Universe: Not Expanding

Bandula Dahanayake

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijass.20140204.12

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Universe: Not Expanding

Bandula Dahanayake

Published in International Journal of Astrophysics and Space Science (Volume 2, Issue 4)

Received: 21 October 2014 Accepted: 29 October 2014 Published: 30 October 2014

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Abstract

Contrary to the widespread belief, the Universe is neither expanding nor contracting. What is taking place is the orbit dilation of the galaxies. The orbit dilation is a phenomenon that results from the mass creation due to energy to mass conversion occurring in galaxies. The absence of Universe expansion indicates that the origin of the Universe cannot be traced back in time to a hypothetical Big-Bang. The Orbit Dilation Theorem and the Orbit Acceleration Theorem that describe the mechanics of orbit dilation are derived under the axiom that the mass of a galaxy or a planet is time varying and never remains a constant. These theorems are then used to demonstrate how and why galaxies are moving away always at an accelerated rate. There is absolutely no space expansion hypothesis required for determining why the distance galaxies are moving away at an accelerated rate. The galactic and planetary orbits are dynamic and are always either dilating or contracting in accordance with the rate of change of the logarithmic mass, while orbit acceleration takes place in proportion to the second derivative of the mass with respect to time per unit mass; the galactic and planetary orbits never remain static. It is also shown that as a result of orbit dilation and orbit contraction, galaxies may occasionally come into collision course with each other; however, a singular cohesive collision of the galaxies leading to a Big-Bang is improbable because it is highly unlikely that the assumption required would be supported in the nature. Hubble’s velocity-distance relationship is obtained as a possible, but quite improbable special case of the Orbit Dilation Theorem; it is improbable because the assumption, the rate of change of logarithmic mass is a constant, that had to be made cannot be expected to satisfy in nature. The acceleration of a galaxy in Hubble relationship is the square of the Hubble Constant times the distance to the galaxy. The Orbit Dilation Theorem and the Orbit Acceleration Theorem are also used to analyze the behavior of the solar system. The orbit contraction is prevalent in planetary systems as a result of mass loss due to mass to energy conversion, especially due to radiation and non-renewable resource depletion. The earth’s orbit contraction leads to global warming, as well as, to the gradual shortening of the year. It is possible to counter balance the orbit contraction and resulting global warming by limiting the depletion of non-renewable resources, as well as by protecting and sustaining the mass creation or the energy to mass conversion that is naturally taking place in the bio-mass.

Published in	International Journal of Astrophysics and Space Science (Volume 2, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijass.20140204.12
Page(s)	66-70
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2014. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Non-Expanding-Universe, Hubble-Constant, Global-Warming, Big-Bang, Red-Shift

References

[1]	Hubble Edwin, ‘A relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae’, Proc. N. A. S., 1929.
[2]	Wikipedia.com, ‘Hubble’s Law’ Sept. 27, 2014.
[3]	Wikipedia.com, ‘History of Big-Bang Theory’ Oct. 27, 2014.
[4]	Wikipedia.com, ‘Accelerating Universe’ Oct. 27, 2014.
[5]	www.aip.org/ history/ cosmology/ideas/ expanding.htm, ‘The Expanding Universe’, Oct 27, 2014
[6]	Barnham Keith, ‘The Burning Answers’, 2014, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London
[7]	Hawkin Stephen and Leonard Moldinow, ‘The Grand Design’, 2010, Bantam Books, New York.
[8]	Hartston William, ‘Things That Nobody Knows’, 2011, Atlantic Books, London.

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APA Style

Bandula Dahanayake. (2014). Universe: Not Expanding. International Journal of Astrophysics and Space Science, 2(4), 66-70. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijass.20140204.12

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ACS Style

Bandula Dahanayake. Universe: Not Expanding. Int. J. Astrophys. Space Sci. 2014, 2(4), 66-70. doi: 10.11648/j.ijass.20140204.12

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AMA Style

Bandula Dahanayake. Universe: Not Expanding. Int J Astrophys Space Sci. 2014;2(4):66-70. doi: 10.11648/j.ijass.20140204.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ijass.20140204.12,
  author = {Bandula Dahanayake},
  title = {Universe: Not Expanding},
  journal = {International Journal of Astrophysics and Space Science},
  volume = {2},
  number = {4},
  pages = {66-70},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijass.20140204.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijass.20140204.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijass.20140204.12},
  abstract = {Contrary to the widespread belief, the Universe is neither expanding nor contracting. What is taking place is the orbit dilation of the galaxies. The orbit dilation is a phenomenon that results from the mass creation due to energy to mass conversion occurring in galaxies. The absence of Universe expansion indicates that the origin of the Universe cannot be traced back in time to a hypothetical Big-Bang. The Orbit Dilation Theorem and the Orbit Acceleration Theorem that describe the mechanics of orbit dilation are derived under the axiom that the mass of a galaxy or a planet is time varying and never remains a constant. These theorems are then used to demonstrate how and why galaxies are moving away always at an accelerated rate. There is absolutely no space expansion hypothesis required for determining why the distance galaxies are moving away at an accelerated rate. The galactic and planetary orbits are dynamic and are always either dilating or contracting in accordance with the rate of change of the logarithmic mass, while orbit acceleration takes place in proportion to the second derivative of the mass with respect to time per unit mass; the galactic and planetary orbits never remain static. It is also shown that as a result of orbit dilation and orbit contraction, galaxies may occasionally come into collision course with each other; however, a singular cohesive collision of the galaxies leading to a Big-Bang is improbable because it is highly unlikely that the assumption required would be supported in the nature. Hubble’s velocity-distance relationship is obtained as a possible, but quite improbable special case of the Orbit Dilation Theorem; it is improbable because the assumption, the rate of change of logarithmic mass is a constant, that had to be made cannot be expected to satisfy in nature. The acceleration of a galaxy in Hubble relationship is the square of the Hubble Constant times the distance to the galaxy. The Orbit Dilation Theorem and the Orbit Acceleration Theorem are also used to analyze the behavior of the solar system. The orbit contraction is prevalent in planetary systems as a result of mass loss due to mass to energy conversion, especially due to radiation and non-renewable resource depletion. The earth’s orbit contraction leads to global warming, as well as, to the gradual shortening of the year. It is possible to counter balance the orbit contraction and resulting global warming by limiting the depletion of non-renewable resources, as well as by protecting and sustaining the mass creation or the energy to mass conversion that is naturally taking place in the bio-mass.},
 year = {2014}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Universe: Not Expanding
AU  - Bandula Dahanayake
Y1  - 2014/10/30
PY  - 2014
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijass.20140204.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijass.20140204.12
T2  - International Journal of Astrophysics and Space Science
JF  - International Journal of Astrophysics and Space Science
JO  - International Journal of Astrophysics and Space Science
SP  - 66
EP  - 70
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2376-7022
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijass.20140204.12
AB  - Contrary to the widespread belief, the Universe is neither expanding nor contracting. What is taking place is the orbit dilation of the galaxies. The orbit dilation is a phenomenon that results from the mass creation due to energy to mass conversion occurring in galaxies. The absence of Universe expansion indicates that the origin of the Universe cannot be traced back in time to a hypothetical Big-Bang. The Orbit Dilation Theorem and the Orbit Acceleration Theorem that describe the mechanics of orbit dilation are derived under the axiom that the mass of a galaxy or a planet is time varying and never remains a constant. These theorems are then used to demonstrate how and why galaxies are moving away always at an accelerated rate. There is absolutely no space expansion hypothesis required for determining why the distance galaxies are moving away at an accelerated rate. The galactic and planetary orbits are dynamic and are always either dilating or contracting in accordance with the rate of change of the logarithmic mass, while orbit acceleration takes place in proportion to the second derivative of the mass with respect to time per unit mass; the galactic and planetary orbits never remain static. It is also shown that as a result of orbit dilation and orbit contraction, galaxies may occasionally come into collision course with each other; however, a singular cohesive collision of the galaxies leading to a Big-Bang is improbable because it is highly unlikely that the assumption required would be supported in the nature. Hubble’s velocity-distance relationship is obtained as a possible, but quite improbable special case of the Orbit Dilation Theorem; it is improbable because the assumption, the rate of change of logarithmic mass is a constant, that had to be made cannot be expected to satisfy in nature. The acceleration of a galaxy in Hubble relationship is the square of the Hubble Constant times the distance to the galaxy. The Orbit Dilation Theorem and the Orbit Acceleration Theorem are also used to analyze the behavior of the solar system. The orbit contraction is prevalent in planetary systems as a result of mass loss due to mass to energy conversion, especially due to radiation and non-renewable resource depletion. The earth’s orbit contraction leads to global warming, as well as, to the gradual shortening of the year. It is possible to counter balance the orbit contraction and resulting global warming by limiting the depletion of non-renewable resources, as well as by protecting and sustaining the mass creation or the energy to mass conversion that is naturally taking place in the bio-mass.
VL  - 2
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

Bandula Dahanayake

Farmfield Crescent, Kanata, Ontario, Canada K2M 2S9

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Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Bandula Dahanayake. (2014). Universe: Not Expanding. International Journal of Astrophysics and Space Science, 2(4), 66-70. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijass.20140204.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Bandula Dahanayake. Universe: Not Expanding. Int. J. Astrophys. Space Sci. 2014, 2(4), 66-70. doi: 10.11648/j.ijass.20140204.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Bandula Dahanayake. Universe: Not Expanding. Int J Astrophys Space Sci. 2014;2(4):66-70. doi: 10.11648/j.ijass.20140204.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijass.20140204.12,
  author = {Bandula Dahanayake},
  title = {Universe: Not Expanding},
  journal = {International Journal of Astrophysics and Space Science},
  volume = {2},
  number = {4},
  pages = {66-70},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijass.20140204.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijass.20140204.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijass.20140204.12},
  abstract = {Contrary to the widespread belief, the Universe is neither expanding nor contracting. What is taking place is the orbit dilation of the galaxies. The orbit dilation is a phenomenon that results from the mass creation due to energy to mass conversion occurring in galaxies. The absence of Universe expansion indicates that the origin of the Universe cannot be traced back in time to a hypothetical Big-Bang. The Orbit Dilation Theorem and the Orbit Acceleration Theorem that describe the mechanics of orbit dilation are derived under the axiom that the mass of a galaxy or a planet is time varying and never remains a constant. These theorems are then used to demonstrate how and why galaxies are moving away always at an accelerated rate. There is absolutely no space expansion hypothesis required for determining why the distance galaxies are moving away at an accelerated rate. The galactic and planetary orbits are dynamic and are always either dilating or contracting in accordance with the rate of change of the logarithmic mass, while orbit acceleration takes place in proportion to the second derivative of the mass with respect to time per unit mass; the galactic and planetary orbits never remain static. It is also shown that as a result of orbit dilation and orbit contraction, galaxies may occasionally come into collision course with each other; however, a singular cohesive collision of the galaxies leading to a Big-Bang is improbable because it is highly unlikely that the assumption required would be supported in the nature. Hubble’s velocity-distance relationship is obtained as a possible, but quite improbable special case of the Orbit Dilation Theorem; it is improbable because the assumption, the rate of change of logarithmic mass is a constant, that had to be made cannot be expected to satisfy in nature. The acceleration of a galaxy in Hubble relationship is the square of the Hubble Constant times the distance to the galaxy. The Orbit Dilation Theorem and the Orbit Acceleration Theorem are also used to analyze the behavior of the solar system. The orbit contraction is prevalent in planetary systems as a result of mass loss due to mass to energy conversion, especially due to radiation and non-renewable resource depletion. The earth’s orbit contraction leads to global warming, as well as, to the gradual shortening of the year. It is possible to counter balance the orbit contraction and resulting global warming by limiting the depletion of non-renewable resources, as well as by protecting and sustaining the mass creation or the energy to mass conversion that is naturally taking place in the bio-mass.},
 year = {2014}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Universe: Not Expanding
AU  - Bandula Dahanayake
Y1  - 2014/10/30
PY  - 2014
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijass.20140204.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijass.20140204.12
T2  - International Journal of Astrophysics and Space Science
JF  - International Journal of Astrophysics and Space Science
JO  - International Journal of Astrophysics and Space Science
SP  - 66
EP  - 70
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2376-7022
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijass.20140204.12
AB  - Contrary to the widespread belief, the Universe is neither expanding nor contracting. What is taking place is the orbit dilation of the galaxies. The orbit dilation is a phenomenon that results from the mass creation due to energy to mass conversion occurring in galaxies. The absence of Universe expansion indicates that the origin of the Universe cannot be traced back in time to a hypothetical Big-Bang. The Orbit Dilation Theorem and the Orbit Acceleration Theorem that describe the mechanics of orbit dilation are derived under the axiom that the mass of a galaxy or a planet is time varying and never remains a constant. These theorems are then used to demonstrate how and why galaxies are moving away always at an accelerated rate. There is absolutely no space expansion hypothesis required for determining why the distance galaxies are moving away at an accelerated rate. The galactic and planetary orbits are dynamic and are always either dilating or contracting in accordance with the rate of change of the logarithmic mass, while orbit acceleration takes place in proportion to the second derivative of the mass with respect to time per unit mass; the galactic and planetary orbits never remain static. It is also shown that as a result of orbit dilation and orbit contraction, galaxies may occasionally come into collision course with each other; however, a singular cohesive collision of the galaxies leading to a Big-Bang is improbable because it is highly unlikely that the assumption required would be supported in the nature. Hubble’s velocity-distance relationship is obtained as a possible, but quite improbable special case of the Orbit Dilation Theorem; it is improbable because the assumption, the rate of change of logarithmic mass is a constant, that had to be made cannot be expected to satisfy in nature. The acceleration of a galaxy in Hubble relationship is the square of the Hubble Constant times the distance to the galaxy. The Orbit Dilation Theorem and the Orbit Acceleration Theorem are also used to analyze the behavior of the solar system. The orbit contraction is prevalent in planetary systems as a result of mass loss due to mass to energy conversion, especially due to radiation and non-renewable resource depletion. The earth’s orbit contraction leads to global warming, as well as, to the gradual shortening of the year. It is possible to counter balance the orbit contraction and resulting global warming by limiting the depletion of non-renewable resources, as well as by protecting and sustaining the mass creation or the energy to mass conversion that is naturally taking place in the bio-mass.
VL  - 2
IS  - 4
ER  -

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