Evaluation of Impact Hammer Mill for Limestone Crushing for Acidic Soil

Gizachew Tefera

doi:doi:10.11648/j.es.20210602.12

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Evaluation of Impact Hammer Mill for Limestone Crushing for Acidic Soil

Gizachew Tefera

Published in Engineering Science (Volume 6, Issue 2)

Received: 14 May 2021 Accepted: 6 July 2021 Published: 13 July 2021

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Abstract

Soil acidity becomes a serious threat to crop production in most highlands of Ethiopia particularly in Western parts of Oromia. Frequent tillage, removal of crop residues and mono-cropping and heavy rainfall contributes to soil acidification by leaching of cations. Agricultural limestone raises soil pH and reduces solubility of potentially toxic elements such as hydrogen, aluminum (Al³⁺) and manganese (Mn) at optimum nutrient uptake by crops. To elucidate problems associated with soil acidity, a motorized agricultural limestone crusher was fabricated and evaluated. Performance of the prototype hammer mill machine, in terms of crushing capacity (kg/h), crushing efficiency (%), mean particle size (mm), fuel consumption (ml/kg) or energy consumption (wh/kg) was evaluated. Tests were carried out at engine speeds of 540, 720, 900 rpm, screen hole diameter of 2, 4, 6 mm and feed rates of 3.50, 7.00, 10.50 kg/min. The highest crushing capacity 630.32 kg/hr was recorded at 900 rpm engine speed, 6mm screen hole diameter and at 10.50 kg/min feed rate whereas the minimum 65.62 kg/h was observed at 540 rpm hammer mill speed, 2 mm screen hole diameter and at 3.50 kg/min feed rate. The mean consumed energy ranged from 15.47 to 149.16 Wh/kg with hammer rotor speed of 540 to 900 rpm, screen hole diameter of 2 to 6 mm and the feeding rate of 3.5 to 10.5 kg/min. The mean particle size ranged from 0.121 to 0.448 mm with hammer rotor speed of 540 to 900 rpm, screen holes diameter of 2 to 6 mm and the feeding rate of 3.5 to 10.5 kg/min. It could be noticed that the lowest values of mean particle size were obtained at engine speed of 900 rpm, screen hole diameter of 2 mm and feed rate of 10.5 kg/min.

Published in	Engineering Science (Volume 6, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.es.20210602.12
Page(s)	27-32
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Hammer Mill, Limestone, Particles Size and Crushing

References

[1]	Abdenna, Deressa, Negassa, Chewaka and Tilahun Geleto. 2007. Inventory of Soil Acidity Status in Crop Lands of Central and Western Ethiopia. “Utilization of diversity in land use systems: Sustainable and organic approaches to meet needs” October 9-11, 2007.
[2]	Ajaka, Oyedele. 2014. Design Fabrication and Performance Testing of a Laboratory Size Hammer Mill. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology Studies. Vol. 2.
[3]	Babale, M., 1988. Fabrication of an egusi shelling machine. Agric. Engineering Determent.
[4]	Desta, Beyene. 1988. Soil Science Research in Ethiopia: A proceedings of the first soil science research review workshop, 11-14 February 1986, IAR, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
[5]	FAO. 2019. The future of livestock in Ethiopia Opportunities and challenges in the face of uncertainty. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 2019.
[6]	Gomez A. K., and Gomez A. A. 1984. Statistical procedures for agricultural research. John Wiley and Sons, New York, p. 357-379.
[7]	GTM-20. 2015. Test method for the grain-size analysis of granular materials. Department of Transportation, Revision 5, State of New York.
[8]	Mesfin Abebe. 2007. Nature and Management of Acid Soils in Ethiopia. Haramaya University College of Agriculture. pp. 18.
[9]	Refaay, and El_Sayed A. S. 2016. Developing a hammer mill for grinding seashells. Journal of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering. Mansoura University, Egypt. Vol. 7 pp: 801–808.
[10]	Stone Y., Ahern CR., Blunden B. 1998. Acid sulfate soils manual. (Acid Sulfate Soils Management Advisory Committee; Wollongbar, NSW).
[11]	Tamene Lulseged; Amede Tilahun; Kihara J; Tibebe Degefi; Schulz S. (eds.). 2017. A review of soil fertility management and crop response to fertilizer application in Ethiopia: towards development of site- and context specific fertilizer recommendation. CIAT Publication No. 443. International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 86p.
[12]	Tegbaru Bellete. 2015. 2^nd IPI; MoANR, ATA and Hawassa university joint symposium. Hawassa Uninersity, Ethiopia.
[13]	USDA. 2018. National SMETE Digital Library Program, administered by the University of Nebraska, Plant and Soil Sciences eLibrary.
[14]	Wassie Haile and Shiferaw Boke. 2009. Mitigation of soil acidity and fertility decline challenges for sustainable livelihood improvement: research findings from southern region of Ethiopia and its policy implications.
[15]	Wassie Haile and Shiferaw Boke. 2011. On-Farm Verification of Lime and NPK Fertilizers Effects on the Tuber Yield of Irish Potato (Solanum Tuberosum) on Some Acidic Soils of Southern Ethiopia. Journal of the Dry lands, 4 (1): 283-288.

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Gizachew Tefera. (2021). Evaluation of Impact Hammer Mill for Limestone Crushing for Acidic Soil. Engineering Science, 6(2), 27-32. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.es.20210602.12

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Gizachew Tefera. Evaluation of Impact Hammer Mill for Limestone Crushing for Acidic Soil. Eng. Sci. 2021, 6(2), 27-32. doi: 10.11648/j.es.20210602.12

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AMA Style

Gizachew Tefera. Evaluation of Impact Hammer Mill for Limestone Crushing for Acidic Soil. Eng Sci. 2021;6(2):27-32. doi: 10.11648/j.es.20210602.12

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@article{10.11648/j.es.20210602.12,
  author = {Gizachew Tefera},
  title = {Evaluation of Impact Hammer Mill for Limestone Crushing for Acidic Soil},
  journal = {Engineering Science},
  volume = {6},
  number = {2},
  pages = {27-32},
  doi = {10.11648/j.es.20210602.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.es.20210602.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.es.20210602.12},
  abstract = {Soil acidity becomes a serious threat to crop production in most highlands of Ethiopia particularly in Western parts of Oromia. Frequent tillage, removal of crop residues and mono-cropping and heavy rainfall contributes to soil acidification by leaching of cations. Agricultural limestone raises soil pH and reduces solubility of potentially toxic elements such as hydrogen, aluminum (Al3+) and manganese (Mn) at optimum nutrient uptake by crops. To elucidate problems associated with soil acidity, a motorized agricultural limestone crusher was fabricated and evaluated. Performance of the prototype hammer mill machine, in terms of crushing capacity (kg/h), crushing efficiency (%), mean particle size (mm), fuel consumption (ml/kg) or energy consumption (wh/kg) was evaluated. Tests were carried out at engine speeds of 540, 720, 900 rpm, screen hole diameter of 2, 4, 6 mm and feed rates of 3.50, 7.00, 10.50 kg/min. The highest crushing capacity 630.32 kg/hr was recorded at 900 rpm engine speed, 6mm screen hole diameter and at 10.50 kg/min feed rate whereas the minimum 65.62 kg/h was observed at 540 rpm hammer mill speed, 2 mm screen hole diameter and at 3.50 kg/min feed rate. The mean consumed energy ranged from 15.47 to 149.16 Wh/kg with hammer rotor speed of 540 to 900 rpm, screen hole diameter of 2 to 6 mm and the feeding rate of 3.5 to 10.5 kg/min. The mean particle size ranged from 0.121 to 0.448 mm with hammer rotor speed of 540 to 900 rpm, screen holes diameter of 2 to 6 mm and the feeding rate of 3.5 to 10.5 kg/min. It could be noticed that the lowest values of mean particle size were obtained at engine speed of 900 rpm, screen hole diameter of 2 mm and feed rate of 10.5 kg/min.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Evaluation of Impact Hammer Mill for Limestone Crushing for Acidic Soil
AU  - Gizachew Tefera
Y1  - 2021/07/13
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.es.20210602.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.es.20210602.12
T2  - Engineering Science
JF  - Engineering Science
JO  - Engineering Science
SP  - 27
EP  - 32
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-9279
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.es.20210602.12
AB  - Soil acidity becomes a serious threat to crop production in most highlands of Ethiopia particularly in Western parts of Oromia. Frequent tillage, removal of crop residues and mono-cropping and heavy rainfall contributes to soil acidification by leaching of cations. Agricultural limestone raises soil pH and reduces solubility of potentially toxic elements such as hydrogen, aluminum (Al3+) and manganese (Mn) at optimum nutrient uptake by crops. To elucidate problems associated with soil acidity, a motorized agricultural limestone crusher was fabricated and evaluated. Performance of the prototype hammer mill machine, in terms of crushing capacity (kg/h), crushing efficiency (%), mean particle size (mm), fuel consumption (ml/kg) or energy consumption (wh/kg) was evaluated. Tests were carried out at engine speeds of 540, 720, 900 rpm, screen hole diameter of 2, 4, 6 mm and feed rates of 3.50, 7.00, 10.50 kg/min. The highest crushing capacity 630.32 kg/hr was recorded at 900 rpm engine speed, 6mm screen hole diameter and at 10.50 kg/min feed rate whereas the minimum 65.62 kg/h was observed at 540 rpm hammer mill speed, 2 mm screen hole diameter and at 3.50 kg/min feed rate. The mean consumed energy ranged from 15.47 to 149.16 Wh/kg with hammer rotor speed of 540 to 900 rpm, screen hole diameter of 2 to 6 mm and the feeding rate of 3.5 to 10.5 kg/min. The mean particle size ranged from 0.121 to 0.448 mm with hammer rotor speed of 540 to 900 rpm, screen holes diameter of 2 to 6 mm and the feeding rate of 3.5 to 10.5 kg/min. It could be noticed that the lowest values of mean particle size were obtained at engine speed of 900 rpm, screen hole diameter of 2 mm and feed rate of 10.5 kg/min.
VL  - 6
IS  - 2
ER  -

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Author Information

Gizachew Tefera

Oromia Agricultural Research Institute, Bako Agricultural Engineering Research Center, Bako, Ethiopia

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APA Style

Gizachew Tefera. (2021). Evaluation of Impact Hammer Mill for Limestone Crushing for Acidic Soil. Engineering Science, 6(2), 27-32. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.es.20210602.12

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ACS Style

Gizachew Tefera. Evaluation of Impact Hammer Mill for Limestone Crushing for Acidic Soil. Eng. Sci. 2021, 6(2), 27-32. doi: 10.11648/j.es.20210602.12

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AMA Style

Gizachew Tefera. Evaluation of Impact Hammer Mill for Limestone Crushing for Acidic Soil. Eng Sci. 2021;6(2):27-32. doi: 10.11648/j.es.20210602.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.es.20210602.12,
  author = {Gizachew Tefera},
  title = {Evaluation of Impact Hammer Mill for Limestone Crushing for Acidic Soil},
  journal = {Engineering Science},
  volume = {6},
  number = {2},
  pages = {27-32},
  doi = {10.11648/j.es.20210602.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.es.20210602.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.es.20210602.12},
  abstract = {Soil acidity becomes a serious threat to crop production in most highlands of Ethiopia particularly in Western parts of Oromia. Frequent tillage, removal of crop residues and mono-cropping and heavy rainfall contributes to soil acidification by leaching of cations. Agricultural limestone raises soil pH and reduces solubility of potentially toxic elements such as hydrogen, aluminum (Al3+) and manganese (Mn) at optimum nutrient uptake by crops. To elucidate problems associated with soil acidity, a motorized agricultural limestone crusher was fabricated and evaluated. Performance of the prototype hammer mill machine, in terms of crushing capacity (kg/h), crushing efficiency (%), mean particle size (mm), fuel consumption (ml/kg) or energy consumption (wh/kg) was evaluated. Tests were carried out at engine speeds of 540, 720, 900 rpm, screen hole diameter of 2, 4, 6 mm and feed rates of 3.50, 7.00, 10.50 kg/min. The highest crushing capacity 630.32 kg/hr was recorded at 900 rpm engine speed, 6mm screen hole diameter and at 10.50 kg/min feed rate whereas the minimum 65.62 kg/h was observed at 540 rpm hammer mill speed, 2 mm screen hole diameter and at 3.50 kg/min feed rate. The mean consumed energy ranged from 15.47 to 149.16 Wh/kg with hammer rotor speed of 540 to 900 rpm, screen hole diameter of 2 to 6 mm and the feeding rate of 3.5 to 10.5 kg/min. The mean particle size ranged from 0.121 to 0.448 mm with hammer rotor speed of 540 to 900 rpm, screen holes diameter of 2 to 6 mm and the feeding rate of 3.5 to 10.5 kg/min. It could be noticed that the lowest values of mean particle size were obtained at engine speed of 900 rpm, screen hole diameter of 2 mm and feed rate of 10.5 kg/min.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Evaluation of Impact Hammer Mill for Limestone Crushing for Acidic Soil
AU  - Gizachew Tefera
Y1  - 2021/07/13
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.es.20210602.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.es.20210602.12
T2  - Engineering Science
JF  - Engineering Science
JO  - Engineering Science
SP  - 27
EP  - 32
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-9279
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.es.20210602.12
AB  - Soil acidity becomes a serious threat to crop production in most highlands of Ethiopia particularly in Western parts of Oromia. Frequent tillage, removal of crop residues and mono-cropping and heavy rainfall contributes to soil acidification by leaching of cations. Agricultural limestone raises soil pH and reduces solubility of potentially toxic elements such as hydrogen, aluminum (Al3+) and manganese (Mn) at optimum nutrient uptake by crops. To elucidate problems associated with soil acidity, a motorized agricultural limestone crusher was fabricated and evaluated. Performance of the prototype hammer mill machine, in terms of crushing capacity (kg/h), crushing efficiency (%), mean particle size (mm), fuel consumption (ml/kg) or energy consumption (wh/kg) was evaluated. Tests were carried out at engine speeds of 540, 720, 900 rpm, screen hole diameter of 2, 4, 6 mm and feed rates of 3.50, 7.00, 10.50 kg/min. The highest crushing capacity 630.32 kg/hr was recorded at 900 rpm engine speed, 6mm screen hole diameter and at 10.50 kg/min feed rate whereas the minimum 65.62 kg/h was observed at 540 rpm hammer mill speed, 2 mm screen hole diameter and at 3.50 kg/min feed rate. The mean consumed energy ranged from 15.47 to 149.16 Wh/kg with hammer rotor speed of 540 to 900 rpm, screen hole diameter of 2 to 6 mm and the feeding rate of 3.5 to 10.5 kg/min. The mean particle size ranged from 0.121 to 0.448 mm with hammer rotor speed of 540 to 900 rpm, screen holes diameter of 2 to 6 mm and the feeding rate of 3.5 to 10.5 kg/min. It could be noticed that the lowest values of mean particle size were obtained at engine speed of 900 rpm, screen hole diameter of 2 mm and feed rate of 10.5 kg/min.
VL  - 6
IS  - 2
ER  -

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