Comparing Relativistic Theories Against Observed Perihelion Shifts of Icarus and Mercury

Steven D. Deines

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijamtp.20170303.14

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Comparing Relativistic Theories Against Observed Perihelion Shifts of Icarus and Mercury

Steven D. Deines

Published in International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (Volume 3, Issue 3)

Received: 11 October 2016 Accepted: 3 January 2017 Published: 28 May 2017

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Abstract

This paper compares the post-Newtonian approximation (PNA) to general relativity (GR) for the relativistic perihelion shift calculations. Nelson’s PNA predicts 5/6 of GR’s perihelion shift. Using the original Universal Time (UT), Shapiro’s accurate, highly elliptical orbit for Icarus corroborates PNA while GR exceeds the error boundary. The Icarus result was λ = 0.75 ± 0.08 where λ=1 for GR and λ=0 for Newtonian theory. Studies of Mercury’s perihelion shift used timescales equivalent to lunar Ephemeris Time (ET) with the present Système International (SI) second, the basic time unit for all atomic timescales like International Atomic Time (TAI). Atomic timescales run faster than UT, because the SI second is 2.468E-8 s shorter than the original UT second. This is confirmed by the two observational reports using the original calibration data of 1955-1958, by the Improved Lunar Ephemeris used in the original calibration, by the linear divergence of TAI versus UT during 1958-1998, and by the 2.1 ms mean excess between a UT day and TAI day during 1958-1998. Time dilation was not included in the lunar theory, which is confirmed by timekeeping authorities. So, the undilated lunar ET second is shorter than Earth’s proper UT second. An ET timescale creates an additional, artificial perihelion shift for Mercury of 6.433”/cy. Other renowned relativists used a 1973 update for Earth’s general precession that now excludes the GR prediction while including the PNA prediction if the artificial Mercury shift is included in the calculations. Apparently, Nelson’s PNA is more accurate than GR.

Published in	International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (Volume 3, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijamtp.20170303.14
Page(s)	61-73
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Timescales, Perihelion Shift, Post-Newtonian Approximation, Relativity

References

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APA Style

Steven D. Deines. (2017). Comparing Relativistic Theories Against Observed Perihelion Shifts of Icarus and Mercury. International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, 3(3), 61-73. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijamtp.20170303.14

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ACS Style

Steven D. Deines. Comparing Relativistic Theories Against Observed Perihelion Shifts of Icarus and Mercury. Int. J. Appl. Math. Theor. Phys. 2017, 3(3), 61-73. doi: 10.11648/j.ijamtp.20170303.14

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AMA Style

Steven D. Deines. Comparing Relativistic Theories Against Observed Perihelion Shifts of Icarus and Mercury. Int J Appl Math Theor Phys. 2017;3(3):61-73. doi: 10.11648/j.ijamtp.20170303.14

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@article{10.11648/j.ijamtp.20170303.14,
  author = {Steven D. Deines},
  title = {Comparing Relativistic Theories Against Observed Perihelion Shifts of Icarus and Mercury},
  journal = {International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics},
  volume = {3},
  number = {3},
  pages = {61-73},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijamtp.20170303.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijamtp.20170303.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijamtp.20170303.14},
  abstract = {This paper compares the post-Newtonian approximation (PNA) to general relativity (GR) for the relativistic perihelion shift calculations. Nelson’s PNA predicts 5/6 of GR’s perihelion shift. Using the original Universal Time (UT), Shapiro’s accurate, highly elliptical orbit for Icarus corroborates PNA while GR exceeds the error boundary. The Icarus result was λ = 0.75 ± 0.08 where λ=1 for GR and λ=0 for Newtonian theory. Studies of Mercury’s perihelion shift used timescales equivalent to lunar Ephemeris Time (ET) with the present Système International (SI) second, the basic time unit for all atomic timescales like International Atomic Time (TAI). Atomic timescales run faster than UT, because the SI second is 2.468E-8 s shorter than the original UT second. This is confirmed by the two observational reports using the original calibration data of 1955-1958, by the Improved Lunar Ephemeris used in the original calibration, by the linear divergence of TAI versus UT during 1958-1998, and by the 2.1 ms mean excess between a UT day and TAI day during 1958-1998. Time dilation was not included in the lunar theory, which is confirmed by timekeeping authorities. So, the undilated lunar ET second is shorter than Earth’s proper UT second. An ET timescale creates an additional, artificial perihelion shift for Mercury of 6.433”/cy. Other renowned relativists used a 1973 update for Earth’s general precession that now excludes the GR prediction while including the PNA prediction if the artificial Mercury shift is included in the calculations. Apparently, Nelson’s PNA is more accurate than GR.},
 year = {2017}
}

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TY - JOUR
T1 - Comparing Relativistic Theories Against Observed Perihelion Shifts of Icarus and Mercury
AU - Steven D. Deines
Y1 - 2017/05/28
PY - 2017
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijamtp.20170303.14
DO - 10.11648/j.ijamtp.20170303.14
T2 - International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics
JF - International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics
JO - International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics
SP - 61
EP - 73
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2575-5927
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijamtp.20170303.14
AB - This paper compares the post-Newtonian approximation (PNA) to general relativity (GR) for the relativistic perihelion shift calculations. Nelson’s PNA predicts 5/6 of GR’s perihelion shift. Using the original Universal Time (UT), Shapiro’s accurate, highly elliptical orbit for Icarus corroborates PNA while GR exceeds the error boundary. The Icarus result was λ = 0.75 ± 0.08 where λ=1 for GR and λ=0 for Newtonian theory. Studies of Mercury’s perihelion shift used timescales equivalent to lunar Ephemeris Time (ET) with the present Système International (SI) second, the basic time unit for all atomic timescales like International Atomic Time (TAI). Atomic timescales run faster than UT, because the SI second is 2.468E-8 s shorter than the original UT second. This is confirmed by the two observational reports using the original calibration data of 1955-1958, by the Improved Lunar Ephemeris used in the original calibration, by the linear divergence of TAI versus UT during 1958-1998, and by the 2.1 ms mean excess between a UT day and TAI day during 1958-1998. Time dilation was not included in the lunar theory, which is confirmed by timekeeping authorities. So, the undilated lunar ET second is shorter than Earth’s proper UT second. An ET timescale creates an additional, artificial perihelion shift for Mercury of 6.433”/cy. Other renowned relativists used a 1973 update for Earth’s general precession that now excludes the GR prediction while including the PNA prediction if the artificial Mercury shift is included in the calculations. Apparently, Nelson’s PNA is more accurate than GR.
VL - 3
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Steven D. Deines

Donatech Corporation, Inc., Fairfield, USA

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Steven D. Deines. (2017). Comparing Relativistic Theories Against Observed Perihelion Shifts of Icarus and Mercury. International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, 3(3), 61-73. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijamtp.20170303.14

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Steven D. Deines. Comparing Relativistic Theories Against Observed Perihelion Shifts of Icarus and Mercury. Int. J. Appl. Math. Theor. Phys. 2017, 3(3), 61-73. doi: 10.11648/j.ijamtp.20170303.14

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AMA Style

Steven D. Deines. Comparing Relativistic Theories Against Observed Perihelion Shifts of Icarus and Mercury. Int J Appl Math Theor Phys. 2017;3(3):61-73. doi: 10.11648/j.ijamtp.20170303.14

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@article{10.11648/j.ijamtp.20170303.14,
  author = {Steven D. Deines},
  title = {Comparing Relativistic Theories Against Observed Perihelion Shifts of Icarus and Mercury},
  journal = {International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics},
  volume = {3},
  number = {3},
  pages = {61-73},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijamtp.20170303.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijamtp.20170303.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijamtp.20170303.14},
  abstract = {This paper compares the post-Newtonian approximation (PNA) to general relativity (GR) for the relativistic perihelion shift calculations. Nelson’s PNA predicts 5/6 of GR’s perihelion shift. Using the original Universal Time (UT), Shapiro’s accurate, highly elliptical orbit for Icarus corroborates PNA while GR exceeds the error boundary. The Icarus result was λ = 0.75 ± 0.08 where λ=1 for GR and λ=0 for Newtonian theory. Studies of Mercury’s perihelion shift used timescales equivalent to lunar Ephemeris Time (ET) with the present Système International (SI) second, the basic time unit for all atomic timescales like International Atomic Time (TAI). Atomic timescales run faster than UT, because the SI second is 2.468E-8 s shorter than the original UT second. This is confirmed by the two observational reports using the original calibration data of 1955-1958, by the Improved Lunar Ephemeris used in the original calibration, by the linear divergence of TAI versus UT during 1958-1998, and by the 2.1 ms mean excess between a UT day and TAI day during 1958-1998. Time dilation was not included in the lunar theory, which is confirmed by timekeeping authorities. So, the undilated lunar ET second is shorter than Earth’s proper UT second. An ET timescale creates an additional, artificial perihelion shift for Mercury of 6.433”/cy. Other renowned relativists used a 1973 update for Earth’s general precession that now excludes the GR prediction while including the PNA prediction if the artificial Mercury shift is included in the calculations. Apparently, Nelson’s PNA is more accurate than GR.},
 year = {2017}
}

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