Response of Some Soybean Cultivars to Low Light Intensity under Different Intercropping Patterns with Maize

Tamer Ibrahim Abdel-Wahab; Rehab Ahmed Abd El-Rahman

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijaas.20160202.11

| Peer-Reviewed

Response of Some Soybean Cultivars to Low Light Intensity under Different Intercropping Patterns with Maize

Tamer Ibrahim Abdel-Wahab, Rehab Ahmed Abd El-Rahman

Published in International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences (Volume 2, Issue 2)

Received: 15 February 2016 Accepted: 11 March 2016 Published: 14 April 2016

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

A two-year study was carried out at Mallawi Agricultural Experiments and Research Station, A.R.C., El-Minia governorate, Egypt, during 2014 and 2015 seasons to determine the compatible soybean cultivar with high maize plant density to achieve farmer's benefit under intercropping conditions. Alternating ridges (70 cm width) between maize and soybean were used as 1:3, 2:4, 2:2, 3:3 and 4:2, respectively, in addition to sole culture of both crops. Local maize cultivar T.W.C. 310 was grown in one plant per hill distanced at 30 cm under intercropping and sole cultures, meanwhile local soybean cultivars (Giza 22, Giza 82 and Giza 111) were drilled in both sides of the ridge (two plants/hill distanced at 15 cm) under intercropping and sole cultures. A split plot distribution in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The results indicated that maize yield attributes were increased significantly by decreasing maize plant density from 67 to 25% of sole maize under intercropping conditions, meanwhile the converse was true for plant height and grain yield per ha. All the studied maize traits were not affected by soybean cultivars. Also, all the studied maize traits were not affected the interaction between intercropping patterns and soybean cultivars. Soybean yield and its attributes were increased significantly by decreasing maize plant density from 67 to 25% of sole maize under intercropping conditions except plant height. The late-maturing soybean cultivar Giza 22 recorded the highest values of intercepted light intensity within soybean canopy, number of pods per plant, seed index, seed yields per plant and per ha, meanwhile, the highest values of biological yield per ha, plant height and number of branches per plant were recorded for soybean cultivar Giza 111. Soybean cultivar Giza 22 gave the highest seed yield per plant compared to the other cultivars under all the intercropping patterns. Relative yield of soybean showed that the early-maturing soybean cultivar Giza 82 is better adapted to low light intensity than the other cultivars. Land equivalent ratio and area time equivalent ratio values for intercrops were greater than 1.00 indicating less land requirements of intercropping patterns than sole maize. Growing four maize ridges alternating with two ridges of soybean cultivar Giza 82 achieved the highest net return compared to sole maize.

Published in	International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences (Volume 2, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijaas.20160202.11
Page(s)	21-31
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2016. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Intercropping Patterns, Maize, Soybean Cultivars, Low Light Intensity, Net Return

References

[1]	Bulletin of Statistical Cost Production and Net Return. 2014. Summer and Nili Field Crops and Vegetables and Fruit, Agriculture Statistics and Economic Sector, Ministry of Egyptian Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Part (2), August 2014.
[2]	Sayed Galal Jr and Metwally AA. 1982. The variability in intercropping tolerance of 18 soybean varieties when grown with a newly developed maize stock. Res. Bull., Ain Shams Univ., Cairo, 2101: 1 – 15.
[3]	Shafshak SE, Shokr El-S, Seif SAA and Shafie H. 1984. Intercropping maize and soybean as affected by various nitrogen levels. 2- Yield and yield components. Agric. Res. Rev. Abst., 62 (7): 78 p.
[4]	El-Habbak KED. 1985. Studies on competition and intercropping in maize and soybean. Ph.D. Thesis, Fac. Agric. Moshtohor, Zagazig Univ.
[5]	Sayed Galal Jr and Metwally AA. 1986. Science in practice. In: Proc.2nd Conf. Agron., Alexandria Univ., 1: 489-503, Egypt.
[6]	El-Douby KA, El-Habbak KED, Khalil HE and Attia Zahira M. 1996. Effect of some intercropping patterns on growth and yield of maize and soybean. Ann. Agric. Sci., Moshtohor, 34 (3): 919 – 933, Egypt.
[7]	Weil RR and McFadden ME. 1991. Fertility and weed stress effects on performance of maize/soybean intercrop. Agron. J., 83: 717–721.
[8]	Liu XB, Jin J, Wang GH, Herbert S.J. 2008. Soybean yield physiology and development of high-yielding practices in Northeast China. Field Crops Res., 105: 157–171.
[9]	Aynehband A, Behrooz M and Afshar AH. 2010. Study of intercropping agroecosystem productivity influenced by different crops and planting ratios. American-Eurasian J. Agric. and Environ. Sci., 7 (2): 163 – 169.
[10]	Sayed Galal Jr, Abdalla MMF and Metwally AA. 1983. Intensifying land and nutrient equivalent ratios by intercropping corn and soybean in Egypt. Soybean in tropical and subtropical cropping systems. In: Proc. Symposium, Tsukubo, Japan, pp. 101 – 106.
[11]	Abdel-Galil AM, Abdel-Wahab ShI and Abdel-Wahab TI. 2014a. Compatibility of some maize and soybean varieties for intercropping under sandy soil conditions. Proc. 1stConf. of Int. Soybean Res., Indore, 22 – 24 February, India.
[12]	Kakiuchi J and Kobata T. 2004. Shading and thinning effects on seed and shoot dry matter increase in determinate soybean during the seed-filling period. Agron. J., 96: 398 – 405.
[13]	Liu B, Liu XB, Wang C, Li YS, Jin J and Herbert SJ. 2010. Soybean yield and yield component distribution acrossthe main axis in response to light enrichment and shading under different densities. Plant Soil Environ., 56 (8): 384–392.
[14]	Mead R and Willey RW. 1980. The concept of a "land equivalent ratio" and advantages in yields from intercropping. Exp. Agric., 16: 217 – 28.
[15]	Hiebsch CK. 1980. Principles of Intercropping. "Effect of N fertilization and crop duration on equivalency ratios in intercrops versus monoculture comparisons." PhD Thesis. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N. C., USA.
[16]	Freed RD. 1991. MSTATC Microcomputer Statistical Program. Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
[17]	Gomez KA and Gomez AA. 1984. Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. 2nd ed., John Willey and Sons, Toronto, ON, Canada.
[18]	Chang JH. 1974. Radiation balance. Climatic and Agriculture. An ecological survey, pp. 4 – 22. Aldine Publishing Company, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
[19]	Sharifi RS, Sedghi M and Gholipouri A. 2009. Effect of Population Density on Yield and Yield Attributes of Maize Hybrids. Res. J. Biological Sci., 4 (4): 375 – 379.
[20]	Konuskan O. 2000. Effects of plant density on yield and yield related characters of some maize hybrids grown in hatay conditions as 2nd crop. M.Sc. Thesis, Sci. Inst. M.K.U., 71p.
[21]	Mobaser HR, Delarestaghi Khorgami MM, Tari A and Pourkalhor DB. 2007. Effect of planting density on agronomical characteristics of rice (Oryza sativa) varieties in North of Iran. Pak J. Biol. Sci., 10 (18): 3205 – 3209.
[22]	Burton JW, Carter TE and Bowman DT. 2005. Registration of ‘NC-Roy’ soybean. Crop Sci., 45: 2654.
[23]	Metwally AA, Shafik MM, El-Habbak KE and Abdel-Wahab ShI. 2009. Step forward for increasing intercropped soybean yield with maize. The 4th Conference, Recent Technologies in Agriculture, 3–5 Nov., Cairo Univ., 2: 256-269, Egypt.
[24]	Abdel-Galil AM, Abdel-Wahab TI and Abdel-Wahab ShI. 2014b. Maize productivity under intercropping with four soybean varieties and maize planting geometry. Middle East J. Agric. Res., 3 (2): 346 – 352.
[25]	Addo-Quaye AA, Darkwa AA and Ocloo GK. 2011. Growth analysis of component crop in a maize-soybean intercropping system as affected by time of planting and spatial arrangement. ARPN J. Agric. and Biological Sci., 6 (6):34 – 44.
[26]	Undie UL, Uwah DF and Attoe EE. 2012. Growth and development of late season maize/soybean intercropping in response to nitrogen and crop arrangement in the forest agro-ecology of South Southern Nigeria. Int. J. Agric. Res., 7(1): 1.
[27]	Board JE. and Harville BG. 1992. Explanations for greater light interception in narrow- vs. wide-row soybean. Crop Sci., 32: 198 –202.
[28]	Egbe OM. 2010. Effects of plant density of intercropped soybean with tall sorghum on competitive ability of soybean and economic yield at Otobi, Benue State, Nigeria. J. Cereals and Oilseeds 1(1): 1–10.
[29]	Metwally AA, Shafik MM, El-Habbak KE and Abdel-Wahab ShI. 2012. Yield and soybean characters under some intercropping patterns with corn. Soybean Res., 10: 24- 42
[30]	Ijoyah MO, Ogar AO and Ojo GOS. 2013. Soybean-maize intercropping on yield and system productivity in Makurdi, Central Nigeria. Scientific J. Crop Sci., 2 (4): 49 – 55.
[31]	Abd El-Mohsen AA, Mahmoud Gamalat O and Safina SA. 2013. Agronomical evaluation of six soybean cultivars using correlation and regression analysis under different irrigation regime conditions. J. Plant Breed. Crop Sci., 5 (5): 91 – 102.
[32]	Abdel-Galil AM, Abdel-Wahab TI and Abdel-Wahab ShI. 2014c. Productivity of four soybean varieties as affected by intercropping and corn planting geometry. Soybean Res., 12 (1): 36 – 58.
[33]	Hayder G, Mumtaz SS, Khan A and Khan S. 2003. Corn and soybean intercropping under various levels of soybean seed rates. Asian J. Plant Sci., 2: 339 – 241.
[34]	Voldeng HD, Seitzer JF and Donovan LS.1982. Maple presto soybeans. Can. J. Plant Sci., 62: 501 – 503.
[35]	Gourdon F and P1anchon C. 1982. Responses of photosynthesis to irradiance and temperature in soybean, Glycine max. Photosynthesis Res., 3: 31 – 42.
[36]	Jiang H and Egli DB. 1993. Shade induced changes in flower and pod number and flower and fruit abscission in soybean. Agron. J., 85: 221 – 225
[37]	Metwally AA, Shafik MM; El-Metwally El-MA and Safina SA. 2003. Tolerance of some soybean varieties to intercropping. Proc. 10th Conf. Agron., Suez Canal Univ., Fac. Environ. Sci., EL-Arish, Egypt. P.: 279 – 293.
[38]	Lamlom MM, Abdel-Wahab ShI, Abdel-WahabTI and Gendy EK. 2015. Residual effects of some preceded winter field crops on productivity of intercropped soybean with three maize cultivars. American J. BioSci., 3(6): 226 – 242.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Tamer Ibrahim Abdel-Wahab, Rehab Ahmed Abd El-Rahman. (2016). Response of Some Soybean Cultivars to Low Light Intensity under Different Intercropping Patterns with Maize. International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences, 2(2), 21-31. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaas.20160202.11

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Tamer Ibrahim Abdel-Wahab; Rehab Ahmed Abd El-Rahman. Response of Some Soybean Cultivars to Low Light Intensity under Different Intercropping Patterns with Maize. Int. J. Appl. Agric. Sci. 2016, 2(2), 21-31. doi: 10.11648/j.ijaas.20160202.11

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Tamer Ibrahim Abdel-Wahab, Rehab Ahmed Abd El-Rahman. Response of Some Soybean Cultivars to Low Light Intensity under Different Intercropping Patterns with Maize. Int J Appl Agric Sci. 2016;2(2):21-31. doi: 10.11648/j.ijaas.20160202.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijaas.20160202.11,
  author = {Tamer Ibrahim Abdel-Wahab and Rehab Ahmed Abd El-Rahman},
  title = {Response of Some Soybean Cultivars to Low Light Intensity under Different Intercropping Patterns with Maize},
  journal = {International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences},
  volume = {2},
  number = {2},
  pages = {21-31},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijaas.20160202.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaas.20160202.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijaas.20160202.11},
  abstract = {A two-year study was carried out at Mallawi Agricultural Experiments and Research Station, A.R.C., El-Minia governorate, Egypt, during 2014 and 2015 seasons to determine the compatible soybean cultivar with high maize plant density to achieve farmer's benefit under intercropping conditions. Alternating ridges (70 cm width) between maize and soybean were used as 1:3, 2:4, 2:2, 3:3 and 4:2, respectively, in addition to sole culture of both crops. Local maize cultivar T.W.C. 310 was grown in one plant per hill distanced at 30 cm under intercropping and sole cultures, meanwhile local soybean cultivars (Giza 22, Giza 82 and Giza 111) were drilled in both sides of the ridge (two plants/hill distanced at 15 cm) under intercropping and sole cultures. A split plot distribution in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The results indicated that maize yield attributes were increased significantly by decreasing maize plant density from 67 to 25% of sole maize under intercropping conditions, meanwhile the converse was true for plant height and grain yield per ha. All the studied maize traits were not affected by soybean cultivars. Also, all the studied maize traits were not affected the interaction between intercropping patterns and soybean cultivars. Soybean yield and its attributes were increased significantly by decreasing maize plant density from 67 to 25% of sole maize under intercropping conditions except plant height. The late-maturing soybean cultivar Giza 22 recorded the highest values of intercepted light intensity within soybean canopy, number of pods per plant, seed index, seed yields per plant and per ha, meanwhile, the highest values of biological yield per ha, plant height and number of branches per plant were recorded for soybean cultivar Giza 111. Soybean cultivar Giza 22 gave the highest seed yield per plant compared to the other cultivars under all the intercropping patterns. Relative yield of soybean showed that the early-maturing soybean cultivar Giza 82 is better adapted to low light intensity than the other cultivars. Land equivalent ratio and area time equivalent ratio values for intercrops were greater than 1.00 indicating less land requirements of intercropping patterns than sole maize. Growing four maize ridges alternating with two ridges of soybean cultivar Giza 82 achieved the highest net return compared to sole maize.},
 year = {2016}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Response of Some Soybean Cultivars to Low Light Intensity under Different Intercropping Patterns with Maize
AU  - Tamer Ibrahim Abdel-Wahab
AU  - Rehab Ahmed Abd El-Rahman
Y1  - 2016/04/14
PY  - 2016
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaas.20160202.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijaas.20160202.11
T2  - International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
JF  - International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
JO  - International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
SP  - 21
EP  - 31
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2469-7885
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaas.20160202.11
AB  - A two-year study was carried out at Mallawi Agricultural Experiments and Research Station, A.R.C., El-Minia governorate, Egypt, during 2014 and 2015 seasons to determine the compatible soybean cultivar with high maize plant density to achieve farmer's benefit under intercropping conditions. Alternating ridges (70 cm width) between maize and soybean were used as 1:3, 2:4, 2:2, 3:3 and 4:2, respectively, in addition to sole culture of both crops. Local maize cultivar T.W.C. 310 was grown in one plant per hill distanced at 30 cm under intercropping and sole cultures, meanwhile local soybean cultivars (Giza 22, Giza 82 and Giza 111) were drilled in both sides of the ridge (two plants/hill distanced at 15 cm) under intercropping and sole cultures. A split plot distribution in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The results indicated that maize yield attributes were increased significantly by decreasing maize plant density from 67 to 25% of sole maize under intercropping conditions, meanwhile the converse was true for plant height and grain yield per ha. All the studied maize traits were not affected by soybean cultivars. Also, all the studied maize traits were not affected the interaction between intercropping patterns and soybean cultivars. Soybean yield and its attributes were increased significantly by decreasing maize plant density from 67 to 25% of sole maize under intercropping conditions except plant height. The late-maturing soybean cultivar Giza 22 recorded the highest values of intercepted light intensity within soybean canopy, number of pods per plant, seed index, seed yields per plant and per ha, meanwhile, the highest values of biological yield per ha, plant height and number of branches per plant were recorded for soybean cultivar Giza 111. Soybean cultivar Giza 22 gave the highest seed yield per plant compared to the other cultivars under all the intercropping patterns. Relative yield of soybean showed that the early-maturing soybean cultivar Giza 82 is better adapted to low light intensity than the other cultivars. Land equivalent ratio and area time equivalent ratio values for intercrops were greater than 1.00 indicating less land requirements of intercropping patterns than sole maize. Growing four maize ridges alternating with two ridges of soybean cultivar Giza 82 achieved the highest net return compared to sole maize.
VL  - 2
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Tamer Ibrahim Abdel-Wahab

Crop Intensification Research Department, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
Rehab Ahmed Abd El-Rahman

Food Legumes Research Department, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Tamer Ibrahim Abdel-Wahab, Rehab Ahmed Abd El-Rahman. (2016). Response of Some Soybean Cultivars to Low Light Intensity under Different Intercropping Patterns with Maize. International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences, 2(2), 21-31. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaas.20160202.11

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Tamer Ibrahim Abdel-Wahab; Rehab Ahmed Abd El-Rahman. Response of Some Soybean Cultivars to Low Light Intensity under Different Intercropping Patterns with Maize. Int. J. Appl. Agric. Sci. 2016, 2(2), 21-31. doi: 10.11648/j.ijaas.20160202.11

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Tamer Ibrahim Abdel-Wahab, Rehab Ahmed Abd El-Rahman. Response of Some Soybean Cultivars to Low Light Intensity under Different Intercropping Patterns with Maize. Int J Appl Agric Sci. 2016;2(2):21-31. doi: 10.11648/j.ijaas.20160202.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijaas.20160202.11,
  author = {Tamer Ibrahim Abdel-Wahab and Rehab Ahmed Abd El-Rahman},
  title = {Response of Some Soybean Cultivars to Low Light Intensity under Different Intercropping Patterns with Maize},
  journal = {International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences},
  volume = {2},
  number = {2},
  pages = {21-31},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijaas.20160202.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaas.20160202.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijaas.20160202.11},
  abstract = {A two-year study was carried out at Mallawi Agricultural Experiments and Research Station, A.R.C., El-Minia governorate, Egypt, during 2014 and 2015 seasons to determine the compatible soybean cultivar with high maize plant density to achieve farmer's benefit under intercropping conditions. Alternating ridges (70 cm width) between maize and soybean were used as 1:3, 2:4, 2:2, 3:3 and 4:2, respectively, in addition to sole culture of both crops. Local maize cultivar T.W.C. 310 was grown in one plant per hill distanced at 30 cm under intercropping and sole cultures, meanwhile local soybean cultivars (Giza 22, Giza 82 and Giza 111) were drilled in both sides of the ridge (two plants/hill distanced at 15 cm) under intercropping and sole cultures. A split plot distribution in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The results indicated that maize yield attributes were increased significantly by decreasing maize plant density from 67 to 25% of sole maize under intercropping conditions, meanwhile the converse was true for plant height and grain yield per ha. All the studied maize traits were not affected by soybean cultivars. Also, all the studied maize traits were not affected the interaction between intercropping patterns and soybean cultivars. Soybean yield and its attributes were increased significantly by decreasing maize plant density from 67 to 25% of sole maize under intercropping conditions except plant height. The late-maturing soybean cultivar Giza 22 recorded the highest values of intercepted light intensity within soybean canopy, number of pods per plant, seed index, seed yields per plant and per ha, meanwhile, the highest values of biological yield per ha, plant height and number of branches per plant were recorded for soybean cultivar Giza 111. Soybean cultivar Giza 22 gave the highest seed yield per plant compared to the other cultivars under all the intercropping patterns. Relative yield of soybean showed that the early-maturing soybean cultivar Giza 82 is better adapted to low light intensity than the other cultivars. Land equivalent ratio and area time equivalent ratio values for intercrops were greater than 1.00 indicating less land requirements of intercropping patterns than sole maize. Growing four maize ridges alternating with two ridges of soybean cultivar Giza 82 achieved the highest net return compared to sole maize.},
 year = {2016}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Response of Some Soybean Cultivars to Low Light Intensity under Different Intercropping Patterns with Maize
AU  - Tamer Ibrahim Abdel-Wahab
AU  - Rehab Ahmed Abd El-Rahman
Y1  - 2016/04/14
PY  - 2016
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaas.20160202.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijaas.20160202.11
T2  - International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
JF  - International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
JO  - International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
SP  - 21
EP  - 31
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2469-7885
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaas.20160202.11
AB  - A two-year study was carried out at Mallawi Agricultural Experiments and Research Station, A.R.C., El-Minia governorate, Egypt, during 2014 and 2015 seasons to determine the compatible soybean cultivar with high maize plant density to achieve farmer's benefit under intercropping conditions. Alternating ridges (70 cm width) between maize and soybean were used as 1:3, 2:4, 2:2, 3:3 and 4:2, respectively, in addition to sole culture of both crops. Local maize cultivar T.W.C. 310 was grown in one plant per hill distanced at 30 cm under intercropping and sole cultures, meanwhile local soybean cultivars (Giza 22, Giza 82 and Giza 111) were drilled in both sides of the ridge (two plants/hill distanced at 15 cm) under intercropping and sole cultures. A split plot distribution in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The results indicated that maize yield attributes were increased significantly by decreasing maize plant density from 67 to 25% of sole maize under intercropping conditions, meanwhile the converse was true for plant height and grain yield per ha. All the studied maize traits were not affected by soybean cultivars. Also, all the studied maize traits were not affected the interaction between intercropping patterns and soybean cultivars. Soybean yield and its attributes were increased significantly by decreasing maize plant density from 67 to 25% of sole maize under intercropping conditions except plant height. The late-maturing soybean cultivar Giza 22 recorded the highest values of intercepted light intensity within soybean canopy, number of pods per plant, seed index, seed yields per plant and per ha, meanwhile, the highest values of biological yield per ha, plant height and number of branches per plant were recorded for soybean cultivar Giza 111. Soybean cultivar Giza 22 gave the highest seed yield per plant compared to the other cultivars under all the intercropping patterns. Relative yield of soybean showed that the early-maturing soybean cultivar Giza 82 is better adapted to low light intensity than the other cultivars. Land equivalent ratio and area time equivalent ratio values for intercrops were greater than 1.00 indicating less land requirements of intercropping patterns than sole maize. Growing four maize ridges alternating with two ridges of soybean cultivar Giza 82 achieved the highest net return compared to sole maize.
VL  - 2
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download