| Peer-Reviewed

The Importance of Prebiotics and Quality Nutrition Such as Iron and Vitamin C to Ensure the Psychomotor and Cognitive Behaviors in Toddlerhood

Received: 13 February 2023    Accepted: 27 March 2023    Published: 27 July 2023
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

Prebiotics are a class of substances that the gut flora breaks down. Interest in their link to general human health has grown in recent years. Their breakdown products include short-chain fatty acids that are released into the bloodstream and can feed the intestinal microbiota, which has an impact on not only the gastrointestinal tracts but also other distant organs. Scientists are seeking to industrially create prebiotics since meals naturally contain small amounts of fructo and galacto-oligosaccharides. Prebiotics appear to be intriguing possibilities for boosting human health as a substitute or in conjunction with probiotics, given their safety, health benefits, and advantages in manufacture and storage over probiotics. For the brain and neurocognitive system to grow normally, proper nourishment is essential. Early neurodevelopmental optimization can have significant long-term effects on both mental health and quality of life. The central and peripheral nervous systems continue to adapt and grow throughout life, even though the first 1000 days of life are the most crucial for neurodevelopment. Development and functioning have always been reliant on a variety of elements, including proper nourishment. In this review, we discuss the growing roles of polar lipids and high quality protein in the cognitive, emotional, and neurological development of newborns and young children.

Published in American Journal of Pediatrics (Volume 9, Issue 3)
DOI 10.11648/j.ajp.20230903.15
Page(s) 126-136
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Prebiotics, Nutrition, Immune System, Psychomotor Development, Cognitive Behavior

References
[1] Mudd A. T., Alexander L. S., Berding K., Waworuntu R. V., Berg B. M., Donovan S. M., Dilger R. N. Dietary prebiotics, milk fat globule membrane, and lactoferrin affects structural neurodevelopment in the young piglet. Front. Pediatr. 2016; 4: 4. doi: 10.3389/fped.2016.00004. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar].
[2] Grenham S., Clarke G., Cryan J. F., Dinan T. G. Brain–gut–microbe communication in health and disease. Front. Physiol. 2011; 2: 94. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2011.00094. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar].
[3] Liu X., Cao S., Zhang X. Modulation of gut microbiota–brain axis by probiotics, prebiotics, and diet. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2015; 63: 7885-7895. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02404. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar].
[4] Forsythe P., Bienenstock J., Kunze W. A. Microbial Endocrinology: The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Health and Disease. Springer; New York, NY, USA: 2014. Vagal pathways for microbiome-brain-gut axis communication; pp. 115-133. [Google Scholar].
[5] Savignac H. M., Corona G., Mills H., Chen L., Spencer J. P., Tzortzis G., Burnet P. W. Prebiotic feeding elevates central brain derived neurotrophic factor, n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunits and d-serine. Neurochem. Int. 2013; 63: 756-764. doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.10.006. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar].
[6] Williams S., Chen L., Savignac H. M., Tzortzis G., Anthony D. C., Burnet P. W. Neonatal prebiotic (bgos) supplementation increases the levels of synaptophysin, glun2a-subunits and bdnf proteins in the adult rat hippocampus. Synapse. 2016; 70: 121-124. doi: 10.1002/syn.21880. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar].
[7] Sudo N., Chida Y., Aiba Y., Sonoda J., Oyama N., Yu X. N., Kubo C., Koga Y. Postnatal microbial colonization programs the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal system for stress response in mice. J. Physiol. 2004; 558: 263-275. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2004.063388. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar].
[8] Heijtz R. D., Wang S., Anuar F., Qian Y., Björkholm B., Samuelsson A., Hibberd M. L., Forssberg H., Pettersson S. Normal gut microbiota modulates brain development and behavior. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2011; 108: 3047-3052. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1010529108. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar].
[9] Neufeld K., Kang N., Bienenstock J., Foster J. Reduced anxiety-like behavior and central neurochemical change in germ-free mice. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 2011; 23: 255-e119. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01620.x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar].
[10] Nelson E. D., Ramberg J. E., Best T., Sinnott R. A. Neurologic effects of exogenous saccharides: A review of controlled human, animal, and in vitro studies. Nutr. Neurosci. 2012; 15: 149-162. doi: 10.1179/1476830512Y.0000000004. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar].
[11] Best T., Howe P., Bryan J., Buckley J., Scholey A. Acute effects of a dietary non-starch polysaccharide supplement on cognitive performance in healthy middle-aged adults. Nutr. Neurosci. 2015; 18: 76-86. doi: 10.1179/1476830513Y.0000000101. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar].
[12] Best T., Kemps E., Bryan J. Saccharide effects on cognition and well-being in middle-aged adults: A randomized controlled trial. Dev. Neuropsychol. 2009; 35: 66-80. doi: 10.1080/87565640903325709. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar].
[13] Han H. S., Jang J.-H., Jang J. H., Choi J. S., Kim Y. J., Lee C., Lim S. H., Lee H.-K., Lee J. Water extract of triticum aestivum l. And its components demonstrate protective effect in a model of vascular dementia. J. Med. Food. 2010; 13: 572-578. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2009.1242. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar].
[14] Schmidt K., Cowen P. J., Harmer C. J., Tzortzis G., Errington S., Burnet P. W. Prebiotic intake reduces the waking cortisol response and alters emotional bias in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology. 2015; 232: 1793-1801. doi: 10.1007/s00213-014-3810-0. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar].
[15] Van den Berg J. P., Westerbeek E., Bröring-Starre T., Garssen J., van Elburg R. M. Neurodevelopment of preterm infants at 24 months after neonatal supplementation of a prebiotic mix: A randomized trial. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2016; 63: 270-276. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000001148. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar].
[16] Smith A. P., Sutherland D., Hewlett P. An investigation of the acute effects of oligofructose-enriched inulin on subjective wellbeing, mood and cognitive performance. Nutrients. 2015; 7: 8887-8896. doi: 10.3390/nu7115441. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar].
[17] Smith A. P. The concept of well-being: Relevance to nutrition research. Br. J. Nutr. 2005; 93: S1-S5. doi: 10.1079/BJN20041351. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar].
[18] Waworuntu R., Hain H., Chang Q., Thiede L., Hanania T., Berg B. Dietary prebiotics improve memory and social interactions while reducing anxiety when provided early in life to normally developing rodents (637.5) FASEB J. 2014; 28: 637.5. [Google Scholar].
[19] Messaoudi M., Rozan P., Nejdi A., Hidalgo S., Desor D. Behavioural and cognitive effects of oligofructose-enriched inulin in rats. Br. J. Nutr. 2005; 93: S27-S30. doi: 10.1079/BJN20041348. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar].
[20] Buie T., Campbell D. B., Fuchs G. J., Furuta G. T., Levy J., VandeWater J., Whitaker A. H., Atkins D., Bauman M. L., Beaudet A. L., et al. Evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of gastrointestinal disorders in individuals with asds: A consensus report. Pediatrics. 2010; 125: S1-S8. doi: 10.1542/peds.2009-1878C. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar].
[21] Adams J. B., Johansen L. J., Powell L. D., Quig D., Rubin R. A. Gastrointestinal flora and gastrointestinal status in children with autism comparisons to typical children and correlation with autism severity. BMC Gastroenterol. 2011; 11: 22. doi: 10.1186/1471-230X-11-22. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar].
[22] Nankova B. B., Agarwal R., MacFabe D. F., La Gamma E. F. Enteric bacterial metabolites propionic and butyric acid modulate gene expression, including creb-dependent catecholaminergic neurotransmission, in pc12 cells-possible relevance to autism spectrum disorders. PLoS ONE. 2014; 9: e103740. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103740. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar].
[23] Müller J. B., Guggenheim P., Haemmerli U. Treatment of chronic portal-systemic encephalopathy with lactulose. Lancet. 1966; 287: 890-893. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(66)91573-X. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar].
[24] De Angelis M., Piccolo M., Vannini L., Siragusa S., De Giacomo A., Serrazzanetti D. I., Cristofori F., Guerzoni M. E., Gobbetti M., Francavilla R. Fecal microbiota and metabolome of children with autism and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. PLoS ONE. 2013; 8: e76993. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076993. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar].
[25] Navarro F., Liu Y., Rhoads J. M. Can probiotics benefit children with autism spectrum disorders? World J. Gastroenterol. 2016; 22: 10093. doi: 10.3748/wjg. v22.i46.10093. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar].
[26] Lefranc-Millot C., Guérin-Deremaux L., Wils D., Neut C., Miller L., Saniez-Degrave M. Impact of a resistant dextrin on intestinal ecology: How altering the digestive ecosystem with nutriose®, a soluble fibre with prebiotic properties, may be beneficial for health. J. Int. Med. Res. 2012; 40: 211-224. doi: 10.1177/147323001204000122. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar].
[27] Prasad S., Dhiman R. K., Duseja A., Chawla Y. K., Sharma A., Agarwal R. Lactulose improves cognitive functions and health-related quality of life in patients with cirrhosis who have minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology. 2007; 45: 549-559. doi: 10.1002/hep.21533. [PubMed].
[28] Hamer H. M., Jonkers D., Venema K., Vanhoutvin S., Troost F., Brummer R. J. Review article: The role of butyrate on colonic function. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2008; 27: 104-119. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03562.x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar].
[29] Zhou Z., Zhang Y., Zheng P., Chen X., Yang Y. Starch structure modulates metabolic activity and gut microbiota profile. Anaerobe. 2013; 24: 71-78. doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.09.012. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar].
[30] Clarke T. B., Davis K. M., Lysenko E. S., Zhou A. Y., Yu Y., Weiser J. N. Recognition of peptidoglycan from the microbiota by nod1 enhances systemic innate immunity. Nat. Med. 2010; 16: 228-231. doi: 10.1038/nm.2087. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar].
[31] Den Besten G., van Eunen K., Groen A. K., Venema K., Reijngoud D.-J., Bakker B. M. The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and host energy metabolism. J. Lipid Res. 2013; 54: 2325-2340. doi: 10.1194/jlr. R036012. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar].
[32] Gibson G. R., Scott K. P., Rastall R. A., Tuohy K. M., Hotchkiss A., Dubert-Ferrandon A., Gareau M., Murphy E. F., Saulnier D., Loh G., et al. Dietary prebiotics: Current status and new definition. Food Sci. Technol. Bull. Funct. Foods. 2010; 7: 1-19. doi: 10.1616/1476-2137.15880. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar].
[33] Howlett J. F., Betteridge V. A., Champ M., Craig S. A., Meheust A., Jones J. M. The definition of dietary fiber-discussions at the ninth vahouny fiber symposium: Building scientific agreement. Food Nutr. Res. 2010; 54: 5750. doi: 10.3402/fnr. v54i0.5750. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar].
[34] Roberfroid M. B. Handbook of Prebiotics. CRC Press; Boca Raton, FL, USA: 2008. Prebiotics: Concept, definition, criteria, methodologies, and products; pp. 49-78. [Google Scholar].
[35] Slavin J. Fiber and prebiotics: Mechanisms and health benefits. Nutrients. 2013; 5: 1417-1435. doi: 10.3390/nu5041417. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar].
[36] Bindels L. B., Delzenne N. M., Cani P. D., Walter J. Towards a more comprehensive concept for prebiotics. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2015; 12: 303-310. doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2015.47. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar].
[37] Trompette A., Gollwitzer E. S., Yadava K., Sichelstiel A. K., Sprenger N., Ngom-Bru C., Blanchard C., Junt T., Nicod L. P., Harris N. L., et al. Gut microbiota metabolism of dietary fiber influences allergic airway disease and hematopoiesis. Nat. Med. 2014; 20: 159-166. doi: 10.1038/nm.3444. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar].
[38] Hernot D. C., Boileau T. W., Bauer L. L., Middelbos I. S., Murphy M. R., Swanson K. S., Fahey Jr G. C. In vitro fermentation profiles, gas production rates, and microbiota modulation as affected by certain fructans, galactooligosaccharides, and polydextrose. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2009; 57: 1354-1361. doi: 10.1021/jf802484j. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar].
[39] Hutkins R. W., Krumbeck J. A., Bindels L. B., Cani P. D., Fahey G., Goh Y. J., Hamaker B., Martens E. C., Mills D. A., Rastal R. A., et al. Prebiotics: Why definitions matter. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2016; 37: 1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.09.001. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar].
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Shahabuddin Mahmud, Shabnam Sharmin, Md. Aynul Islam Khan, Rifat Jahan, Shah Muhammad Masuduzzaman, et al. (2023). The Importance of Prebiotics and Quality Nutrition Such as Iron and Vitamin C to Ensure the Psychomotor and Cognitive Behaviors in Toddlerhood. American Journal of Pediatrics, 9(3), 126-136. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajp.20230903.15

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Shahabuddin Mahmud; Shabnam Sharmin; Md. Aynul Islam Khan; Rifat Jahan; Shah Muhammad Masuduzzaman, et al. The Importance of Prebiotics and Quality Nutrition Such as Iron and Vitamin C to Ensure the Psychomotor and Cognitive Behaviors in Toddlerhood. Am. J. Pediatr. 2023, 9(3), 126-136. doi: 10.11648/j.ajp.20230903.15

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Shahabuddin Mahmud, Shabnam Sharmin, Md. Aynul Islam Khan, Rifat Jahan, Shah Muhammad Masuduzzaman, et al. The Importance of Prebiotics and Quality Nutrition Such as Iron and Vitamin C to Ensure the Psychomotor and Cognitive Behaviors in Toddlerhood. Am J Pediatr. 2023;9(3):126-136. doi: 10.11648/j.ajp.20230903.15

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ajp.20230903.15,
      author = {Shahabuddin Mahmud and Shabnam Sharmin and Md. Aynul Islam Khan and Rifat Jahan and Shah Muhammad Masuduzzaman and Mushfiqur Rahman and Biplob Kumer Saha and Morshed Alam},
      title = {The Importance of Prebiotics and Quality Nutrition Such as Iron and Vitamin C to Ensure the Psychomotor and Cognitive Behaviors in Toddlerhood},
      journal = {American Journal of Pediatrics},
      volume = {9},
      number = {3},
      pages = {126-136},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajp.20230903.15},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajp.20230903.15},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajp.20230903.15},
      abstract = {Prebiotics are a class of substances that the gut flora breaks down. Interest in their link to general human health has grown in recent years. Their breakdown products include short-chain fatty acids that are released into the bloodstream and can feed the intestinal microbiota, which has an impact on not only the gastrointestinal tracts but also other distant organs. Scientists are seeking to industrially create prebiotics since meals naturally contain small amounts of fructo and galacto-oligosaccharides. Prebiotics appear to be intriguing possibilities for boosting human health as a substitute or in conjunction with probiotics, given their safety, health benefits, and advantages in manufacture and storage over probiotics. For the brain and neurocognitive system to grow normally, proper nourishment is essential. Early neurodevelopmental optimization can have significant long-term effects on both mental health and quality of life. The central and peripheral nervous systems continue to adapt and grow throughout life, even though the first 1000 days of life are the most crucial for neurodevelopment. Development and functioning have always been reliant on a variety of elements, including proper nourishment. In this review, we discuss the growing roles of polar lipids and high quality protein in the cognitive, emotional, and neurological development of newborns and young children.},
     year = {2023}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - The Importance of Prebiotics and Quality Nutrition Such as Iron and Vitamin C to Ensure the Psychomotor and Cognitive Behaviors in Toddlerhood
    AU  - Shahabuddin Mahmud
    AU  - Shabnam Sharmin
    AU  - Md. Aynul Islam Khan
    AU  - Rifat Jahan
    AU  - Shah Muhammad Masuduzzaman
    AU  - Mushfiqur Rahman
    AU  - Biplob Kumer Saha
    AU  - Morshed Alam
    Y1  - 2023/07/27
    PY  - 2023
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajp.20230903.15
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajp.20230903.15
    T2  - American Journal of Pediatrics
    JF  - American Journal of Pediatrics
    JO  - American Journal of Pediatrics
    SP  - 126
    EP  - 136
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2472-0909
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajp.20230903.15
    AB  - Prebiotics are a class of substances that the gut flora breaks down. Interest in their link to general human health has grown in recent years. Their breakdown products include short-chain fatty acids that are released into the bloodstream and can feed the intestinal microbiota, which has an impact on not only the gastrointestinal tracts but also other distant organs. Scientists are seeking to industrially create prebiotics since meals naturally contain small amounts of fructo and galacto-oligosaccharides. Prebiotics appear to be intriguing possibilities for boosting human health as a substitute or in conjunction with probiotics, given their safety, health benefits, and advantages in manufacture and storage over probiotics. For the brain and neurocognitive system to grow normally, proper nourishment is essential. Early neurodevelopmental optimization can have significant long-term effects on both mental health and quality of life. The central and peripheral nervous systems continue to adapt and grow throughout life, even though the first 1000 days of life are the most crucial for neurodevelopment. Development and functioning have always been reliant on a variety of elements, including proper nourishment. In this review, we discuss the growing roles of polar lipids and high quality protein in the cognitive, emotional, and neurological development of newborns and young children.
    VL  - 9
    IS  - 3
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Department of Pediatrics, Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh

  • Department of Pediatrics, Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh

  • Department of Pediatrics, Colonel Maleque Medical College, Manikgonj, Bangladesh

  • Department of Pediatrics, Sheikh Hasina Medical College and Hospital, Tangail, Bangladesh

  • Department of Pediatrics, Sheikh Hasina Medical College and Hospital, Tangail, Bangladesh

  • Department of Pediatrics, Mymensingh Medical College and Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh

  • Department of Pediatrics, Mymensingh Medical College and Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh

  • Department of Pediatrics, City Medical Collage and Hospital, Gazipur, Bangladesh

  • Sections