Determinants of Substance Abuse among Commercial Bus Drivers in Kano Metropolis, Kano State, Nigeria

Umar Yunusa; Umar Lawal Bello; Munir Idris; Mahfuz Muhammad Haddad; Dalhatu Adamu

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajns.20170602.16

| Peer-Reviewed

Determinants of Substance Abuse among Commercial Bus Drivers in Kano Metropolis, Kano State, Nigeria

Umar Yunusa, Umar Lawal Bello, Munir Idris, Mahfuz Muhammad Haddad, Dalhatu Adamu

Published in American Journal of Nursing Science (Volume 6, Issue 2)

Received: 20 December 2016 Accepted: 29 December 2016 Published: 24 February 2017

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Background: The use of illicit substances among commercial bus drivers is not only increasing but strangelypredisposing the drivers and their passengers to health hazards. There is however paucity of empirical data on the factors associated with this increase. Aim: This study was conducted to explore the determinants of substance abuse among commercial bus drivers in Kano Metropolis, Kano state, Nigeria. Methodology: A descriptive cross sectional design was used for the study where by 196 respondents were selected through a multi-stage cluster sampling technique. A validated and structured interviewer administered questionnaire (IAQ) was used to collect data from the eligible respondents. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results: Findings from the study showed that eight out of every ten (81.1%) of the respondents has ever abused a substance. The desires to relax/sleep after a hard days job (84.8%), work hard (48%), relieve stress (81%), relieve anxiety (66.5%) and pleasure (72%) are the major factors associated with the abuse of substances by the respondents. The most commonly abused substances by the respondents include solution (93.3%) coffee (85.2%), Tramadol (80.6%), local stimulant tea (Gadagi) (78.1%), cola-nut (66.3%) and tobacco (65%), Substance abuse can be reduced by controlling the production and sale of commonly abused substance (27.6%). Conclusion: The major determinants of substance abuse among commercial bus drivers are the desires to work hard, relieve of stress and anxiety. It is therefore recommended that Government should control the production, supply and sale of these illicit substances.

Published in	American Journal of Nursing Science (Volume 6, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajns.20170602.16
Page(s)	125-130
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Determinants, Substance, Abuse, Bus Drivers, Commercial

References

[1]	Alti, Muazu M., Aliyu, A. A. (2008) Prevalence of psychoactive substance use among commercialmotorcyclists and its health and social consequences in Zaria, Nigeria. Ann Afr Med, 7(2):67-71.
[2]	American psychiatric association diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder 4thed. Washington DC American psychiatric association.
[3]	Banyard, p. (2005) psychology in practice and health 0-340-84496-5.
[4]	Bales, R. F. (2010) cultural differences in the rate of alcoholism. Quarterly journal of studies on alcohol. Newyork: oxford university press.
[5]	Bako, M. (2015) interview on the determinants of substance abuse among commercial bus drivers.
[6]	Blum, B. & Moore, A. (2006), controlling drugs. An international handbook for psychoactive drug classification. New York: oxford university press.
[7]	Ballas, P. (2009) news and features, department of psychiatry, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia.
[8]	Bruce, E. (2010) centre for substance abuse treatment screening and assessing adolescents forSubstance use disorders. Treatment improvement protocol (TIP) series, No.31.DHHS publication No. (SMA) 99-3282.
[9]	Chisholm M. & Naci A. (2008) how do dopamine and neurons represent positive and negative Motivational events? National institute of health, 459,837-841.
[10]	Centre for Disease Control and prevention Newsroom (CDC) Press Release June 3, 2010.
[11]	Dele, A. (july 11 2015): drug abuse, the Nations newspaper. Page 25.
[12]	Darryl S and William, (2009)"Uppers, Downers, All-Arounders: Physical and Mental Effects of. Psychoactive Drugs"; kamar New York.
[13]	Drummer, D., (2010). Drug use and addiction: evolutionary perspective. Australianand NewZealand Journal of Psychiatry, 43(11) 1049-1056.
[14]	Drobes, D. J. (2005). Concurrent Alcohol and Tobacco Dependence. National Institute of Alcohol
[15]	Abuse and Alcoholism. Retrieved on 20 sept., 2015 from: http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh26-2/136-142.htm
[16]	Durant D. (2009). Psychotherapy for the Treatment of Substance Abuse. American Psychiatric Publishing, Washington D.C.
[17]	Davey S. M. & Richard k. (2005). Relapse and Recovery: Behavioral Strategies for Change. Excellence in Addiction Treatment. Pg. 1-24.
[18]	Darryl E. & William F. (2010) mental and physical effect of psychoactive drugs.
[19]	Department of Education's Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Program (SDFSP), 2010
[20]	Ekpenyong, S. N. (2012). Drug Abuse in Nigerian Schools: A Study of Selected Secondary Institutions in Bayelsa State, South-South, Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific Research in Education, 5(3), 260-268. Retrieved [25/07/2015] http://www.ijsre.com.
[21]	Essien, F. (2010) drug use and abuse among students in tertiary institutions. [electronic version], journal of research in national development, 8(2), 23-26.
[22]	Everitt, B. J. & Robbins T. W. (2005). Neural Systems of Reinforcement for Drug Addiction: From Actions to Habits to Compulsion. Nature Neuroscience, 8(11) 1481-1489.
[23]	Goode, E. (2014) Deviant Behaviour, Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
[24]	Heyman, G. M., (2009). Resolving the Contradictions of Addiction. Behavioural and Brain Sciences 19 (4): 561-610.
[25]	Hayman M. (2005). The dopamine hypothesis of drug addiction: hypo dopaminergic state. International Review of Neurobiology, 62.101-153.http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1507/3113/F1.expansion.html.
[26]	Idowu, F. (21st January 2014); Kano tops drug abuse chart Nigeria Vanguard Newspaper. P 33.
[27]	Jiloha R. C. (2009) Social and Cultural Aspects of Drug Abuse in Adolescents Department of Psychiatry, MAMC & GB Pant Hospital, New Delhi 110002.
[28]	Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2011). Motivationing the future national results on adolescent drug use: overview of key findings Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan.
[29]	Levinthal, C. F. (2010). Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society. Allyn and Bacon, Boston.
[30]	Lynch BS. and Bonnie RJ. Growing up tobacco free 2007: Preventing nicotine addiction in children and youths. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
[31]	Moses V. D., (2010). The Role of Dopamine in Human Addiction: From Reward to Motivated Attention. European Journal of Pharmacology, 526(1-3).
[32]	Moses k. (2010) prevalence of drug abuse among undergraduate students of university of IlorinKausar press; Ibadan Nigeria.
[33]	Nutt, D.; King, L. A.; Saulsbury, W.; Blakemore, C. (2010). "Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse". The Lancet: 1047–1053.
[34]	National Drug law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA, 2011) Report on incidence of drug abuse in Nigeria.
[35]	National Institute on Drug Abuse, (NIODA, 2013) Drugs and their effect. Washington DC USA.
[36]	National Survey on Drug Use and Health [NSDUH] 2013). U.S.A.
[37]	National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (2005). Module 10F: Immigrants, refugees and alcohol. In NIAAA: Social work education for the prevention and treatment of alcohol use disorders (NIH publication). Washington, D. C.
[38]	Parrot, A. (2006). Understanding Drugs and Behaviour. John Wiley & Sons: England.
[39]	Rockville, MD (2005) Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. “The Science of Addiction: Simplified,” Substance Abuse in Brief. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
[40]	Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration,( 2013) National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings, NSDUH Series H-48, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 14-4863. Rockville, MD.
[41]	Severson H. H. and Lichtenstein. Drug abuse Prevention Programmes for Adolescents: Rationale and Review. In: Krasnegor N and Cataldo M (Eds) Child Health and Behaviour, New York, Miley, 200.
[42]	Synder HN, Sickmund M. Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 2010 National Report. Washington, DC: National Center for Juvenile Justice.
[43]	Schuckit, M. A. (2010). Low level of response to alcohol as a predictor of futurealcoholism. American Journal of Psychiatry 151, 184–189.
[44]	Substance Abuse and Mental health Service Administration [SAMHSA’s].
[45]	Safe and Drug Free Schools Control Policy (SDFCP).
[46]	Taole k. (2009) research methodology: understanding research 2^nd edition campus press. India.
[47]	The 2014 Global Drug Survey (GDS2014).
[48]	United Nations Office on drugs and crime. (2012). World Drug Report issue (E.12.XI.1). Newyork: United Nations publication.
[49]	United nations educational scientific and cultural organization (unesco, 2007) Kano city Nigeria.
[50]	Winters KC. (2009) Treating Adolescents with Substance Use Disorders: An Overview of Practice Issues and Treatment Outcome. Substance Abuse; 20 (4): 203-225.
[51]	West, Robert. (2005). Theory of Addiction. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
[52]	World health organization (WHO, 2011). Global survey on substance abuse.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Umar Yunusa, Umar Lawal Bello, Munir Idris, Mahfuz Muhammad Haddad, Dalhatu Adamu. (2017). Determinants of Substance Abuse among Commercial Bus Drivers in Kano Metropolis, Kano State, Nigeria. American Journal of Nursing Science, 6(2), 125-130. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajns.20170602.16

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Umar Yunusa; Umar Lawal Bello; Munir Idris; Mahfuz Muhammad Haddad; Dalhatu Adamu. Determinants of Substance Abuse among Commercial Bus Drivers in Kano Metropolis, Kano State, Nigeria. Am. J. Nurs. Sci. 2017, 6(2), 125-130. doi: 10.11648/j.ajns.20170602.16

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Umar Yunusa, Umar Lawal Bello, Munir Idris, Mahfuz Muhammad Haddad, Dalhatu Adamu. Determinants of Substance Abuse among Commercial Bus Drivers in Kano Metropolis, Kano State, Nigeria. Am J Nurs Sci. 2017;6(2):125-130. doi: 10.11648/j.ajns.20170602.16

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajns.20170602.16,
  author = {Umar Yunusa and Umar Lawal Bello and Munir Idris and Mahfuz Muhammad Haddad and Dalhatu Adamu},
  title = {Determinants of Substance Abuse among Commercial Bus Drivers in Kano Metropolis, Kano State, Nigeria},
  journal = {American Journal of Nursing Science},
  volume = {6},
  number = {2},
  pages = {125-130},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajns.20170602.16},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajns.20170602.16},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajns.20170602.16},
  abstract = {Background:  The use of illicit substances among commercial bus drivers is not only increasing but strangelypredisposing the drivers and their passengers to health hazards. There is however paucity of empirical data on the factors associated with this increase. Aim:  This study was conducted to explore the determinants of substance abuse among commercial bus drivers in Kano Metropolis, Kano state, Nigeria.  Methodology:  A descriptive cross sectional design was used for the study where by 196 respondents were selected through a multi-stage cluster sampling technique. A validated and structured interviewer administered questionnaire (IAQ) was used to collect data from the eligible respondents. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results:  Findings from the study showed that eight out of every ten (81.1%) of the respondents has ever abused a substance. The desires to relax/sleep after a hard days job (84.8%), work hard (48%), relieve stress (81%), relieve anxiety (66.5%) and pleasure (72%) are the major factors associated with the abuse of substances by the respondents. The most commonly abused substances by the respondents include solution (93.3%) coffee (85.2%), Tramadol (80.6%), local stimulant tea (Gadagi) (78.1%), cola-nut (66.3%) and tobacco (65%), Substance abuse can be reduced by controlling the production and sale of commonly abused substance (27.6%). Conclusion: The major determinants of substance abuse among commercial bus drivers are the desires to work hard, relieve of stress and anxiety. It is therefore recommended that Government should control the production, supply and sale of these illicit substances.},
 year = {2017}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Determinants of Substance Abuse among Commercial Bus Drivers in Kano Metropolis, Kano State, Nigeria
AU  - Umar Yunusa
AU  - Umar Lawal Bello
AU  - Munir Idris
AU  - Mahfuz Muhammad Haddad
AU  - Dalhatu Adamu
Y1  - 2017/02/24
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajns.20170602.16
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajns.20170602.16
T2  - American Journal of Nursing Science
JF  - American Journal of Nursing Science
JO  - American Journal of Nursing Science
SP  - 125
EP  - 130
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5753
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajns.20170602.16
AB  - Background:  The use of illicit substances among commercial bus drivers is not only increasing but strangelypredisposing the drivers and their passengers to health hazards. There is however paucity of empirical data on the factors associated with this increase. Aim:  This study was conducted to explore the determinants of substance abuse among commercial bus drivers in Kano Metropolis, Kano state, Nigeria.  Methodology:  A descriptive cross sectional design was used for the study where by 196 respondents were selected through a multi-stage cluster sampling technique. A validated and structured interviewer administered questionnaire (IAQ) was used to collect data from the eligible respondents. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results:  Findings from the study showed that eight out of every ten (81.1%) of the respondents has ever abused a substance. The desires to relax/sleep after a hard days job (84.8%), work hard (48%), relieve stress (81%), relieve anxiety (66.5%) and pleasure (72%) are the major factors associated with the abuse of substances by the respondents. The most commonly abused substances by the respondents include solution (93.3%) coffee (85.2%), Tramadol (80.6%), local stimulant tea (Gadagi) (78.1%), cola-nut (66.3%) and tobacco (65%), Substance abuse can be reduced by controlling the production and sale of commonly abused substance (27.6%). Conclusion: The major determinants of substance abuse among commercial bus drivers are the desires to work hard, relieve of stress and anxiety. It is therefore recommended that Government should control the production, supply and sale of these illicit substances.
VL  - 6
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Umar Yunusa

Department of Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano State, Nigeria
Umar Lawal Bello

Department of Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano State, Nigeria
Munir Idris

Department of Nursing Services, Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital Kano, Kano State, Nigeria
Mahfuz Muhammad Haddad

Department of Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano State, Nigeria
Dalhatu Adamu

Department of Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano State, Nigeria

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Umar Yunusa, Umar Lawal Bello, Munir Idris, Mahfuz Muhammad Haddad, Dalhatu Adamu. (2017). Determinants of Substance Abuse among Commercial Bus Drivers in Kano Metropolis, Kano State, Nigeria. American Journal of Nursing Science, 6(2), 125-130. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajns.20170602.16

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Umar Yunusa; Umar Lawal Bello; Munir Idris; Mahfuz Muhammad Haddad; Dalhatu Adamu. Determinants of Substance Abuse among Commercial Bus Drivers in Kano Metropolis, Kano State, Nigeria. Am. J. Nurs. Sci. 2017, 6(2), 125-130. doi: 10.11648/j.ajns.20170602.16

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Umar Yunusa, Umar Lawal Bello, Munir Idris, Mahfuz Muhammad Haddad, Dalhatu Adamu. Determinants of Substance Abuse among Commercial Bus Drivers in Kano Metropolis, Kano State, Nigeria. Am J Nurs Sci. 2017;6(2):125-130. doi: 10.11648/j.ajns.20170602.16

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajns.20170602.16,
  author = {Umar Yunusa and Umar Lawal Bello and Munir Idris and Mahfuz Muhammad Haddad and Dalhatu Adamu},
  title = {Determinants of Substance Abuse among Commercial Bus Drivers in Kano Metropolis, Kano State, Nigeria},
  journal = {American Journal of Nursing Science},
  volume = {6},
  number = {2},
  pages = {125-130},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajns.20170602.16},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajns.20170602.16},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajns.20170602.16},
  abstract = {Background:  The use of illicit substances among commercial bus drivers is not only increasing but strangelypredisposing the drivers and their passengers to health hazards. There is however paucity of empirical data on the factors associated with this increase. Aim:  This study was conducted to explore the determinants of substance abuse among commercial bus drivers in Kano Metropolis, Kano state, Nigeria.  Methodology:  A descriptive cross sectional design was used for the study where by 196 respondents were selected through a multi-stage cluster sampling technique. A validated and structured interviewer administered questionnaire (IAQ) was used to collect data from the eligible respondents. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results:  Findings from the study showed that eight out of every ten (81.1%) of the respondents has ever abused a substance. The desires to relax/sleep after a hard days job (84.8%), work hard (48%), relieve stress (81%), relieve anxiety (66.5%) and pleasure (72%) are the major factors associated with the abuse of substances by the respondents. The most commonly abused substances by the respondents include solution (93.3%) coffee (85.2%), Tramadol (80.6%), local stimulant tea (Gadagi) (78.1%), cola-nut (66.3%) and tobacco (65%), Substance abuse can be reduced by controlling the production and sale of commonly abused substance (27.6%). Conclusion: The major determinants of substance abuse among commercial bus drivers are the desires to work hard, relieve of stress and anxiety. It is therefore recommended that Government should control the production, supply and sale of these illicit substances.},
 year = {2017}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Determinants of Substance Abuse among Commercial Bus Drivers in Kano Metropolis, Kano State, Nigeria
AU  - Umar Yunusa
AU  - Umar Lawal Bello
AU  - Munir Idris
AU  - Mahfuz Muhammad Haddad
AU  - Dalhatu Adamu
Y1  - 2017/02/24
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajns.20170602.16
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajns.20170602.16
T2  - American Journal of Nursing Science
JF  - American Journal of Nursing Science
JO  - American Journal of Nursing Science
SP  - 125
EP  - 130
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5753
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajns.20170602.16
AB  - Background:  The use of illicit substances among commercial bus drivers is not only increasing but strangelypredisposing the drivers and their passengers to health hazards. There is however paucity of empirical data on the factors associated with this increase. Aim:  This study was conducted to explore the determinants of substance abuse among commercial bus drivers in Kano Metropolis, Kano state, Nigeria.  Methodology:  A descriptive cross sectional design was used for the study where by 196 respondents were selected through a multi-stage cluster sampling technique. A validated and structured interviewer administered questionnaire (IAQ) was used to collect data from the eligible respondents. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results:  Findings from the study showed that eight out of every ten (81.1%) of the respondents has ever abused a substance. The desires to relax/sleep after a hard days job (84.8%), work hard (48%), relieve stress (81%), relieve anxiety (66.5%) and pleasure (72%) are the major factors associated with the abuse of substances by the respondents. The most commonly abused substances by the respondents include solution (93.3%) coffee (85.2%), Tramadol (80.6%), local stimulant tea (Gadagi) (78.1%), cola-nut (66.3%) and tobacco (65%), Substance abuse can be reduced by controlling the production and sale of commonly abused substance (27.6%). Conclusion: The major determinants of substance abuse among commercial bus drivers are the desires to work hard, relieve of stress and anxiety. It is therefore recommended that Government should control the production, supply and sale of these illicit substances.
VL  - 6
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download