of estrus and diestrus and blood samples were taken to determine serum progesterone (ng/ml) and estradiol-17β (pg/ml) for detection of the onset of ovulation and their influence on values and the dynamics of vaginal pH. Vaginal pH values in the bitches at the first day of proestrus were between 7.4 and 8.7. This parameter decreased with the progress of the proestrus and the entering into the estrus. Compared to the rest of the estrus, at the time of ovulation and on the next day, a consistent decrease of mean values (6.61±0.15 and 6.63±0.15 respectively) was observed (р<0,01). Individually at the time of ovulation vaginal pH ranged between 6.5 and 6.8. In the days following ovulation a gradual increase in mean values was detected. At the first day of diestrus vaginal pH values were measured significantly higher than those in estrus (р<0,001) and were between 7.4 and 8.3 (7.74±0.26). In our study we found that the vaginal pH values in the bitch are lowest at the time of ovulation, with individual variations and exceptions.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamics of the pH of vaginal secretions during proestrus and estrus in bitches and its association with the optimal time for insemination and the values of steroid hormones. Sixteen bitches from different breeds and age were included in this investigation. Vaginal pH of each bitch was measured once dail...
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Serum Urea, Creatinine and Enzymatic Activity of Alkaline Phosphatase in Nelore Cattle Raised in the Micro Upper Middle Gurguéia
Luana Araújo Saraiva,
Tairon Pannunzio Dias e Silva,
Patrick Elvis Paraguaio,
Morgana Santos Araújo,
Sheila Vilarindo de Sousa,
Luciana Pereira Machado
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
105-108
Received:
13 June 2014
Accepted:
28 June 2014
Published:
10 July 2014
Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the influence of age and sex on serum concentrations of urea, creatinine and alkaline phosphatase and provide possible reference values for Nelore cattle raised in the micro region Upper Middle Gurguéia. Blood samples from 55 cattle, clinically healthy and reared in extensive system were randomly collected and examined. Treatments were formed according to the sex of animals ranging in age from 12 to 24 months: males (n=13) and female (n=27), and among females according to age: Group I, animals aged 0-12 months (n=18) and Group II animals with 12 to 24 months (n=27). All biochemical analyzes were performed in semi-automatic biochemical analyzer according to the colorimetric method. The gender factor was decisive and exerted influence (p<0.05) on serum levels of urea, creatinine and alkaline phosphatase enzyme, with values within the reference, and the females were superior to urea and creatinine. When evaluated on the age variable, these blood parameters showed effect (p<0.05) concentrations of urea and alkaline phosphatase, and the amounts of urea; females from 0.0 to 12 months were below benchmarks. Serum levels of urea, creatinine and enzymatic activity of alkaline phosphatase of cattle raised in the micro region Upper Middle Gurguéia are influenced by age and sex, their of determination specific region establishes parameters for better interpretation of research results, for a better interpretation of the parameters as well as to assist in the early diagnosis of possible diseases that may comprise the productive system.
Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the influence of age and sex on serum concentrations of urea, creatinine and alkaline phosphatase and provide possible reference values for Nelore cattle raised in the micro region Upper Middle Gurguéia. Blood samples from 55 cattle, clinically healthy and reared in extensive system were randomly collected and examined....
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Protein and Electrophoretic Analysis of Edible Muscle of Commercially Important Crustaceans and Mollusks Species from Egyptian and Saudi Arabia Costs
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
109-117
Received:
20 May 2014
Accepted:
12 June 2014
Published:
20 July 2014
Abstract: Crustaceans and mollusks are important components of the aquatic fauna. Furthermore, crustaceans and mollusks consumption have been increasing worldwide during the past decades. So, therefore, the present study was investigated the variation between total protein content and protein electrophoretic pattern in edible muscle of commercially important crustaceans (Erugosquilla massavensis, Peaneus semisulcatus, Metapenaeus monoceros and Portunus pelagicus) and mollusks (Sepia spp., Cardium edule) as an attempt to rank them as an alternative rich animal protein source for human. The recorded data declare that the highest protein percentage was observed in males E. massavensis followed by Sepia spp then P. pelagicus and shrimps. On the other hand, females E. massavensis and bivalve mollusks (C. edule) had less total protein contents in their muscles, additionally, the recorded data showed a variation in band numbers and estimated molecular weight of muscle protein between sexes of each species and among the studied species. The results of the present work clearly indicate that there are differences in the protein structure of the muscles in different species of crustaceans and mollusks with reference to the protein fractions and their molecular weights.
Abstract: Crustaceans and mollusks are important components of the aquatic fauna. Furthermore, crustaceans and mollusks consumption have been increasing worldwide during the past decades. So, therefore, the present study was investigated the variation between total protein content and protein electrophoretic pattern in edible muscle of commercially important...
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Prospects of Value-Added Poultry Products Marketing in India
Thyagarajan Desikan,
Barathi Megarajan
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
118-123
Received:
15 February 2014
Accepted:
25 July 2014
Published:
30 July 2014
Abstract: Poultry industry in India is making major forward changes in productivity enhancement, industry expansion, research and development changes and marketing network. As to the extent of farming sector growth, concurrent expansion of the processing and further processing is limited. Lack of expansion in processing due to low demand for processed foods leads to restriction in the production of quality products. Poultry industry having 8% and 12% growth rate in broiler and layer industry needs to plan for quality production of poultry meat products and by-products and also in egg products and egg by-products. Further sustainability and profitability of the industry depends upon the diversification. Need based technology for meat products like emulsion, sausage, restructured, cured, enrobed, retort-packed, heritage products and value- addition to edible by-products are well established. Likewise postharvest technology for pickled egg, salted chicken egg, albumin rings, egg roll, egg crepe and egg powder are also available. Added to the well planned growth of the industry, defined and refined technologies are available as a major strength for numerous value-added meat products, egg products and by-products. Further limited diversification of poultry products industry is attributed to lack of adequate infrastructure facilities for processing and storage. Expansion of marketing is possible with major policy support, creation of facilities and reaching the consumers with quality and safety products. Disturbances in poultry marketing network are mainly reasoned out for monopoly of traders and restricted profit to the consumers. Overall poultry products marketing mainly depends on organized marketing network, creation of processing infrastructure facilities, quality and safety compliance in food chain from production to consumption.
Abstract: Poultry industry in India is making major forward changes in productivity enhancement, industry expansion, research and development changes and marketing network. As to the extent of farming sector growth, concurrent expansion of the processing and further processing is limited. Lack of expansion in processing due to low demand for processed foods ...
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Identification and Prevalence of Ectoparasites in Cattle and Sheep in and Around Bishoftu Town, Central Ethiopia
Meseret Gebreselama,
Fikre Zeru,
Gebremedhin Romha
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
124-129
Received:
8 June 2014
Accepted:
21 July 2014
Published:
30 July 2014
Abstract: A cross-sectional study was conducted from October, 2010 to May, 2011 on a total of 384 cattle and sheep to identify the major ectoparasites and to determine their prevalence in and around Bishoftu town, central Ethiopia. Out of 202 cattle and 182 sheep examined for ectoparasites, 95 (47.0%) cattle and 73 (40.1%) sheep were found to be infested with one or more ectoparasites. Overall eight genera of ectoparasites belonging to ticks (Boophilus, Amblyomma, Rhepicephalus and Hyalomma), lice (Damalina and Linognathus) and mange mite (Demodex spp and Psoroptes spp) were encountered in the study area. Prevalence of tick infestation was 35.2% (71/202) in cattle and 26.9% (49/182) in sheep. Among the risk factors assessed, female animals (cattle: χ2=5.4, P=0.020; sheep: χ2=5.5, P=0.019) and production system (cattle: χ2=29.4, P=0.000; sheep: χ2=10.3, P=0.001) were significantly associated with prevalence of tick infestation. The prevalence of pediculosis was 8.9% and 12.6% in bovine and ovine, respectively. Sex (χ2=19.3; P=0.000) and breed (χ2=4.6; P=0.033) in cattle, and production system in both cattle (χ2=5.5; P=0.020) and sheep (χ2=6.4; P=0.040) were found to be significantly associated with the prevalence of pediculosis. The prevalence of demodicosis and psoroptic mange in cattle was 6.6% and 0.6%, respectively. However, the only mange mite species encountered in sheep was Psoroptes with the prevalence rate of 2.2%. Age in cattle (χ2=14.0; P=0.000) and sheep (χ2=3.8; P=0.040), and body condition in cattle (χ2=7.7; P=0.021) were found to be significantly associated with the prevalence of mange mite infestation. The present study revealed that widespread occurrence of ectoparasites in cattle and sheep in the study area, and the major ectoparasites identified were tick, lice and mange mite, thus, improved management practice and well-coordinated control interventions are required.
Abstract: A cross-sectional study was conducted from October, 2010 to May, 2011 on a total of 384 cattle and sheep to identify the major ectoparasites and to determine their prevalence in and around Bishoftu town, central Ethiopia. Out of 202 cattle and 182 sheep examined for ectoparasites, 95 (47.0%) cattle and 73 (40.1%) sheep were found to be infested wit...
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Histological Effects of Different Levels of Sorghum Grain on the Liver and Kidney of Ghezel×Arkhar-Merino Crossbred Lambs
Hamid Karimi,
Hossein Daghigh Kia,
Ali Hosseinkhani
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
130-134
Received:
21 July 2014
Accepted:
31 July 2014
Published:
10 August 2014
Abstract: Sorghum grains with variable concentrations of tannin (antinutritional factor) are becoming an increasingly important source of energy in animal nutrition. A large intake of tannins may cause gastrointestinal irritation, kidney and liver damage. Our experiment was conducted to study the effects of replacement different levels of barley grain with sorghum grain on the kidney and liver tissue. In this study sixteen male Ghezel×Arkhar-merino crossbred lambs were used. Dietary treatment were contain alfalfa hay (20% total DM), as roughage part of the diets and grain part (80% total DM) had different levels of the barley grain substituted with sorghum grain during 90 days. Lambs were randomly assigned to to receive one of the four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design assignment, in which sorghum grain was used in the levels of 60, 70 and 80 percent of total ration. The gross examination of kidney and liver did not reveal any significant histological changes. The microscopic results showed that, increases of the sorghum grain levels resulting histological changes in kidney and liver parenchyma. Histological examination of kidney of group A showed a little change as degeneration of brush borders in some of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) cells. In B group, results appeared which brush borders of PCT were destroyed therefore the high cuboidal cells of PCT were observed as low cuboidal epithelium and diameter of PCT increased. Hemorrhage and congestion is not observed in cortex but it was observed in medulla. In C group, degeneration of cells of PCT and DCT, hemorrhage in cortex, congestion in medulla which they are more in area near apex of renal pyramids were observed. Decrease length of cuboidal cells in medullary collecting ducts. Amyloidal sedimentation in PCT and DCT. In the liver of A and B group animals, histological structure of liver was normal, but sinusoidal abnormality was observed in A group and only a little congestion observed in some central venules in B group animals. Liver of C group animals had many histological changes as shrinkage of hepatocyte, degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes around central venules, degeneration of some hepatic sinusoids, enlargement hepatic sinusoid in order to congestion and reduce length of hepatocytes, hemorrhage around central venuls, a little distribution of cirrhosis. In generally high level of sorghum grains in diet can induced hisological changs in kidney and liver of sheep.
Abstract: Sorghum grains with variable concentrations of tannin (antinutritional factor) are becoming an increasingly important source of energy in animal nutrition. A large intake of tannins may cause gastrointestinal irritation, kidney and liver damage. Our experiment was conducted to study the effects of replacement different levels of barley grain with s...
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