Hyperglycemia During Pregnancy Depends on Numerous Factors (Hypertension During Pregnancy, Previous Birth of a Fetus over 4 kg, Hirsutism - Bulgarian Screening, 2019)

Anna-Maria Borissovа; Boyana Trifonova; Lilia Dakovska; Eugenia Michaylova; Mircho Vukov

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijde.20210602.13

| Peer-Reviewed

Hyperglycemia During Pregnancy Depends on Numerous Factors (Hypertension During Pregnancy, Previous Birth of a Fetus over 4 kg, Hirsutism - Bulgarian Screening, 2019)

Anna-Maria Borissovа, Boyana Trifonova, Lilia Dakovska, Eugenia Michaylova, Mircho Vukov

Published in International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology (Volume 6, Issue 2)

Received: 3 April 2021 Accepted: 19 April 2021 Published: 29 April 2021

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) starts during pregnancy and can increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, as well as be the cause of a number of diseases in the years after birth in both the mother and the fetus. The aim is to study in the Bulgarian population of pregnant women the relationship between hyperglycemia during pregnancy and some factors – arterial hypertension (AH), previous macrosomic baby weighing 4.5 kg or above, hirsutism. Material: A cross-sectional multicenter population-based study which included 547 pregnant women, with average age 30.49±5,12 years was conducted in 84 settlements in Bulgaria. Methods: A questionnaire was completed, blood pressure was measured (Guideline of ESC/ESH, 2018), BMI was calculated. A two-hour, 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. Glucose was quantitatively determined using enzymatic reference method with hexokinase (Roche reagent) on Cobas e501 analyzer. The statistical analysis was performed using standard SPSS 13.0 for Windows. Results: The incidence of Hyperglycemia for the whole group of pregnant women was 14.4% (79/547), up to 24 gestational week (g.w.) it was 5.3% (29/547) and after 24 g.w. - 9.1% (50/547), P < 0.01. Of all screened pregnant women, 2.4% (13/547) developed AH during the current pregnancy. Hyperglycemia was found in 38.5% (5/13) of the women with AH and in 13.9% (74/534) of the women without AH, P < 0.028. In 3.29% of the pregnant women (18/547) a macrosomic baby weighing 4.5 kg or above was found in a previous pregnancy. Hyperglycemia was present in 38.9% (7/18) of women who gave birth to a large fetus against 13.6% (72/529) of women who gave birth to a fetus under 4 kg, P < 0.008. Hirsutism was reported in 7.9% (43/547) of the studied pregnant women. Hirsutism is twice as common in pregnant women with Hyperglycemia - 13.9% (11/79) versus hirsutism in those with Normoglycemia - 6.8% (32/468), P < 0.049. There was a significant correlation between Hyperglycemia and gestational age (P < 0.006), previous fetal birth over 4 kg (P < 0.03), AH during the current pregnancy (P < 0.01), presence of hirsutism (P < 0.03). Conclusion: A good knowledge of all risk factors associated with the development of glucose intolerance and GDM could play an important role in the early diagnosis of this common disorder during pregnancy.

Published in	International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology (Volume 6, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijde.20210602.13
Page(s)	69-75
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Pregnancy, Hyperglycemia, Arterial Hypertension, Macrosomic Baby Weighing 4.5 kg or Above, Hirsutism

References

[1]	International Diabetes Federation. (2019). IDF Diabetes Atlas, 9^th edn. Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation.
[2]	Moshe Hod, Kapur A, Sacks D. A, Hadar E, Agarwa M, Di Renzo G. C, Roura L. C, McIntyre H. D, Morris J. L, Divakar H. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics - FIGO. (2015). Initiative on gestational diabetes mellitus: A pragmatic guide for diagnosis, management, and care. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 131, S3, S173–S211.
[3]	World Health Organization. (2019). Classification of Diabetes mellitus 2019. ISBN 978-92-4-151570-2.
[4]	NICE. (2015). Diabetes in pregnancy: management from preconception to the postnatal period. https://www.nice.org.uk/terms-and conditions#notice-ofrights.
[5]	American Diabetes Association. (2019). Classification and diagnosis of diabetes. Diabetes Care 42 (Suppl 1): S13–S28.
[6]	Yu Y, Arah O. A, Liew Z, Cnattingius S, Olsen J, Sørensen H. T, Qin G, Li J. (2019). Maternal diabetes during pregnancy and early onset of cardiovascular disease in offspring: population based cohort study with 40 years of follow-up. BMJ 367: l6398.
[7]	Guerrero-Romero F, Aradillas-García C, Simental-Mendia LE, Monreal-Escalante E, de la Cruz Mendoza E, Rodríguez-Moran M. (2010). Birth weight, family history of diabetes, and metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. J Pediatr 156 (5): 719–723.
[8]	Scholtens D. M, Kuang A, Lowe L. P, Hamilton J, Lawrence J. M, Lebenthal Y, Brickman W. J, Clayton P, Ma R. C, McCance D, Tam W. H, Catalano P. M, Linder B, Dyer A. R, Lowe Jr W. L, Metzger B. E, HAPO Follow-up Study Cooperative Research Group. (2019). Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcome follow-up study (HAPO FUS): maternal glycemia and childhood glucose metabolism. Diabetes Care 42 (3): 381–392.
[9]	Egerup P, Mikkelsen A. P, Kolte A. M, Westergaard D, Rasmussen S, Knop F. K, Lidegaard O, Nielsen H. S. (2020). Pregnancy loss is associated with type 2 diabetes: a nationwide case–control study. Diabetologia 63 (8): 1521-1529. doi: 10.1007/s00125-020-05154-z
[10]	Sweeting AN, Ross GP, Hyett J, Molyneaux L, Constantino M, Harding A. J, Wong J. (2016). Gestational diabetes mellitus in early pregnancy: evidence for poor pregnancy outcomes despite treatment. Diabetes Care 39 (1): 75–81. https://doi.org/10. 2337/dc15-0433.
[11]	Elliott H. R, Sharp G. C, Relton C. L, Lawlor D. A. (2019). Epigenetics and gestational diabetes: a review of epigenetic epidemiology studies and their use to explore epigenetic mediation and improve prediction. Diabetologia 62: 2171–2178.
[12]	McCance D, Maresh M, Sacks DA. A practical manual of diabetes in pregnancy. John Wiley & Sons, 2017. doi: 10.1002/9781119043805.
[13]	Ferrara A. (2007). Increasing prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus: a public health perspective. Diabetes Care 30 (Suppl 2): S141-146. doi: 10.2337/dc07-s206.
[14]	Plows J. F, Stanley J. L, Baker P. N, Reynolds C. M, Vickers M. H. (2018). The Pathophysiology of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 19, 3342. doi: 10.3390/ijms19113342.
[15]	World Medical Association (2013). "Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects". JAMA. 310 (20): 2191–2194. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.28105.
[16]	Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, Rosei E. A, Azizi M, Burnier M, Clement D. L, Coca A, de Simone G, Dominiczak A, Kahan T, Mahfoud F, Redon J, Ruilope L, Zanchetti A, Kerins M, Kjeldsen S. E, Kreutz R, Laurent S, Lip G. Y. H, McManus R, Narkiewicz K, Ruschitzka F, Schmieder R. E, Shlyakhto E, Tsioufis C, Aboyans V, Desormais I. (2018). ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Society of Hypertension (ESH).
[17]	Borissova A-M, Shinkov A, Kovatcheva R, Vlahov J, Dakovska L, Todorov T. (2015). Changes in the Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus in Bulgaria, 2006–2012. Clinical Medicine Insights: Endocrinology and Diabetes 8, 41-45.
[18]	Borissovа A-M, Trifonova B, Dakovska L, Michaylova E, Vukov M. (2021). Age, obesity, family history, previous Gestational diabetes are major risk factors for Hyperglycemia in pregnant Bulgarian women. European Journal of Preventive Medicineл 9 (2): 39-45.
[19]	Borissova A-M, Shinkov A, Vlahov J, Dakovska L, Svinarov D, Kovatcheva R, Krivoshiev S, Popov A, Mihaylov G, Koteva A, Vukov M, Todorov T, Kalinov K, Kasabova L, Atanassova I, Aslanova N. (2016). Prevalence and role of risk factors on the onset of diabetes and prediabetes in Bulgarian population. Epidemiology of Endocrine disorders in Bulgaria, 2006—2012, 201-220 In: Epidеmiology of Endocrinе disordеrs in Bulgaria 2006-2012. Editor Prof. Anna-Maria Borissova. PARADIGMA Ltd. 2016 ISBN 978-954-326-291-5.
[20]	Schwartz R, Gruppuso P. A, Petzold K, Brambilla D, Hiilesmaa V, Teramo K. A. (1994). Hyperinsulinemia and macrosomia in the fetus of the diabetic mother. Diabetes Care. 17, 640–648.
[21]	Catalano, P. M. (2014). Trying to understand gestational diabetes. Diabet. Med. 31, 273–281.
[22]	Kristensen S. L, Ramlau-Hansen CH, Ernst E, Olsen S. F, Bonde J. P, Vested A, Toft G. (2010). A very large proportion of young Danish women have polycystic ovaries: is a revision of the Rotterdam criteria needed? Hum Reprod 25: 3117–3122. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deq273.
[23]	Оrbetzova М. (2007). Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment. Science Endocrinology. 2, 57-60.
[24]	Boyle J, Teede H. J. (2012). Polycystic ovary syndrome. Australian Family Physician. 41 (10): 752-756.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Anna-Maria Borissovа, Boyana Trifonova, Lilia Dakovska, Eugenia Michaylova, Mircho Vukov. (2021). Hyperglycemia During Pregnancy Depends on Numerous Factors (Hypertension During Pregnancy, Previous Birth of a Fetus over 4 kg, Hirsutism - Bulgarian Screening, 2019). International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology, 6(2), 69-75. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijde.20210602.13

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Anna-Maria Borissovа; Boyana Trifonova; Lilia Dakovska; Eugenia Michaylova; Mircho Vukov. Hyperglycemia During Pregnancy Depends on Numerous Factors (Hypertension During Pregnancy, Previous Birth of a Fetus over 4 kg, Hirsutism - Bulgarian Screening, 2019). Int. J. Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021, 6(2), 69-75. doi: 10.11648/j.ijde.20210602.13

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Anna-Maria Borissovа, Boyana Trifonova, Lilia Dakovska, Eugenia Michaylova, Mircho Vukov. Hyperglycemia During Pregnancy Depends on Numerous Factors (Hypertension During Pregnancy, Previous Birth of a Fetus over 4 kg, Hirsutism - Bulgarian Screening, 2019). Int J Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;6(2):69-75. doi: 10.11648/j.ijde.20210602.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijde.20210602.13,
  author = {Anna-Maria Borissovа and Boyana Trifonova and Lilia Dakovska and Eugenia Michaylova and Mircho Vukov},
  title = {Hyperglycemia During Pregnancy Depends on Numerous Factors (Hypertension During Pregnancy, Previous Birth of a Fetus over 4 kg, Hirsutism - Bulgarian Screening, 2019)},
  journal = {International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology},
  volume = {6},
  number = {2},
  pages = {69-75},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijde.20210602.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijde.20210602.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijde.20210602.13},
  abstract = {Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) starts during pregnancy and can increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, as well as be the cause of a number of diseases in the years after birth in both the mother and the fetus. The aim is to study in the Bulgarian population of pregnant women the relationship between hyperglycemia during pregnancy and some factors – arterial hypertension (AH), previous macrosomic baby weighing 4.5 kg or above, hirsutism. Material: A cross-sectional multicenter population-based study which included 547 pregnant women, with average age 30.49±5,12 years was conducted in 84 settlements in Bulgaria. Methods: A questionnaire was completed, blood pressure was measured (Guideline of ESC/ESH, 2018), BMI was calculated. A two-hour, 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. Glucose was quantitatively determined using enzymatic reference method with hexokinase (Roche reagent) on Cobas e501 analyzer. The statistical analysis was performed using standard SPSS 13.0 for Windows. Results: The incidence of Hyperglycemia for the whole group of pregnant women was 14.4% (79/547), up to 24 gestational week (g.w.) it was 5.3% (29/547) and after 24 g.w. - 9.1% (50/547), P < 0.01. Of all screened pregnant women, 2.4% (13/547) developed AH during the current pregnancy. Hyperglycemia was found in 38.5% (5/13) of the women with AH and in 13.9% (74/534) of the women without AH, P < 0.028. In 3.29% of the pregnant women (18/547) a macrosomic baby weighing 4.5 kg or above was found in a previous pregnancy. Hyperglycemia was present in 38.9% (7/18) of women who gave birth to a large fetus against 13.6% (72/529) of women who gave birth to a fetus under 4 kg, P < 0.008. Hirsutism was reported in 7.9% (43/547) of the studied pregnant women. Hirsutism is twice as common in pregnant women with Hyperglycemia - 13.9% (11/79) versus hirsutism in those with Normoglycemia - 6.8% (32/468), P < 0.049. There was a significant correlation between Hyperglycemia and gestational age (P < 0.006), previous fetal birth over 4 kg (P < 0.03), AH during the current pregnancy (P < 0.01), presence of hirsutism (P < 0.03). Conclusion: A good knowledge of all risk factors associated with the development of glucose intolerance and GDM could play an important role in the early diagnosis of this common disorder during pregnancy.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Hyperglycemia During Pregnancy Depends on Numerous Factors (Hypertension During Pregnancy, Previous Birth of a Fetus over 4 kg, Hirsutism - Bulgarian Screening, 2019)
AU  - Anna-Maria Borissovа
AU  - Boyana Trifonova
AU  - Lilia Dakovska
AU  - Eugenia Michaylova
AU  - Mircho Vukov
Y1  - 2021/04/29
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijde.20210602.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijde.20210602.13
T2  - International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology
JF  - International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology
JO  - International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology
SP  - 69
EP  - 75
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-1371
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijde.20210602.13
AB  - Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) starts during pregnancy and can increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, as well as be the cause of a number of diseases in the years after birth in both the mother and the fetus. The aim is to study in the Bulgarian population of pregnant women the relationship between hyperglycemia during pregnancy and some factors – arterial hypertension (AH), previous macrosomic baby weighing 4.5 kg or above, hirsutism. Material: A cross-sectional multicenter population-based study which included 547 pregnant women, with average age 30.49±5,12 years was conducted in 84 settlements in Bulgaria. Methods: A questionnaire was completed, blood pressure was measured (Guideline of ESC/ESH, 2018), BMI was calculated. A two-hour, 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. Glucose was quantitatively determined using enzymatic reference method with hexokinase (Roche reagent) on Cobas e501 analyzer. The statistical analysis was performed using standard SPSS 13.0 for Windows. Results: The incidence of Hyperglycemia for the whole group of pregnant women was 14.4% (79/547), up to 24 gestational week (g.w.) it was 5.3% (29/547) and after 24 g.w. - 9.1% (50/547), P < 0.01. Of all screened pregnant women, 2.4% (13/547) developed AH during the current pregnancy. Hyperglycemia was found in 38.5% (5/13) of the women with AH and in 13.9% (74/534) of the women without AH, P < 0.028. In 3.29% of the pregnant women (18/547) a macrosomic baby weighing 4.5 kg or above was found in a previous pregnancy. Hyperglycemia was present in 38.9% (7/18) of women who gave birth to a large fetus against 13.6% (72/529) of women who gave birth to a fetus under 4 kg, P < 0.008. Hirsutism was reported in 7.9% (43/547) of the studied pregnant women. Hirsutism is twice as common in pregnant women with Hyperglycemia - 13.9% (11/79) versus hirsutism in those with Normoglycemia - 6.8% (32/468), P < 0.049. There was a significant correlation between Hyperglycemia and gestational age (P < 0.006), previous fetal birth over 4 kg (P < 0.03), AH during the current pregnancy (P < 0.01), presence of hirsutism (P < 0.03). Conclusion: A good knowledge of all risk factors associated with the development of glucose intolerance and GDM could play an important role in the early diagnosis of this common disorder during pregnancy.
VL  - 6
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Anna-Maria Borissovа

Clinic of Endocrinology, University Hospital Sofiamed, Sofia, Bulgaria
Boyana Trifonova

Clinic of Endocrinology, University Hospital Sofiamed, Sofia, Bulgaria
Lilia Dakovska

Clinic of Endocrinology, University Hospital Sofiamed, Sofia, Bulgaria
Eugenia Michaylova

Medical Laboratory Bodimed, Sofia, Bulgaria
Mircho Vukov

Clinic of Endocrinology, University Hospital Sofiamed, Sofia, Bulgaria

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Anna-Maria Borissovа, Boyana Trifonova, Lilia Dakovska, Eugenia Michaylova, Mircho Vukov. (2021). Hyperglycemia During Pregnancy Depends on Numerous Factors (Hypertension During Pregnancy, Previous Birth of a Fetus over 4 kg, Hirsutism - Bulgarian Screening, 2019). International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology, 6(2), 69-75. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijde.20210602.13

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Anna-Maria Borissovа; Boyana Trifonova; Lilia Dakovska; Eugenia Michaylova; Mircho Vukov. Hyperglycemia During Pregnancy Depends on Numerous Factors (Hypertension During Pregnancy, Previous Birth of a Fetus over 4 kg, Hirsutism - Bulgarian Screening, 2019). Int. J. Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021, 6(2), 69-75. doi: 10.11648/j.ijde.20210602.13

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Anna-Maria Borissovа, Boyana Trifonova, Lilia Dakovska, Eugenia Michaylova, Mircho Vukov. Hyperglycemia During Pregnancy Depends on Numerous Factors (Hypertension During Pregnancy, Previous Birth of a Fetus over 4 kg, Hirsutism - Bulgarian Screening, 2019). Int J Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;6(2):69-75. doi: 10.11648/j.ijde.20210602.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijde.20210602.13,
  author = {Anna-Maria Borissovа and Boyana Trifonova and Lilia Dakovska and Eugenia Michaylova and Mircho Vukov},
  title = {Hyperglycemia During Pregnancy Depends on Numerous Factors (Hypertension During Pregnancy, Previous Birth of a Fetus over 4 kg, Hirsutism - Bulgarian Screening, 2019)},
  journal = {International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology},
  volume = {6},
  number = {2},
  pages = {69-75},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijde.20210602.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijde.20210602.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijde.20210602.13},
  abstract = {Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) starts during pregnancy and can increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, as well as be the cause of a number of diseases in the years after birth in both the mother and the fetus. The aim is to study in the Bulgarian population of pregnant women the relationship between hyperglycemia during pregnancy and some factors – arterial hypertension (AH), previous macrosomic baby weighing 4.5 kg or above, hirsutism. Material: A cross-sectional multicenter population-based study which included 547 pregnant women, with average age 30.49±5,12 years was conducted in 84 settlements in Bulgaria. Methods: A questionnaire was completed, blood pressure was measured (Guideline of ESC/ESH, 2018), BMI was calculated. A two-hour, 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. Glucose was quantitatively determined using enzymatic reference method with hexokinase (Roche reagent) on Cobas e501 analyzer. The statistical analysis was performed using standard SPSS 13.0 for Windows. Results: The incidence of Hyperglycemia for the whole group of pregnant women was 14.4% (79/547), up to 24 gestational week (g.w.) it was 5.3% (29/547) and after 24 g.w. - 9.1% (50/547), P < 0.01. Of all screened pregnant women, 2.4% (13/547) developed AH during the current pregnancy. Hyperglycemia was found in 38.5% (5/13) of the women with AH and in 13.9% (74/534) of the women without AH, P < 0.028. In 3.29% of the pregnant women (18/547) a macrosomic baby weighing 4.5 kg or above was found in a previous pregnancy. Hyperglycemia was present in 38.9% (7/18) of women who gave birth to a large fetus against 13.6% (72/529) of women who gave birth to a fetus under 4 kg, P < 0.008. Hirsutism was reported in 7.9% (43/547) of the studied pregnant women. Hirsutism is twice as common in pregnant women with Hyperglycemia - 13.9% (11/79) versus hirsutism in those with Normoglycemia - 6.8% (32/468), P < 0.049. There was a significant correlation between Hyperglycemia and gestational age (P < 0.006), previous fetal birth over 4 kg (P < 0.03), AH during the current pregnancy (P < 0.01), presence of hirsutism (P < 0.03). Conclusion: A good knowledge of all risk factors associated with the development of glucose intolerance and GDM could play an important role in the early diagnosis of this common disorder during pregnancy.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Hyperglycemia During Pregnancy Depends on Numerous Factors (Hypertension During Pregnancy, Previous Birth of a Fetus over 4 kg, Hirsutism - Bulgarian Screening, 2019)
AU  - Anna-Maria Borissovа
AU  - Boyana Trifonova
AU  - Lilia Dakovska
AU  - Eugenia Michaylova
AU  - Mircho Vukov
Y1  - 2021/04/29
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijde.20210602.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijde.20210602.13
T2  - International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology
JF  - International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology
JO  - International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology
SP  - 69
EP  - 75
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-1371
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijde.20210602.13
AB  - Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) starts during pregnancy and can increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, as well as be the cause of a number of diseases in the years after birth in both the mother and the fetus. The aim is to study in the Bulgarian population of pregnant women the relationship between hyperglycemia during pregnancy and some factors – arterial hypertension (AH), previous macrosomic baby weighing 4.5 kg or above, hirsutism. Material: A cross-sectional multicenter population-based study which included 547 pregnant women, with average age 30.49±5,12 years was conducted in 84 settlements in Bulgaria. Methods: A questionnaire was completed, blood pressure was measured (Guideline of ESC/ESH, 2018), BMI was calculated. A two-hour, 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. Glucose was quantitatively determined using enzymatic reference method with hexokinase (Roche reagent) on Cobas e501 analyzer. The statistical analysis was performed using standard SPSS 13.0 for Windows. Results: The incidence of Hyperglycemia for the whole group of pregnant women was 14.4% (79/547), up to 24 gestational week (g.w.) it was 5.3% (29/547) and after 24 g.w. - 9.1% (50/547), P < 0.01. Of all screened pregnant women, 2.4% (13/547) developed AH during the current pregnancy. Hyperglycemia was found in 38.5% (5/13) of the women with AH and in 13.9% (74/534) of the women without AH, P < 0.028. In 3.29% of the pregnant women (18/547) a macrosomic baby weighing 4.5 kg or above was found in a previous pregnancy. Hyperglycemia was present in 38.9% (7/18) of women who gave birth to a large fetus against 13.6% (72/529) of women who gave birth to a fetus under 4 kg, P < 0.008. Hirsutism was reported in 7.9% (43/547) of the studied pregnant women. Hirsutism is twice as common in pregnant women with Hyperglycemia - 13.9% (11/79) versus hirsutism in those with Normoglycemia - 6.8% (32/468), P < 0.049. There was a significant correlation between Hyperglycemia and gestational age (P < 0.006), previous fetal birth over 4 kg (P < 0.03), AH during the current pregnancy (P < 0.01), presence of hirsutism (P < 0.03). Conclusion: A good knowledge of all risk factors associated with the development of glucose intolerance and GDM could play an important role in the early diagnosis of this common disorder during pregnancy.
VL  - 6
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download