Hyperglycemia During Pregnancy Depends on Numerous Factors (Hypertension During Pregnancy, Previous Birth of a Fetus over 4 kg, Hirsutism - Bulgarian Screening, 2019)

Anna-Maria Borissovа; Boyana Trifonova; Lilia Dakovska; Eugenia Michaylova; Mircho Vukov

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijde.20210602.13

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Hyperglycemia During Pregnancy Depends on Numerous Factors (Hypertension During Pregnancy, Previous Birth of a Fetus over 4 kg, Hirsutism - Bulgarian Screening, 2019)

Anna-Maria Borissovа, Boyana Trifonova, Lilia Dakovska, Eugenia Michaylova, Mircho Vukov

Published in International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology (Volume 6, Issue 2)

Received: 3 April 2021 Accepted: 19 April 2021 Published: 29 April 2021

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Abstract

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) starts during pregnancy and can increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, as well as be the cause of a number of diseases in the years after birth in both the mother and the fetus. The aim is to study in the Bulgarian population of pregnant women the relationship between hyperglycemia during pregnancy and some factors – arterial hypertension (AH), previous macrosomic baby weighing 4.5 kg or above, hirsutism. Material: A cross-sectional multicenter population-based study which included 547 pregnant women, with average age 30.49±5,12 years was conducted in 84 settlements in Bulgaria. Methods: A questionnaire was completed, blood pressure was measured (Guideline of ESC/ESH, 2018), BMI was calculated. A two-hour, 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. Glucose was quantitatively determined using enzymatic reference method with hexokinase (Roche reagent) on Cobas e501 analyzer. The statistical analysis was performed using standard SPSS 13.0 for Windows. Results: The incidence of Hyperglycemia for the whole group of pregnant women was 14.4% (79/547), up to 24 gestational week (g.w.) it was 5.3% (29/547) and after 24 g.w. - 9.1% (50/547), P < 0.01. Of all screened pregnant women, 2.4% (13/547) developed AH during the current pregnancy. Hyperglycemia was found in 38.5% (5/13) of the women with AH and in 13.9% (74/534) of the women without AH, P < 0.028. In 3.29% of the pregnant women (18/547) a macrosomic baby weighing 4.5 kg or above was found in a previous pregnancy. Hyperglycemia was present in 38.9% (7/18) of women who gave birth to a large fetus against 13.6% (72/529) of women who gave birth to a fetus under 4 kg, P < 0.008. Hirsutism was reported in 7.9% (43/547) of the studied pregnant women. Hirsutism is twice as common in pregnant women with Hyperglycemia - 13.9% (11/79) versus hirsutism in those with Normoglycemia - 6.8% (32/468), P < 0.049. There was a significant correlation between Hyperglycemia and gestational age (P < 0.006), previous fetal birth over 4 kg (P < 0.03), AH during the current pregnancy (P < 0.01), presence of hirsutism (P < 0.03). Conclusion: A good knowledge of all risk factors associated with the development of glucose intolerance and GDM could play an important role in the early diagnosis of this common disorder during pregnancy.

Published in	International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology (Volume 6, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijde.20210602.13
Page(s)	69-75
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Pregnancy, Hyperglycemia, Arterial Hypertension, Macrosomic Baby Weighing 4.5 kg or Above, Hirsutism

References

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[14]	Plows J. F, Stanley J. L, Baker P. N, Reynolds C. M, Vickers M. H. (2018). The Pathophysiology of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 19, 3342. doi: 10.3390/ijms19113342.
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[18]	Borissovа A-M, Trifonova B, Dakovska L, Michaylova E, Vukov M. (2021). Age, obesity, family history, previous Gestational diabetes are major risk factors for Hyperglycemia in pregnant Bulgarian women. European Journal of Preventive Medicineл 9 (2): 39-45.
[19]	Borissova A-M, Shinkov A, Vlahov J, Dakovska L, Svinarov D, Kovatcheva R, Krivoshiev S, Popov A, Mihaylov G, Koteva A, Vukov M, Todorov T, Kalinov K, Kasabova L, Atanassova I, Aslanova N. (2016). Prevalence and role of risk factors on the onset of diabetes and prediabetes in Bulgarian population. Epidemiology of Endocrine disorders in Bulgaria, 2006—2012, 201-220 In: Epidеmiology of Endocrinе disordеrs in Bulgaria 2006-2012. Editor Prof. Anna-Maria Borissova. PARADIGMA Ltd. 2016 ISBN 978-954-326-291-5.
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Anna-Maria Borissovа, Boyana Trifonova, Lilia Dakovska, Eugenia Michaylova, Mircho Vukov. (2021). Hyperglycemia During Pregnancy Depends on Numerous Factors (Hypertension During Pregnancy, Previous Birth of a Fetus over 4 kg, Hirsutism - Bulgarian Screening, 2019). International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology, 6(2), 69-75. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijde.20210602.13

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ACS Style

Anna-Maria Borissovа; Boyana Trifonova; Lilia Dakovska; Eugenia Michaylova; Mircho Vukov. Hyperglycemia During Pregnancy Depends on Numerous Factors (Hypertension During Pregnancy, Previous Birth of a Fetus over 4 kg, Hirsutism - Bulgarian Screening, 2019). Int. J. Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021, 6(2), 69-75. doi: 10.11648/j.ijde.20210602.13

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AMA Style

Anna-Maria Borissovа, Boyana Trifonova, Lilia Dakovska, Eugenia Michaylova, Mircho Vukov. Hyperglycemia During Pregnancy Depends on Numerous Factors (Hypertension During Pregnancy, Previous Birth of a Fetus over 4 kg, Hirsutism - Bulgarian Screening, 2019). Int J Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;6(2):69-75. doi: 10.11648/j.ijde.20210602.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ijde.20210602.13,
  author = {Anna-Maria Borissovа and Boyana Trifonova and Lilia Dakovska and Eugenia Michaylova and Mircho Vukov},
  title = {Hyperglycemia During Pregnancy Depends on Numerous Factors (Hypertension During Pregnancy, Previous Birth of a Fetus over 4 kg, Hirsutism - Bulgarian Screening, 2019)},
  journal = {International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology},
  volume = {6},
  number = {2},
  pages = {69-75},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijde.20210602.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijde.20210602.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijde.20210602.13},
  abstract = {Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) starts during pregnancy and can increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, as well as be the cause of a number of diseases in the years after birth in both the mother and the fetus. The aim is to study in the Bulgarian population of pregnant women the relationship between hyperglycemia during pregnancy and some factors – arterial hypertension (AH), previous macrosomic baby weighing 4.5 kg or above, hirsutism. Material: A cross-sectional multicenter population-based study which included 547 pregnant women, with average age 30.49±5,12 years was conducted in 84 settlements in Bulgaria. Methods: A questionnaire was completed, blood pressure was measured (Guideline of ESC/ESH, 2018), BMI was calculated. A two-hour, 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. Glucose was quantitatively determined using enzymatic reference method with hexokinase (Roche reagent) on Cobas e501 analyzer. The statistical analysis was performed using standard SPSS 13.0 for Windows. Results: The incidence of Hyperglycemia for the whole group of pregnant women was 14.4% (79/547), up to 24 gestational week (g.w.) it was 5.3% (29/547) and after 24 g.w. - 9.1% (50/547), P < 0.01. Of all screened pregnant women, 2.4% (13/547) developed AH during the current pregnancy. Hyperglycemia was found in 38.5% (5/13) of the women with AH and in 13.9% (74/534) of the women without AH, P < 0.028. In 3.29% of the pregnant women (18/547) a macrosomic baby weighing 4.5 kg or above was found in a previous pregnancy. Hyperglycemia was present in 38.9% (7/18) of women who gave birth to a large fetus against 13.6% (72/529) of women who gave birth to a fetus under 4 kg, P < 0.008. Hirsutism was reported in 7.9% (43/547) of the studied pregnant women. Hirsutism is twice as common in pregnant women with Hyperglycemia - 13.9% (11/79) versus hirsutism in those with Normoglycemia - 6.8% (32/468), P < 0.049. There was a significant correlation between Hyperglycemia and gestational age (P < 0.006), previous fetal birth over 4 kg (P < 0.03), AH during the current pregnancy (P < 0.01), presence of hirsutism (P < 0.03). Conclusion: A good knowledge of all risk factors associated with the development of glucose intolerance and GDM could play an important role in the early diagnosis of this common disorder during pregnancy.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Hyperglycemia During Pregnancy Depends on Numerous Factors (Hypertension During Pregnancy, Previous Birth of a Fetus over 4 kg, Hirsutism - Bulgarian Screening, 2019)
AU  - Anna-Maria Borissovа
AU  - Boyana Trifonova
AU  - Lilia Dakovska
AU  - Eugenia Michaylova
AU  - Mircho Vukov
Y1  - 2021/04/29
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijde.20210602.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijde.20210602.13
T2  - International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology
JF  - International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology
JO  - International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology
SP  - 69
EP  - 75
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-1371
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijde.20210602.13
AB  - Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) starts during pregnancy and can increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, as well as be the cause of a number of diseases in the years after birth in both the mother and the fetus. The aim is to study in the Bulgarian population of pregnant women the relationship between hyperglycemia during pregnancy and some factors – arterial hypertension (AH), previous macrosomic baby weighing 4.5 kg or above, hirsutism. Material: A cross-sectional multicenter population-based study which included 547 pregnant women, with average age 30.49±5,12 years was conducted in 84 settlements in Bulgaria. Methods: A questionnaire was completed, blood pressure was measured (Guideline of ESC/ESH, 2018), BMI was calculated. A two-hour, 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. Glucose was quantitatively determined using enzymatic reference method with hexokinase (Roche reagent) on Cobas e501 analyzer. The statistical analysis was performed using standard SPSS 13.0 for Windows. Results: The incidence of Hyperglycemia for the whole group of pregnant women was 14.4% (79/547), up to 24 gestational week (g.w.) it was 5.3% (29/547) and after 24 g.w. - 9.1% (50/547), P < 0.01. Of all screened pregnant women, 2.4% (13/547) developed AH during the current pregnancy. Hyperglycemia was found in 38.5% (5/13) of the women with AH and in 13.9% (74/534) of the women without AH, P < 0.028. In 3.29% of the pregnant women (18/547) a macrosomic baby weighing 4.5 kg or above was found in a previous pregnancy. Hyperglycemia was present in 38.9% (7/18) of women who gave birth to a large fetus against 13.6% (72/529) of women who gave birth to a fetus under 4 kg, P < 0.008. Hirsutism was reported in 7.9% (43/547) of the studied pregnant women. Hirsutism is twice as common in pregnant women with Hyperglycemia - 13.9% (11/79) versus hirsutism in those with Normoglycemia - 6.8% (32/468), P < 0.049. There was a significant correlation between Hyperglycemia and gestational age (P < 0.006), previous fetal birth over 4 kg (P < 0.03), AH during the current pregnancy (P < 0.01), presence of hirsutism (P < 0.03). Conclusion: A good knowledge of all risk factors associated with the development of glucose intolerance and GDM could play an important role in the early diagnosis of this common disorder during pregnancy.
VL  - 6
IS  - 2
ER  -

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Author Information

Anna-Maria Borissovа

Clinic of Endocrinology, University Hospital Sofiamed, Sofia, Bulgaria
Boyana Trifonova

Clinic of Endocrinology, University Hospital Sofiamed, Sofia, Bulgaria
Lilia Dakovska

Clinic of Endocrinology, University Hospital Sofiamed, Sofia, Bulgaria
Eugenia Michaylova

Medical Laboratory Bodimed, Sofia, Bulgaria
Mircho Vukov

Clinic of Endocrinology, University Hospital Sofiamed, Sofia, Bulgaria

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Anna-Maria Borissovа, Boyana Trifonova, Lilia Dakovska, Eugenia Michaylova, Mircho Vukov. (2021). Hyperglycemia During Pregnancy Depends on Numerous Factors (Hypertension During Pregnancy, Previous Birth of a Fetus over 4 kg, Hirsutism - Bulgarian Screening, 2019). International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology, 6(2), 69-75. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijde.20210602.13

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ACS Style

Anna-Maria Borissovа; Boyana Trifonova; Lilia Dakovska; Eugenia Michaylova; Mircho Vukov. Hyperglycemia During Pregnancy Depends on Numerous Factors (Hypertension During Pregnancy, Previous Birth of a Fetus over 4 kg, Hirsutism - Bulgarian Screening, 2019). Int. J. Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021, 6(2), 69-75. doi: 10.11648/j.ijde.20210602.13

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AMA Style

Anna-Maria Borissovа, Boyana Trifonova, Lilia Dakovska, Eugenia Michaylova, Mircho Vukov. Hyperglycemia During Pregnancy Depends on Numerous Factors (Hypertension During Pregnancy, Previous Birth of a Fetus over 4 kg, Hirsutism - Bulgarian Screening, 2019). Int J Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;6(2):69-75. doi: 10.11648/j.ijde.20210602.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijde.20210602.13,
  author = {Anna-Maria Borissovа and Boyana Trifonova and Lilia Dakovska and Eugenia Michaylova and Mircho Vukov},
  title = {Hyperglycemia During Pregnancy Depends on Numerous Factors (Hypertension During Pregnancy, Previous Birth of a Fetus over 4 kg, Hirsutism - Bulgarian Screening, 2019)},
  journal = {International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology},
  volume = {6},
  number = {2},
  pages = {69-75},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijde.20210602.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijde.20210602.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijde.20210602.13},
  abstract = {Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) starts during pregnancy and can increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, as well as be the cause of a number of diseases in the years after birth in both the mother and the fetus. The aim is to study in the Bulgarian population of pregnant women the relationship between hyperglycemia during pregnancy and some factors – arterial hypertension (AH), previous macrosomic baby weighing 4.5 kg or above, hirsutism. Material: A cross-sectional multicenter population-based study which included 547 pregnant women, with average age 30.49±5,12 years was conducted in 84 settlements in Bulgaria. Methods: A questionnaire was completed, blood pressure was measured (Guideline of ESC/ESH, 2018), BMI was calculated. A two-hour, 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. Glucose was quantitatively determined using enzymatic reference method with hexokinase (Roche reagent) on Cobas e501 analyzer. The statistical analysis was performed using standard SPSS 13.0 for Windows. Results: The incidence of Hyperglycemia for the whole group of pregnant women was 14.4% (79/547), up to 24 gestational week (g.w.) it was 5.3% (29/547) and after 24 g.w. - 9.1% (50/547), P < 0.01. Of all screened pregnant women, 2.4% (13/547) developed AH during the current pregnancy. Hyperglycemia was found in 38.5% (5/13) of the women with AH and in 13.9% (74/534) of the women without AH, P < 0.028. In 3.29% of the pregnant women (18/547) a macrosomic baby weighing 4.5 kg or above was found in a previous pregnancy. Hyperglycemia was present in 38.9% (7/18) of women who gave birth to a large fetus against 13.6% (72/529) of women who gave birth to a fetus under 4 kg, P < 0.008. Hirsutism was reported in 7.9% (43/547) of the studied pregnant women. Hirsutism is twice as common in pregnant women with Hyperglycemia - 13.9% (11/79) versus hirsutism in those with Normoglycemia - 6.8% (32/468), P < 0.049. There was a significant correlation between Hyperglycemia and gestational age (P < 0.006), previous fetal birth over 4 kg (P < 0.03), AH during the current pregnancy (P < 0.01), presence of hirsutism (P < 0.03). Conclusion: A good knowledge of all risk factors associated with the development of glucose intolerance and GDM could play an important role in the early diagnosis of this common disorder during pregnancy.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Hyperglycemia During Pregnancy Depends on Numerous Factors (Hypertension During Pregnancy, Previous Birth of a Fetus over 4 kg, Hirsutism - Bulgarian Screening, 2019)
AU  - Anna-Maria Borissovа
AU  - Boyana Trifonova
AU  - Lilia Dakovska
AU  - Eugenia Michaylova
AU  - Mircho Vukov
Y1  - 2021/04/29
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijde.20210602.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijde.20210602.13
T2  - International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology
JF  - International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology
JO  - International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology
SP  - 69
EP  - 75
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-1371
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijde.20210602.13
AB  - Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) starts during pregnancy and can increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, as well as be the cause of a number of diseases in the years after birth in both the mother and the fetus. The aim is to study in the Bulgarian population of pregnant women the relationship between hyperglycemia during pregnancy and some factors – arterial hypertension (AH), previous macrosomic baby weighing 4.5 kg or above, hirsutism. Material: A cross-sectional multicenter population-based study which included 547 pregnant women, with average age 30.49±5,12 years was conducted in 84 settlements in Bulgaria. Methods: A questionnaire was completed, blood pressure was measured (Guideline of ESC/ESH, 2018), BMI was calculated. A two-hour, 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. Glucose was quantitatively determined using enzymatic reference method with hexokinase (Roche reagent) on Cobas e501 analyzer. The statistical analysis was performed using standard SPSS 13.0 for Windows. Results: The incidence of Hyperglycemia for the whole group of pregnant women was 14.4% (79/547), up to 24 gestational week (g.w.) it was 5.3% (29/547) and after 24 g.w. - 9.1% (50/547), P < 0.01. Of all screened pregnant women, 2.4% (13/547) developed AH during the current pregnancy. Hyperglycemia was found in 38.5% (5/13) of the women with AH and in 13.9% (74/534) of the women without AH, P < 0.028. In 3.29% of the pregnant women (18/547) a macrosomic baby weighing 4.5 kg or above was found in a previous pregnancy. Hyperglycemia was present in 38.9% (7/18) of women who gave birth to a large fetus against 13.6% (72/529) of women who gave birth to a fetus under 4 kg, P < 0.008. Hirsutism was reported in 7.9% (43/547) of the studied pregnant women. Hirsutism is twice as common in pregnant women with Hyperglycemia - 13.9% (11/79) versus hirsutism in those with Normoglycemia - 6.8% (32/468), P < 0.049. There was a significant correlation between Hyperglycemia and gestational age (P < 0.006), previous fetal birth over 4 kg (P < 0.03), AH during the current pregnancy (P < 0.01), presence of hirsutism (P < 0.03). Conclusion: A good knowledge of all risk factors associated with the development of glucose intolerance and GDM could play an important role in the early diagnosis of this common disorder during pregnancy.
VL  - 6
IS  - 2
ER  -

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