Prevalence and Severity of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress During Pandemic of COVID-19 Among College Students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020 A Cross Sectional Survey

Addisu Tadesse Sahile; Mikiyas Ababu; Sinetsehay Alemayehu; Haymanot Abebe; Getabalew Endazenew; Mussie Wubshet; Hana Getachew; Tirhas Tadesse

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijcems.20200606.13

Prevalence and Severity of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress During Pandemic of COVID-19 Among College Students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020 A Cross Sectional Survey

Addisu Tadesse Sahile, Mikiyas Ababu, Sinetsehay Alemayehu, Haymanot Abebe, Getabalew Endazenew, Mussie Wubshet, Hana Getachew, Tirhas Tadesse

Published in International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences (Volume 6, Issue 6)

Received: 24 September 2020 Accepted: 9 October 2020 Published: 23 November 2020

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Abstract

Background: Coronaviruses are enveloped, positive, single-stranded large ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses that infect various animals including humans which were first investigated by Tyrell and Bynoe in 1966. In Ethiopia, more than 26 million students were affected by school closures due to coronavirus surge. Objectives: The survey was aimed at assessing the prevalence and severity of depression, anxiety, and stress during the pandemic of COVID-19 among college students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020. Methods: An online cross-sectional survey was conducted among 153 college students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from April 27-May 07, 2020. A short version of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress (DAS 21) scale were used, to measure both the magnitude as well as their severity. Findings: The overall prevalence of depression was 51% (95%CI: 42.8-59.1%), of which 49%, 18.1%, 20.9%, 7.2%, and 4.6% of participants had normal, mild, moderate, severe and extremely severe depression consecutively. The overall prevalence of anxiety was 51.6% (95%CI: 43.4-59.8%), where 11%, 20.9%, 6.5%, and 13.1% of the participants had mild, moderate, severe, and extremely severe anxiety symptoms respectively. The magnitude of stress was 11.1% (95%CI: 6.6-17.2%) of which only 7.8% and 2.6% had mild and moderate stress symptoms. The odds of developing anxiety among the students with a family income of 2001-4999 birr and greater than 10,000 birr had 69.7% (AOR: 0.303; 95%CI: 0.102-0.901) and 79.5% (AOR: 0.205, 95%CI: 0.064-0.653) higher odds as those with a monthly income of less than 2000 birr. Conclusion: A higher prevalence of depression and anxiety was observed from the current study, whilst the level of stress is still higher. A higher monthly income was associated with the development of anxiety during the pandemic of COVID-19. Concerned bodies were recommended to work over the identified problems, besides; large scale study mainly focused on determinants of depression, anxiety, and stress was also emphasized.

Published in	International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences (Volume 6, Issue 6)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijcems.20200606.13
Page(s)	126-132
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Prevalence, Depression, Anxiety, Stress, COVID-19, College Students

References

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APA Style

Addisu Tadesse Sahile, Mikiyas Ababu, Sinetsehay Alemayehu, Haymanot Abebe, Getabalew Endazenew, et al. (2020). Prevalence and Severity of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress During Pandemic of COVID-19 Among College Students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020 A Cross Sectional Survey. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences, 6(6), 126-132. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20200606.13

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ACS Style

Addisu Tadesse Sahile; Mikiyas Ababu; Sinetsehay Alemayehu; Haymanot Abebe; Getabalew Endazenew, et al. Prevalence and Severity of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress During Pandemic of COVID-19 Among College Students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020 A Cross Sectional Survey. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med. Sci. 2020, 6(6), 126-132. doi: 10.11648/j.ijcems.20200606.13

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AMA Style

Addisu Tadesse Sahile, Mikiyas Ababu, Sinetsehay Alemayehu, Haymanot Abebe, Getabalew Endazenew, et al. Prevalence and Severity of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress During Pandemic of COVID-19 Among College Students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020 A Cross Sectional Survey. Int J Clin Exp Med Sci. 2020;6(6):126-132. doi: 10.11648/j.ijcems.20200606.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ijcems.20200606.13,
  author = {Addisu Tadesse Sahile and Mikiyas Ababu and Sinetsehay Alemayehu and Haymanot Abebe and Getabalew Endazenew and Mussie Wubshet and Hana Getachew and Tirhas Tadesse},
  title = {Prevalence and Severity of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress During Pandemic of COVID-19 Among College Students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020 A Cross Sectional Survey},
  journal = {International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences},
  volume = {6},
  number = {6},
  pages = {126-132},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijcems.20200606.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20200606.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijcems.20200606.13},
  abstract = {Background: Coronaviruses are enveloped, positive, single-stranded large ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses that infect various animals including humans which were first investigated by Tyrell and Bynoe in 1966. In Ethiopia, more than 26 million students were affected by school closures due to coronavirus surge. Objectives: The survey was aimed at assessing the prevalence and severity of depression, anxiety, and stress during the pandemic of COVID-19 among college students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020. Methods: An online cross-sectional survey was conducted among 153 college students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from April 27-May 07, 2020. A short version of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress (DAS 21) scale were used, to measure both the magnitude as well as their severity. Findings: The overall prevalence of depression was 51% (95%CI: 42.8-59.1%), of which 49%, 18.1%, 20.9%, 7.2%, and 4.6% of participants had normal, mild, moderate, severe and extremely severe depression consecutively. The overall prevalence of anxiety was 51.6% (95%CI: 43.4-59.8%), where 11%, 20.9%, 6.5%, and 13.1% of the participants had mild, moderate, severe, and extremely severe anxiety symptoms respectively. The magnitude of stress was 11.1% (95%CI: 6.6-17.2%) of which only 7.8% and 2.6% had mild and moderate stress symptoms. The odds of developing anxiety among the students with a family income of 2001-4999 birr and greater than 10,000 birr had 69.7% (AOR: 0.303; 95%CI: 0.102-0.901) and 79.5% (AOR: 0.205, 95%CI: 0.064-0.653) higher odds as those with a monthly income of less than 2000 birr. Conclusion: A higher prevalence of depression and anxiety was observed from the current study, whilst the level of stress is still higher. A higher monthly income was associated with the development of anxiety during the pandemic of COVID-19. Concerned bodies were recommended to work over the identified problems, besides; large scale study mainly focused on determinants of depression, anxiety, and stress was also emphasized.},
 year = {2020}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Prevalence and Severity of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress During Pandemic of COVID-19 Among College Students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020 A Cross Sectional Survey
AU  - Addisu Tadesse Sahile
AU  - Mikiyas Ababu
AU  - Sinetsehay Alemayehu
AU  - Haymanot Abebe
AU  - Getabalew Endazenew
AU  - Mussie Wubshet
AU  - Hana Getachew
AU  - Tirhas Tadesse
Y1  - 2020/11/23
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20200606.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijcems.20200606.13
T2  - International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences
JF  - International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences
JO  - International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences
SP  - 126
EP  - 132
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2469-8032
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20200606.13
AB  - Background: Coronaviruses are enveloped, positive, single-stranded large ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses that infect various animals including humans which were first investigated by Tyrell and Bynoe in 1966. In Ethiopia, more than 26 million students were affected by school closures due to coronavirus surge. Objectives: The survey was aimed at assessing the prevalence and severity of depression, anxiety, and stress during the pandemic of COVID-19 among college students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020. Methods: An online cross-sectional survey was conducted among 153 college students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from April 27-May 07, 2020. A short version of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress (DAS 21) scale were used, to measure both the magnitude as well as their severity. Findings: The overall prevalence of depression was 51% (95%CI: 42.8-59.1%), of which 49%, 18.1%, 20.9%, 7.2%, and 4.6% of participants had normal, mild, moderate, severe and extremely severe depression consecutively. The overall prevalence of anxiety was 51.6% (95%CI: 43.4-59.8%), where 11%, 20.9%, 6.5%, and 13.1% of the participants had mild, moderate, severe, and extremely severe anxiety symptoms respectively. The magnitude of stress was 11.1% (95%CI: 6.6-17.2%) of which only 7.8% and 2.6% had mild and moderate stress symptoms. The odds of developing anxiety among the students with a family income of 2001-4999 birr and greater than 10,000 birr had 69.7% (AOR: 0.303; 95%CI: 0.102-0.901) and 79.5% (AOR: 0.205, 95%CI: 0.064-0.653) higher odds as those with a monthly income of less than 2000 birr. Conclusion: A higher prevalence of depression and anxiety was observed from the current study, whilst the level of stress is still higher. A higher monthly income was associated with the development of anxiety during the pandemic of COVID-19. Concerned bodies were recommended to work over the identified problems, besides; large scale study mainly focused on determinants of depression, anxiety, and stress was also emphasized.
VL  - 6
IS  - 6
ER  -

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Author Information

Addisu Tadesse Sahile

Department of Public Health, Unity University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Mikiyas Ababu

Department of Public Health, Universal Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Sinetsehay Alemayehu

Department of Nursing, Universal Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Haymanot Abebe

Department of Nursing, Universal Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Getabalew Endazenew

Department of Social and Population Health, Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Mussie Wubshet

Department of Public Health, Universal Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Hana Getachew

Department of Nursing, Universal Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Tirhas Tadesse

Department of Social and Population Health, Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

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APA Style

Addisu Tadesse Sahile, Mikiyas Ababu, Sinetsehay Alemayehu, Haymanot Abebe, Getabalew Endazenew, et al. (2020). Prevalence and Severity of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress During Pandemic of COVID-19 Among College Students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020 A Cross Sectional Survey. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences, 6(6), 126-132. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20200606.13

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ACS Style

Addisu Tadesse Sahile; Mikiyas Ababu; Sinetsehay Alemayehu; Haymanot Abebe; Getabalew Endazenew, et al. Prevalence and Severity of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress During Pandemic of COVID-19 Among College Students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020 A Cross Sectional Survey. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med. Sci. 2020, 6(6), 126-132. doi: 10.11648/j.ijcems.20200606.13

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AMA Style

Addisu Tadesse Sahile, Mikiyas Ababu, Sinetsehay Alemayehu, Haymanot Abebe, Getabalew Endazenew, et al. Prevalence and Severity of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress During Pandemic of COVID-19 Among College Students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020 A Cross Sectional Survey. Int J Clin Exp Med Sci. 2020;6(6):126-132. doi: 10.11648/j.ijcems.20200606.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijcems.20200606.13,
  author = {Addisu Tadesse Sahile and Mikiyas Ababu and Sinetsehay Alemayehu and Haymanot Abebe and Getabalew Endazenew and Mussie Wubshet and Hana Getachew and Tirhas Tadesse},
  title = {Prevalence and Severity of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress During Pandemic of COVID-19 Among College Students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020 A Cross Sectional Survey},
  journal = {International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences},
  volume = {6},
  number = {6},
  pages = {126-132},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijcems.20200606.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20200606.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijcems.20200606.13},
  abstract = {Background: Coronaviruses are enveloped, positive, single-stranded large ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses that infect various animals including humans which were first investigated by Tyrell and Bynoe in 1966. In Ethiopia, more than 26 million students were affected by school closures due to coronavirus surge. Objectives: The survey was aimed at assessing the prevalence and severity of depression, anxiety, and stress during the pandemic of COVID-19 among college students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020. Methods: An online cross-sectional survey was conducted among 153 college students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from April 27-May 07, 2020. A short version of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress (DAS 21) scale were used, to measure both the magnitude as well as their severity. Findings: The overall prevalence of depression was 51% (95%CI: 42.8-59.1%), of which 49%, 18.1%, 20.9%, 7.2%, and 4.6% of participants had normal, mild, moderate, severe and extremely severe depression consecutively. The overall prevalence of anxiety was 51.6% (95%CI: 43.4-59.8%), where 11%, 20.9%, 6.5%, and 13.1% of the participants had mild, moderate, severe, and extremely severe anxiety symptoms respectively. The magnitude of stress was 11.1% (95%CI: 6.6-17.2%) of which only 7.8% and 2.6% had mild and moderate stress symptoms. The odds of developing anxiety among the students with a family income of 2001-4999 birr and greater than 10,000 birr had 69.7% (AOR: 0.303; 95%CI: 0.102-0.901) and 79.5% (AOR: 0.205, 95%CI: 0.064-0.653) higher odds as those with a monthly income of less than 2000 birr. Conclusion: A higher prevalence of depression and anxiety was observed from the current study, whilst the level of stress is still higher. A higher monthly income was associated with the development of anxiety during the pandemic of COVID-19. Concerned bodies were recommended to work over the identified problems, besides; large scale study mainly focused on determinants of depression, anxiety, and stress was also emphasized.},
 year = {2020}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Prevalence and Severity of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress During Pandemic of COVID-19 Among College Students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020 A Cross Sectional Survey
AU  - Addisu Tadesse Sahile
AU  - Mikiyas Ababu
AU  - Sinetsehay Alemayehu
AU  - Haymanot Abebe
AU  - Getabalew Endazenew
AU  - Mussie Wubshet
AU  - Hana Getachew
AU  - Tirhas Tadesse
Y1  - 2020/11/23
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20200606.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijcems.20200606.13
T2  - International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences
JF  - International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences
JO  - International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences
SP  - 126
EP  - 132
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2469-8032
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20200606.13
AB  - Background: Coronaviruses are enveloped, positive, single-stranded large ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses that infect various animals including humans which were first investigated by Tyrell and Bynoe in 1966. In Ethiopia, more than 26 million students were affected by school closures due to coronavirus surge. Objectives: The survey was aimed at assessing the prevalence and severity of depression, anxiety, and stress during the pandemic of COVID-19 among college students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020. Methods: An online cross-sectional survey was conducted among 153 college students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from April 27-May 07, 2020. A short version of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress (DAS 21) scale were used, to measure both the magnitude as well as their severity. Findings: The overall prevalence of depression was 51% (95%CI: 42.8-59.1%), of which 49%, 18.1%, 20.9%, 7.2%, and 4.6% of participants had normal, mild, moderate, severe and extremely severe depression consecutively. The overall prevalence of anxiety was 51.6% (95%CI: 43.4-59.8%), where 11%, 20.9%, 6.5%, and 13.1% of the participants had mild, moderate, severe, and extremely severe anxiety symptoms respectively. The magnitude of stress was 11.1% (95%CI: 6.6-17.2%) of which only 7.8% and 2.6% had mild and moderate stress symptoms. The odds of developing anxiety among the students with a family income of 2001-4999 birr and greater than 10,000 birr had 69.7% (AOR: 0.303; 95%CI: 0.102-0.901) and 79.5% (AOR: 0.205, 95%CI: 0.064-0.653) higher odds as those with a monthly income of less than 2000 birr. Conclusion: A higher prevalence of depression and anxiety was observed from the current study, whilst the level of stress is still higher. A higher monthly income was associated with the development of anxiety during the pandemic of COVID-19. Concerned bodies were recommended to work over the identified problems, besides; large scale study mainly focused on determinants of depression, anxiety, and stress was also emphasized.
VL  - 6
IS  - 6
ER  -

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