Voluntary Testing Practice Among People with Clinical Symptoms of COVID-19 in Somalia: Using Andersen’s Behavioral Model

Mohamed Ali Magan; Duah Dwomoh

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijidt.20210602.16

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Voluntary Testing Practice Among People with Clinical Symptoms of COVID-19 in Somalia: Using Andersen’s Behavioral Model

Mohamed Ali Magan, Duah Dwomoh

Published in International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy (Volume 6, Issue 2)

Received: 2 June 2021 Accepted: 21 June 2021 Published: 26 June 2021

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Abstract

Background: COVID-19, is a respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus. The virus is a global pandemic which threatens children and their rights in countries around the world. Epidemiologists have advocated for a robust testing and contact tracing as a potential solution to balance public health and economic priorities. Using Anderson Behavioral Model, our study aimed to analyze predisposing, Enabling and Need factors associated with VT4C-19 practice in Somalia. Methods: A cross sectional community-based survey were conducted at household level among adults above the age 18 years living in Mogadishu and Garowe cities. The study used multi-stage stratified-cluster sampling method. Out of the Four main towns in Somalia with a designated free National laboratory for COVID-19 testing by the government, the study randomly selected two cities (Mogadishu & Garowe) using Simple Random Sampling (SRS) Method. The study used univariate analysis and Multivariable Binary Logistic Regression model to control other possible confounders and to give the Andersen Behavioral Modal that were independently associated with voluntary testing for COVID-19 in Somalia. The statistical significance tests were accepted at p<0.05. Results: Only 113 (6.6%) out of (1,708) study participants who experienced clinical symptoms of COVID-19 (between 16 March – 31 December 2020) voluntarily tested their COVID-19 status. The study found Predisposing factors including gender (P<0.001), marital status (p<0.05), mass media availability (p<0.05), telephone ownership (p<0.05), peer influence (P<0.001) and stigma of COVID-19 positive individuals in the community (P<0.001), and Enabling factors including: place of residence (p<0.001), expense decision maker at household level (p<0.05), insurance status (p<0.001) and access to outreach and health education program (p<0.05), as well as the Need factors including: perceived importance of COVID-19 voluntary test (p<0.001) and chronic diseases status among the study participants (p<0.05) were among the factors associated with the practice of voluntary tests of COVID-19 among the clinically symptomatic individuals in Somalia. Conclusion: The uptake of Voluntary testing for COVID-19 is very low in Somalia. To promote this, health officials and policy makers need to focus on a consistent and culturally sensitive community sensitization programs and bringing the COVID-19 test closer to the communities including rural communities.

Published in	International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy (Volume 6, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijidt.20210602.16
Page(s)	75-82
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

COVID-19, Predisposing, Enabling and Need Factors, Voluntary Testing of COVID-19 Practice

References

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[2]	Marc Chadeau-Hyam et al., Risk factors for positive and negative COVID-19 tests: a cautious and in-depth analysis of UK biobank data; International Journal of Epidemiology, 2020, 1–14.
[3]	Save the Children’s COVID-19 Program Framework and Guidance: version: 2, March 2020.
[4]	WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard: Data last updated: 2020/10/25, 2:09 pm CET.
[5]	Africa CDC Dashboard: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19); Data received on: 2020/10/25, 7:54:09 pm EAT.
[6]	Jointly published by the Ministry of Health and Human Services, Federal Government of Somalia and WHO Somalia Country Office: COVID-19 Situation Report; Issue 34 (25 – 31 OCTOBER 2020).
[7]	World Health Organization: COVID-19 in health workers in Somalia: concerning, but more data are needed. COVID-19 information note 7 – October 2020.
[8]	Thompson RN, Hollingsworth TD, Isham V, et al. Key questions for modelling COVID-19 exit strategies. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 2020; 287 (1932): 20201405.
[9]	Kretzschmar ME, Rozhnova G, Bootsma MC, van Boven M, van de Wijgert JH, Bonten MJ. Impact of delays on effectiveness of contact tracing strategies for COVID-19: a modelling study. The Lancet Public Health. 2020; 5 (8): e452–e459.
[10]	Quilty BJ, Clifford S, Flasche S, Kucharski AJ, Edmunds WJ, Group CC-19 W. Quarantine and testing strategies in contact tracing for SARS-CoV-2. medRxiv. Published online 2020.
[11]	Fabella FE. Factors Affecting Willingness to be Tested for COVID-19. Available at SSRN 3670514. Published online 2020.
[12]	Thunström L, Ashworth M, Shogren JF, Newbold S, Finnoff D. Testing for COVID-19: Willful ignorance or selfless behavior? Behavioural Public Policy. Published online 2020: 1–26.
[13]	UNFPA, along with the statistical offices within the Ministries of Planning: Population Estimation Survey of Somalia (PESS) (2014).
[14]	Ministry of Health and Human Services, Federal Government of Somalia (HMIS department): screening status in the country (11^th November 2020).
[15]	Bordalo P, Coffman KB, Gennaioli N, Shleifer A. Older People Are Less Pessimistic about the Health Risks of COVID-19. National Bureau of Economic Research; 2020.
[16]	de Bruin WB, Bennett D. Relationships Between Initial COVID-19 Risk Perceptions and Protective Health Behaviors: A National Survey. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Published online 2020.
[17]	Labor UD of. Families first coronavirus response act: Employee paid leave rights. Published online 2020.
[18]	Brewer NT, et al. Risk perceptions and their relation to risk behavior. Ann Behav Med. 2004; 27 (2): 125–30.
[19]	McGowan, C. R., Hellman, N., Chowdhury, S. et al. COVID-19 testing acceptability and uptake amongst the Rohingya and host community in Camp 21, Teknaf, Bangladesh. Confl Health 14, 74 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-02000322-9.

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Mohamed Ali Magan, Duah Dwomoh. (2021). Voluntary Testing Practice Among People with Clinical Symptoms of COVID-19 in Somalia: Using Andersen’s Behavioral Model. International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy, 6(2), 75-82. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20210602.16

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ACS Style

Mohamed Ali Magan; Duah Dwomoh. Voluntary Testing Practice Among People with Clinical Symptoms of COVID-19 in Somalia: Using Andersen’s Behavioral Model. Int. J. Infect. Dis. Ther. 2021, 6(2), 75-82. doi: 10.11648/j.ijidt.20210602.16

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AMA Style

Mohamed Ali Magan, Duah Dwomoh. Voluntary Testing Practice Among People with Clinical Symptoms of COVID-19 in Somalia: Using Andersen’s Behavioral Model. Int J Infect Dis Ther. 2021;6(2):75-82. doi: 10.11648/j.ijidt.20210602.16

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@article{10.11648/j.ijidt.20210602.16,
  author = {Mohamed Ali Magan and Duah Dwomoh},
  title = {Voluntary Testing Practice Among People with Clinical Symptoms of COVID-19 in Somalia: Using Andersen’s Behavioral Model},
  journal = {International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy},
  volume = {6},
  number = {2},
  pages = {75-82},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijidt.20210602.16},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20210602.16},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijidt.20210602.16},
  abstract = {Background: COVID-19, is a respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus. The virus is a global pandemic which threatens children and their rights in countries around the world. Epidemiologists have advocated for a robust testing and contact tracing as a potential solution to balance public health and economic priorities. Using Anderson Behavioral Model, our study aimed to analyze predisposing, Enabling and Need factors associated with VT4C-19 practice in Somalia. Methods: A cross sectional community-based survey were conducted at household level among adults above the age 18 years living in Mogadishu and Garowe cities. The study used multi-stage stratified-cluster sampling method. Out of the Four main towns in Somalia with a designated free National laboratory for COVID-19 testing by the government, the study randomly selected two cities (Mogadishu & Garowe) using Simple Random Sampling (SRS) Method. The study used univariate analysis and Multivariable Binary Logistic Regression model to control other possible confounders and to give the Andersen Behavioral Modal that were independently associated with voluntary testing for COVID-19 in Somalia. The statistical significance tests were accepted at p. Results: Only 113 (6.6%) out of (1,708) study participants who experienced clinical symptoms of COVID-19 (between 16 March – 31 December 2020) voluntarily tested their COVID-19 status. The study found Predisposing factors including gender (P), marital status (p), mass media availability (p), telephone ownership (p), peer influence (P) and stigma of COVID-19 positive individuals in the community (P), and Enabling factors including: place of residence (p), expense decision maker at household level (p), insurance status (p) and access to outreach and health education program (p), as well as the Need factors including: perceived importance of COVID-19 voluntary test (p) and chronic diseases status among the study participants (p) were among the factors associated with the practice of voluntary tests of COVID-19 among the clinically symptomatic individuals in Somalia. Conclusion: The uptake of Voluntary testing for COVID-19 is very low in Somalia. To promote this, health officials and policy makers need to focus on a consistent and culturally sensitive community sensitization programs and bringing the COVID-19 test closer to the communities including rural communities.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Voluntary Testing Practice Among People with Clinical Symptoms of COVID-19 in Somalia: Using Andersen’s Behavioral Model
AU  - Mohamed Ali Magan
AU  - Duah Dwomoh
Y1  - 2021/06/26
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20210602.16
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijidt.20210602.16
T2  - International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy
JF  - International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy
JO  - International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy
SP  - 75
EP  - 82
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-966X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20210602.16
AB  - Background: COVID-19, is a respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus. The virus is a global pandemic which threatens children and their rights in countries around the world. Epidemiologists have advocated for a robust testing and contact tracing as a potential solution to balance public health and economic priorities. Using Anderson Behavioral Model, our study aimed to analyze predisposing, Enabling and Need factors associated with VT4C-19 practice in Somalia. Methods: A cross sectional community-based survey were conducted at household level among adults above the age 18 years living in Mogadishu and Garowe cities. The study used multi-stage stratified-cluster sampling method. Out of the Four main towns in Somalia with a designated free National laboratory for COVID-19 testing by the government, the study randomly selected two cities (Mogadishu & Garowe) using Simple Random Sampling (SRS) Method. The study used univariate analysis and Multivariable Binary Logistic Regression model to control other possible confounders and to give the Andersen Behavioral Modal that were independently associated with voluntary testing for COVID-19 in Somalia. The statistical significance tests were accepted at p. Results: Only 113 (6.6%) out of (1,708) study participants who experienced clinical symptoms of COVID-19 (between 16 March – 31 December 2020) voluntarily tested their COVID-19 status. The study found Predisposing factors including gender (P), marital status (p), mass media availability (p), telephone ownership (p), peer influence (P) and stigma of COVID-19 positive individuals in the community (P), and Enabling factors including: place of residence (p), expense decision maker at household level (p), insurance status (p) and access to outreach and health education program (p), as well as the Need factors including: perceived importance of COVID-19 voluntary test (p) and chronic diseases status among the study participants (p) were among the factors associated with the practice of voluntary tests of COVID-19 among the clinically symptomatic individuals in Somalia. Conclusion: The uptake of Voluntary testing for COVID-19 is very low in Somalia. To promote this, health officials and policy makers need to focus on a consistent and culturally sensitive community sensitization programs and bringing the COVID-19 test closer to the communities including rural communities.
VL  - 6
IS  - 2
ER  -

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Author Information

Mohamed Ali Magan

Save the Children International, Health Programme Department, Mogadishu, Somalia
Duah Dwomoh

Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana

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APA Style

Mohamed Ali Magan, Duah Dwomoh. (2021). Voluntary Testing Practice Among People with Clinical Symptoms of COVID-19 in Somalia: Using Andersen’s Behavioral Model. International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy, 6(2), 75-82. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20210602.16

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ACS Style

Mohamed Ali Magan; Duah Dwomoh. Voluntary Testing Practice Among People with Clinical Symptoms of COVID-19 in Somalia: Using Andersen’s Behavioral Model. Int. J. Infect. Dis. Ther. 2021, 6(2), 75-82. doi: 10.11648/j.ijidt.20210602.16

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AMA Style

Mohamed Ali Magan, Duah Dwomoh. Voluntary Testing Practice Among People with Clinical Symptoms of COVID-19 in Somalia: Using Andersen’s Behavioral Model. Int J Infect Dis Ther. 2021;6(2):75-82. doi: 10.11648/j.ijidt.20210602.16

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijidt.20210602.16,
  author = {Mohamed Ali Magan and Duah Dwomoh},
  title = {Voluntary Testing Practice Among People with Clinical Symptoms of COVID-19 in Somalia: Using Andersen’s Behavioral Model},
  journal = {International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy},
  volume = {6},
  number = {2},
  pages = {75-82},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijidt.20210602.16},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20210602.16},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijidt.20210602.16},
  abstract = {Background: COVID-19, is a respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus. The virus is a global pandemic which threatens children and their rights in countries around the world. Epidemiologists have advocated for a robust testing and contact tracing as a potential solution to balance public health and economic priorities. Using Anderson Behavioral Model, our study aimed to analyze predisposing, Enabling and Need factors associated with VT4C-19 practice in Somalia. Methods: A cross sectional community-based survey were conducted at household level among adults above the age 18 years living in Mogadishu and Garowe cities. The study used multi-stage stratified-cluster sampling method. Out of the Four main towns in Somalia with a designated free National laboratory for COVID-19 testing by the government, the study randomly selected two cities (Mogadishu & Garowe) using Simple Random Sampling (SRS) Method. The study used univariate analysis and Multivariable Binary Logistic Regression model to control other possible confounders and to give the Andersen Behavioral Modal that were independently associated with voluntary testing for COVID-19 in Somalia. The statistical significance tests were accepted at p. Results: Only 113 (6.6%) out of (1,708) study participants who experienced clinical symptoms of COVID-19 (between 16 March – 31 December 2020) voluntarily tested their COVID-19 status. The study found Predisposing factors including gender (P), marital status (p), mass media availability (p), telephone ownership (p), peer influence (P) and stigma of COVID-19 positive individuals in the community (P), and Enabling factors including: place of residence (p), expense decision maker at household level (p), insurance status (p) and access to outreach and health education program (p), as well as the Need factors including: perceived importance of COVID-19 voluntary test (p) and chronic diseases status among the study participants (p) were among the factors associated with the practice of voluntary tests of COVID-19 among the clinically symptomatic individuals in Somalia. Conclusion: The uptake of Voluntary testing for COVID-19 is very low in Somalia. To promote this, health officials and policy makers need to focus on a consistent and culturally sensitive community sensitization programs and bringing the COVID-19 test closer to the communities including rural communities.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Voluntary Testing Practice Among People with Clinical Symptoms of COVID-19 in Somalia: Using Andersen’s Behavioral Model
AU  - Mohamed Ali Magan
AU  - Duah Dwomoh
Y1  - 2021/06/26
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20210602.16
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijidt.20210602.16
T2  - International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy
JF  - International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy
JO  - International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy
SP  - 75
EP  - 82
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-966X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20210602.16
AB  - Background: COVID-19, is a respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus. The virus is a global pandemic which threatens children and their rights in countries around the world. Epidemiologists have advocated for a robust testing and contact tracing as a potential solution to balance public health and economic priorities. Using Anderson Behavioral Model, our study aimed to analyze predisposing, Enabling and Need factors associated with VT4C-19 practice in Somalia. Methods: A cross sectional community-based survey were conducted at household level among adults above the age 18 years living in Mogadishu and Garowe cities. The study used multi-stage stratified-cluster sampling method. Out of the Four main towns in Somalia with a designated free National laboratory for COVID-19 testing by the government, the study randomly selected two cities (Mogadishu & Garowe) using Simple Random Sampling (SRS) Method. The study used univariate analysis and Multivariable Binary Logistic Regression model to control other possible confounders and to give the Andersen Behavioral Modal that were independently associated with voluntary testing for COVID-19 in Somalia. The statistical significance tests were accepted at p. Results: Only 113 (6.6%) out of (1,708) study participants who experienced clinical symptoms of COVID-19 (between 16 March – 31 December 2020) voluntarily tested their COVID-19 status. The study found Predisposing factors including gender (P), marital status (p), mass media availability (p), telephone ownership (p), peer influence (P) and stigma of COVID-19 positive individuals in the community (P), and Enabling factors including: place of residence (p), expense decision maker at household level (p), insurance status (p) and access to outreach and health education program (p), as well as the Need factors including: perceived importance of COVID-19 voluntary test (p) and chronic diseases status among the study participants (p) were among the factors associated with the practice of voluntary tests of COVID-19 among the clinically symptomatic individuals in Somalia. Conclusion: The uptake of Voluntary testing for COVID-19 is very low in Somalia. To promote this, health officials and policy makers need to focus on a consistent and culturally sensitive community sensitization programs and bringing the COVID-19 test closer to the communities including rural communities.
VL  - 6
IS  - 2
ER  -

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