Introduction: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the causative agent of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer diseases with associated risk factor of developing gastric cancer and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma if left untreated. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence of virulence genes and associated risk factors of H. pylori among adults in a gastric cancer risk region of Nasarawa State, North central Nigeria. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study to determine H. Pylori status of 434 adults in gastric cancer high risk region of Nasarawa State from January to August, 2021. Associated risk factors and virulence genes (positive/β-(1, 3) galT of jhp0562, cagA, vacA, and hrgA) was evaluated from gastric biopsy specimens of dyspepsia patients. Results: The overall prevalence of H. pylori infection was 45.6% (198/434). The rate of infection was higher in male subjects (40.6%) than in female (23.8%); P<0.001) and higher significantly among adults with the following associated risk factors: unboil water, consumption of alcohol, low income, and Urban residency. Un-boiled water consumption and alcohol consumption were independent risk factors for H. pylori infection (odds ratio=7.48 vs OR=9.78 respectively). Of the 198 strains cultured, 76.9% carried Western-type cagA, with a higher proportion in Male (86.4%) than in Female (50.0%), P=0.05). Patients infected with East Asian-type cagA strains (P=0.027) have lesser inflammation scores in the antrum than those infected with the Western-type cagA strains. Conclusion: Our study revealed a high prevalence of H. pylori infection in Nasarawa State, with unclean water source, and alcohol consumption as significant risk factors for H. pylori infection. The incidence of gastric cancer in Nasarawa State is associated with circulating virulence genes of cagA, vacA, hrgA and jhp0562-positive/β-(1, 3) galT.
| Published in | European Journal of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences (Volume 7, Issue 6) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ejcbs.20210706.15 |
| Page(s) | 118-125 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Virulence Genes, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Helicobacter pylori, Infection, Gastric Cancer, North Central, Nigeria
| [1] | Hooi JKY, Lai WY, Ng WK, Suen MMY, Underwood FE, Tanyingoh D, et al. Global prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection: systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2017; 153 (2): 420–9. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28456631. |
| [2] | Tanih NF, Ndip RN. A South African perspective on Helicobacter pylori: prevalence, epidemiology and antimicrobial chemotherapy. African J Microbiol Res. 2013; 7 (21): 2430–7. Available from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/b982/f504624a804b09cde7fea49468e27c44e4c7.pdf. |
| [3] | Kidd M, Louw JA, Marks IN. Helicobacter pylori in Africa: Observations on an “enigma within an enigma.”. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999; 14 (9): 851–8. |
| [4] | Dube C, Tanih NF, Clarke AM, Mkwetshana N, Green E, Ndip RN. Helicobacter pylori infection and transmission in Africa: household hygiene and water sources are plausible factors exacerbating spread. African J Biotechnol. 2009; 8 (22): 6028–35. Available from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.474.4239&rep=rep1&type=pdf. |
| [5] | Samie A, Obi CL, Barrett LJ, Powell SM, Guerrant RL. Prevalence of Campylobacter species, Helicobacter pylori and Arcobacter species in stool samples from the Venda region, Limpopo, South Africa: studies using molecular diagnostic methods. J Inf Secur. 2007; 54 (6): 558–66. |
| [6] | Brown LM. Helicobacter pylori: epidemiology and routes of transmission. Epidemiol Rev. 2000; 22 (2): 283–97. |
| [7] | Aziz RK, Khalifa MM, Sharaf RR. Contaminated water as a source of Helicobacter pylori infection: A review. J Adv Res. 2015; 6: 539–47. |
| [8] | Eusebi LH, Zagari RM, Bazzoli F. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter. 2014; 19 (S1): 1–5. |
| [9] | Kameswara S, Mynepalli C, Maureen O, Mumuni A. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori and hygiene practices among public secondary school students in Ikeja local government area, Lagos, Nigeria. Health. 2014; 6 (4): 250–8. |
| [10] | Syam AF, Miftahussurur M, Makmun D, Nusi IA, Zain LH, Zulkhairi, et al. Risk factors and prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in five largest islands of Indonesia: a preliminary study. PLoS One. 2015; 10 (11): 1–14. |
| [11] | Tanih NF, Okeleye BI, Ndip LM, Clarke AM, Naidoo N, Mkwetshana N, et al. Helicobacter pylori prevalence in dyspeptic patients in the eastern Cape Province - race and disease status. South African Med J. 2010; 100 (11): 734–7. |
| [12] | Aftab H, Miftahussurur M, Subsomwong P, Ahmed F, Azad AK. Original article Helicobacter pylori antibiotic susceptibility patterns in Bangladesh: emerging levofloxacin resistance. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2016; 10 (3): 245–53. https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.7713. |
| [13] | Patel SK, Pratap CB, Jain AK, Gulati AK, Nath G. Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori: what should be the gold standard? World J Gastroenterol. 2014; 20 (36): 12847–59. |
| [14] | Yamaoka Y. Mechanisms of disease: Helicobacter pylori virulence factors. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011; 7 (11): 629–41 Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2010.154. |
| [15] | Roesler BM. Clinical medicine insights: gastroenterology virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori: a review. Clin Med Insights Gastroenterol. 2014; 7: 9–17. |
| [16] | Hatakeyama M. Review Helicobacter pylori CagA and Gastric Cancer. Cell Host Microbe. 2014; 15 (3): 306–16 Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2014.02.008. |
| [17] | Utsch C, Haas R. VacA’s induction of VacA-containing vacuoles (VCVs) and their immunomodulatory activities on human T cells. Toxins (Basel). 2016; 8 (6): 190. |
| [18] | Pereira WN, Ferraz MA, Zabaglia LM, de Labio RW, Orcini WA, Bianchi Ximenez JP, et al. Association among H. pylori virulence markers dupA, cagA and vacA in Brazilian patients. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis. 2014; 20 (1): 1. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3922733/pdf/1678-9199-20-1.pdf. |
| [19] | Ahmad T, Sohail K, Rizwan M, Mukhtar M, Bilal R, Khanum A. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori pathogenicity-associated cagA and vacA genotypes among Pakistani dyspeptic patients: research article. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2009; 55 (1): 34–8. |
| [20] | Alam J, Maiti S, Ghosh P, De R, Chowdhury A, Das S, et al. Significant association of the dupA gene of Helicobacter pylori with duodenal ulcer development in a south-east Indian population. J Med Microbiol. 2012; 61: 1295–302. |
| [21] | Abadi ATB, Taghvaei T, Wolfram L, Kusters JG. Infection with Helicobacter pylori strains lacking dupA is associated with an increased risk of gastric ulcer and gastric cancer development. J Med Microbiol. 2012; 61 (1): 23–30. |
| [22] | Duncan SS, Bertoli MT, Kersulyte D, Valk PL, Tamma S, Segal I, et al. Genome sequences of three hpAfrica2 strains of Helicobacter pylori. Genome Announcement. 2013; 1 (5): 9–10. |
| [23] | Grove DI, McLeay RAB, Byron KE, Koutsouridis G. Isolation of Helicobacter pylori after transport from a regional laboratory of gastric biopsy specimens in saline, portagerm pylori or cultured on chocolate agar. Pathology. 2001; 33 (3): 362–4. |
| [24] | Ghorbani F, Gheisari E, Dehkordi FS. Genotyping of vacA alleles of Helicobacter pylori strains. Tropical J of Pharm Res. 2016; 15 (August): 1631–6. |
| [25] | Harrison U, Fowora MA, Seriki AT, Loell E, Mueller S, Ugo-Ijeh M, et al. Helicobacter pylori strains from a Nigerian cohort show divergent antibiotic resistance rates and a uniform pathogenicity profile. PLoS One. 2017; 12 (5): 1–16. |
| [26] | Salih AM, Goreal A, Hussein NR, Abdullah SM, Hawrami K, Assafi M. The distribution of cagA and dupA genes in Helicobacter pylori strains in Kurdistan region, northern Iraq. Ann Saudi Med. 2013; 33 (3): 290–3. |
| [27] | Willén R, Carlén B, Wang X, Papadogiannakis N, Odselius R, Wadström T. Morphologic conversion of Helicobacter pylori from spiral to coccoid form. Scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) suggest viability. Ups J Med Sci. 2000; 105 (1): 31–40. |
| [28] | Kidd M, Peek RM, Lastovica AJ, Israel DA, Kummer AF, Louw JA, et al. Analysis of iceA genotypes in South African Helicobacter pylori strains and relationship to clinically significant disease. GUT. 2001; 49: 629–35. |
| [29] | Subsomwong P, Miftahussurur M, Uchida T, Vilaichone R, Ratanachuek T, Mahachai V, et al. Prevalence, risk factors, and virulence genes of Helicobacter pylori among dyspeptic patients in two different gastric cancer risk regions of Thailand. PLoS One. 2017; 12 (10): e0187113. Available fromhttps://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0187113&type=printable. |
| [30] | Dadashzadeh K, Peppelenbosch MP, Adamu AI. Helicobacter pylori pathogenicity factors related to gastric cancer. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017; 2017: 1–6. |
| [31] | Suerbaum S, Josenhans C. Helicobacter pylori evolution and phenotypic diversification in a changing host. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2007; 5 (6): 441–52. |
| [32] | Chang WL, Yeh YC, Sheu BS. The impacts of H. pylori virulence factors on the development of gastroduodenal diseases. J Biomed Sci. 2018; 25 (1): 1–9. |
| [33] | Shiota S, Matsunari O, Watada M, Hanada K, Yamaoka Y. Systematic review and meta-analysis: the relationship between the Helicobacter pylori dupA gene and clinical outcomes. Gut Pathog. 2010; 2 (1): 1–6. |
| [34] | Souod N, Kargar M, Doosti A, Ranjbar R, Sarshar M. Genetic analysis of cagA and vacA genes in Helicobacter Pylori isolates and their relationship with gastroduodenal diseases in the west of Iran. Iran Red Crescent Med J [Internet]. 2013; 15 (5): 371–5. Available from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3838643/pdf/ircmj-15-371.pdf. |
| [35] | Vale FF, Nunes A, Oleastro M, Gomes JP, Sampaio DA, Rocha R, et al. Genomic structure and insertion sites of Helicobacter pylori prophages from various geographical origins. Sci Rep. 2017; 7 (July 2016): 1–12. |
| [36] | Miftahussurur M, Syam AF, Makmun D, Nusi IA, Zein LH, Zulkhairi, et al. Helicobacter pylori virulence genes in the five largest islands of Indonesia. Gut Pathog. 2015; 7 (1): 1–10. |
| [37] | Amieva M, Peek RM. Pathobiology of Helicobacter pylori-Induced Gastric Cancer. Gastroenterology. 2016; 150 (1): 64–78. |
| [38] | Fischer W. Assembly and molecular mode of action of the Helicobacter pylori cag type IV secretion apparatus. FEBS J. 2011; 278 (8): 1203–12. |
| [39] | Ben Mansour K, Fendri C, Zribi M, Masmoudi A, Labbene M, Fillali A, et al. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori vacA, cagA, iceA and oipA genotypes in Tunisian patients. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2010; 9 (m): 10. |
| [40] | El Khadir M, Alaoui Boukhris S, Benajah DA, El Rhazi K, Adil Ibrahimi S, El Abkari M, et al. VacA and CagA status as a biomarker of two opposite end outcomes of Helicobacter pylori infection (gastric cancer and duodenal ulcer) in a Moroccan population. PLoS One. 2017; 12 (1): 1–14. |
| [41] | Tanih NF, McMillan M, Naidoo N, Ndip LM, Weaver LT, Ndip RN. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori vacA, cagA and iceA genotypes in south African patients with upper gastrointestinal diseases. Acta Trop. 2010; 116 (1): 68–73 Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.05.011. |
| [42] | Lin H-J, Perng C-L, Lo W-C, Wu C-W, Tseng G-Y, Li A-F-Y, et al. Helicobacter pylori cagA, iceA and vacA genotypes in patients with gastric cancer in Taiwan. World J Gastroenterol WJG. 2004; 10 (17): 2493–7. Available from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8410071_Helicobacter_pylori_cagA_iceA_and_vacA_genotypes_in_patients_with_gastric_cancer_in_Taiwan. |
| [43] | Ozbey G, Dogan Y, Demiroren K. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori virulence genotypes among children in Eastern Turkey. World J Gastroenterol. 2013; 19 (39): 6585–9. |
| [44] | Miernyk K, Morris J, Bruden D, McMahon B, Hurlburt D, Sacco F, et al. Characterization of Helicobacter pylori cagA and vacA genotypes among Alaskans and their correlation with clinical disease. J Clin Microbiol. 2011; 49 (9): 3114–21. |
| [45] | Smith SI, Kirsch C, Oyedeji KS, Arigbabu AO, Coker AO, Bayerdoffer E. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori VacA, Cag A and ice a genotypes in Nigerian patients with duodenal ulcer disease. J Med Microbiol. 2002; 51 (2002): 851–4. |
| [46] | Feliciano O, Gutierrez O, Valdés L, Fragoso T, Calderin AM, Valdes AE, et al. cagA, and iceA genotypes in Cuban patients with upper gastrointestinal diseases. Biomed Res Int. 2015; 1-6. Article ID 753710. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4402555/pdf/BMRI2015-753710.pdf. |
| [47] | Nimri LF, Matalka I, Hani KB, Ibrahim M. Helicobacter pylori genotypes identified in gastric biopsy specimens from Jordanian patients. BMC Gastroenterol. 2006; 6: 1–6. |
| [48] | Pajavand H, Alvandi A, Mohajeri P, Bakhtyari S, Bashiri H, Kalali B, et al. High frequency of vacA s1m2 genotypes among Helicobacter pylori isolates from patients with gastroduodenal disorders in Kermanshah, Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2015; 8 (11): 1–7. |
| [49] | Da Costa DM, Dos Santos PE, Rabenhorst SHB. What exists beyond cagA and vacA? Helicobacter pylori genes in gastric diseases. World J Gastroenterol. 2015; 21 (37): 10563–72. |
| [50] | Matsunari O, Shiota S, Suzuki R, Watada M, Kinjo N, Murakami K, et al. Association between Helicobacter pylori virulence factors and gastroduodenal diseases in Okinawa, Japan. J Clin Microbiol. 2012; 50 (3): 876–83. |
| [51] | Trang TTH, Shiota S, Matsuda M, Binh TT, Suzuki R, Vilaichone R, et al. The Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori virulence factors in Bhutan, Vietnam, and Myanmar is related to gastric cancer incidence. Biomed Res Int. 2015; 2015: 1–8 Available from: http://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2015/830813/. |
| [52] | Vannarath S, Vilaichone R, Rasachak B, Mairiang P, Yamaoka Y, Shiota S, et al. Virulence genes of Helicobacter pylori in gastritis, peptic ulcer and gastric cancer in Laos. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014; 15 (20): 9027–31 Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25374247. |
| [53] | Ghose C, Perez-Perez GI, Van Doorn LJ, Domínguez-Bello MG, Blaser MJ. High frequency of gastric colonization with multiple Helicobacter pylori strains in Venezuelan subjects. J Clin Microbiol. 2005; 43 (6): 2635–41. |
| [54] | Uchida T, Nguyen LT, Takayama A, Okimoto T, Kodama M, Murakami K, et al. Analysis of virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori isolated from a Vietnamese population. BMC Microbiol. 2009; 9 (1): 175 Available from: https://bmcmicrobiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2180-9-175. |
| [55] | Argent RH, Burette A, Deyi VYM, Atherton JC. The presence of dupA in Helicobacter pylori is not significantly associated with duodenal ulceration in Belgium, South Africa, China, or North America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007; 45 (9): 1204–6 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17918084. |
| [56] | Dadashzadeh K. Relevance of Helicobacter pylori dupA and OipA genotypes and development of the gastric disease. Biomed Res. 2017; 28 (19): 8179–83. |
| [57] | Yamamoto Y, Fujisaki J, Omae M, Hirasawa T, Igarashi M. Helicobacter pylori-negative gastric cancer: characteristics and endoscopic findings. Diagnostic Endoscopy. 2016; 58 (9): 1492–503. |
APA Style
Azebi Ayibatari, Raphael Peter Galleh, Anowai Clementina Ogo, Abbas Abel Anzaku, Adamu Ishaku Akyala. (2021). Prevalence of Virulence Genes and Associated Risk Factors of Helicobacter pylori Infection Among Adults in Gastric Cancer Risk Region of North Central, Nigeria. European Journal of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, 7(6), 118-125. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejcbs.20210706.15
ACS Style
Azebi Ayibatari; Raphael Peter Galleh; Anowai Clementina Ogo; Abbas Abel Anzaku; Adamu Ishaku Akyala. Prevalence of Virulence Genes and Associated Risk Factors of Helicobacter pylori Infection Among Adults in Gastric Cancer Risk Region of North Central, Nigeria. Eur. J. Clin. Biomed. Sci. 2021, 7(6), 118-125. doi: 10.11648/j.ejcbs.20210706.15
AMA Style
Azebi Ayibatari, Raphael Peter Galleh, Anowai Clementina Ogo, Abbas Abel Anzaku, Adamu Ishaku Akyala. Prevalence of Virulence Genes and Associated Risk Factors of Helicobacter pylori Infection Among Adults in Gastric Cancer Risk Region of North Central, Nigeria. Eur J Clin Biomed Sci. 2021;7(6):118-125. doi: 10.11648/j.ejcbs.20210706.15
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.ejcbs.20210706.15,
author = {Azebi Ayibatari and Raphael Peter Galleh and Anowai Clementina Ogo and Abbas Abel Anzaku and Adamu Ishaku Akyala},
title = {Prevalence of Virulence Genes and Associated Risk Factors of Helicobacter pylori Infection Among Adults in Gastric Cancer Risk Region of North Central, Nigeria},
journal = {European Journal of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences},
volume = {7},
number = {6},
pages = {118-125},
doi = {10.11648/j.ejcbs.20210706.15},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejcbs.20210706.15},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ejcbs.20210706.15},
abstract = {Introduction: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the causative agent of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer diseases with associated risk factor of developing gastric cancer and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma if left untreated. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence of virulence genes and associated risk factors of H. pylori among adults in a gastric cancer risk region of Nasarawa State, North central Nigeria. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study to determine H. Pylori status of 434 adults in gastric cancer high risk region of Nasarawa State from January to August, 2021. Associated risk factors and virulence genes (positive/β-(1, 3) galT of jhp0562, cagA, vacA, and hrgA) was evaluated from gastric biopsy specimens of dyspepsia patients. Results: The overall prevalence of H. pylori infection was 45.6% (198/434). The rate of infection was higher in male subjects (40.6%) than in female (23.8%); PH. pylori infection (odds ratio=7.48 vs OR=9.78 respectively). Of the 198 strains cultured, 76.9% carried Western-type cagA, with a higher proportion in Male (86.4%) than in Female (50.0%), P=0.05). Patients infected with East Asian-type cagA strains (P=0.027) have lesser inflammation scores in the antrum than those infected with the Western-type cagA strains. Conclusion: Our study revealed a high prevalence of H. pylori infection in Nasarawa State, with unclean water source, and alcohol consumption as significant risk factors for H. pylori infection. The incidence of gastric cancer in Nasarawa State is associated with circulating virulence genes of cagA, vacA, hrgA and jhp0562-positive/β-(1, 3) galT.},
year = {2021}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Prevalence of Virulence Genes and Associated Risk Factors of Helicobacter pylori Infection Among Adults in Gastric Cancer Risk Region of North Central, Nigeria AU - Azebi Ayibatari AU - Raphael Peter Galleh AU - Anowai Clementina Ogo AU - Abbas Abel Anzaku AU - Adamu Ishaku Akyala Y1 - 2021/11/24 PY - 2021 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejcbs.20210706.15 DO - 10.11648/j.ejcbs.20210706.15 T2 - European Journal of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences JF - European Journal of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences JO - European Journal of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences SP - 118 EP - 125 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2575-5005 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejcbs.20210706.15 AB - Introduction: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the causative agent of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer diseases with associated risk factor of developing gastric cancer and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma if left untreated. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence of virulence genes and associated risk factors of H. pylori among adults in a gastric cancer risk region of Nasarawa State, North central Nigeria. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study to determine H. Pylori status of 434 adults in gastric cancer high risk region of Nasarawa State from January to August, 2021. Associated risk factors and virulence genes (positive/β-(1, 3) galT of jhp0562, cagA, vacA, and hrgA) was evaluated from gastric biopsy specimens of dyspepsia patients. Results: The overall prevalence of H. pylori infection was 45.6% (198/434). The rate of infection was higher in male subjects (40.6%) than in female (23.8%); PH. pylori infection (odds ratio=7.48 vs OR=9.78 respectively). Of the 198 strains cultured, 76.9% carried Western-type cagA, with a higher proportion in Male (86.4%) than in Female (50.0%), P=0.05). Patients infected with East Asian-type cagA strains (P=0.027) have lesser inflammation scores in the antrum than those infected with the Western-type cagA strains. Conclusion: Our study revealed a high prevalence of H. pylori infection in Nasarawa State, with unclean water source, and alcohol consumption as significant risk factors for H. pylori infection. The incidence of gastric cancer in Nasarawa State is associated with circulating virulence genes of cagA, vacA, hrgA and jhp0562-positive/β-(1, 3) galT. VL - 7 IS - 6 ER -
Information
Email: