Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria, those that specifically infect E. coli and other coliforms are termed coliphages. While not a threat to humans, occurrence of somatic and F-RNA coliphages has been correlated with the presence of human enteric viruses in faecal-polluted water environments. This study focused on investigating the incidence of somatic coliphages and F-RNA coliphages from Mmabatho treatment plant and some selected water sources in Ngaka Modiri Molema District of the North West province. A total of 17 water samples were analysed for the presence of somatic and F-RNA phages using the double-agar-layer plaque assay according to the standard ISO method, ISO 10705-1(1995, 2000). The physico-chemical properties of the water samples were measured before sample collection. Bottled water was used as a negative control and the phage strains фX174 and MS2 as positive controls. Out of the 17 samples collected, (76%) were positive for somatic coliphages, no F-RNA coliphages were detected while 24% of the samples had no coliphages. Thus, the presence of coliphages indicates that the water sources do not meet up to national and international requirement for drinking water quality. Furthermore, monitoring water environments for possible faecal contamination is necessary to ensure public health and safety.
| Published in | International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology (Volume 2, Issue 2) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ijmb.20170202.14 |
| Page(s) | 75-82 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Bacteriophages, Coliphages, Somatic, F-RNA, E. Coli, Dams, Ground Water Taps, Sewage Treatment Plant
| [1] | Leclerc H, Schwartzbrod L, Dei-Cas E. Microbial Agents Associated with Waterborne Diseases. Critical Reviews in Microbiology 2002; 28: 371–409. |
| [2] | NRC. Indicators for Waterborne Pathogens. In Water Reuse: Expanding the Nation's Water Supply. National Research Council,The National Academies Press,Washington, D. C 2004. |
| [3] | Jiang SC, Chu W, He JW. Seasonal detection of human viruses and coliphage in Newport Bay, California. Appl. Environ. Microbiol 2007; 73: 6468–6474. |
| [4] | Ashbolt NJ, Grabow WOK, Snozzi MI. Indicators of microbial water quality. In Fewtrell L, Bartram J (eds): Water quality Guidelines, standards and health,World Health Organization Water Series. London: IWA Publishing 2001; 289-315. |
| [5] | Skraber S, Gassilloud B, Schwartzbrod L, Gantzer C. Survival of infectious Poliovirus-1 in river water compared to the persistence of somatic coliphages, thermotolerant coliforms and Poliovirus-1 genome. Water Research 2004a; 38: 2927-2933. |
| [6] | Jofre J, Olle E, Ribas F et al. Potential usefulness of bacteriophages that infect Bacteroides fragilis as model organisms for monitoring virus removal in drinking water treatment plants. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1995; 61: 3227-3231. |
| [7] | Grabow WOK. Bacteriophages: Update on application as models for viruses in water Water, SA 2001; 27: 251—268. |
| [8] | Hot D, Legeay O, Jacques J et al. Detection of somatic phages, infectious enteroviruses and enterovirus genomes as indicators of human enteric viral pollution in surface water. Water Research 2003; 37: 4703-4710. |
| [9] | Mocé-Llivina L, Lucena F, Jofre J. Enteroviruses and bacteriophages in bathing waters. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2005; 71: 6838-6844. |
| [10] | Lucena F, Mendez X, Moron A et al. Occurrence and densities of bacteriophages proposed as indicators and bacterial indicators in river waters from Europe and South America. Journal of Applied Microbiology 2003; 94: 808-815. |
| [11] | Scott TM, Rose JB, Jenkins TM et al. Microbial source tracking:current methodology and future directions. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2002; 68: 5796-5803. |
| [12] | Nappier SP, Aitken MD, Sobsey MD. Male-specific coliphages as indicators of thermal inactivation of pathogens in biosolids. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2006; 72: 2471-2475. |
| [13] | King AMQ, Adams MJ, Carstens EB, Lefkowitz EJ. Virus Taxonomy: Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Elsevier, Inc. 2011. |
| [14] | Bertrand I, Schijven JF, Sánchez G et al. The impact of temperature on the inactivation of enteric viruses in food and water: A review. Journal of Applied Microbiology 2012; 112: 1059-1074. |
| [15] | Silverman AI, Peterson BM, Boehm AB et al. Sunlight inactivation of human viruses and bacteriophages in coastal waters containing natural photosensitizers. Environmental Science and Technology 2013; 47: 1870-1878. |
| [16] | Bonilla TD, Nowosielski K, Cuvelier M et al. Prevalence and distribution of faecal indicator organisms in South Florida beach sand and preliminary assessment of health effects associated with beach sand exposure. Marine Pollution Bulletin 2007; 54: 1472–1482. |
| [17] | Baggi FA, Demarta A, Peduzzi R. Persistence of viral pathogens and bacteriophages during sewage treatment: Lack of correlation with indicator bacteria. Research in Microbiology 2001; 152: 743-751. |
| [18] | Jiang SC, Noble R, Chu W. Human adenovirus and coliphages in urban runoff- impacted coastal waters of Southern California. Appl. Environ. Microbiol 2001; 67: 179–184. |
| [19] | Skraber S, Gassilloud B, Gantzer C. Comparison of coliforms and coliphage as tools for assessment of viral contamination in river water. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2004b; 70: 3644-3649. |
| [20] | Ballester NA, Fontaine JH, Margolin AB. Occurrence and correlations between coliphages and anthropogenic viruses in the Massachusetts Bay using enrichment and ICC-nPCR. Journal of Water and Health 2005; 3: 59-68. |
| [21] | Lodder WJ, van den Berg HH, Rutjes SA, de Roda Husman AM. Presence of enteric viruses in source waters for drinking water production in The Netherlands. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2010; 76. |
| [22] | Rezaeinejad S, Vergara GGRV, Woo CH et al. Surveillance of enteric viruses and coliphages in a tropical urban catchment. Water Research 2014; 58: 122-131. |
| [23] | Westrell T, Teunis P, van den Berg H et al. Short- and long-term variations of norovirus concentrations in the Meuse river during a 2-year study period. Water Research 2006; 40: 2613-2620. |
| [24] | Ibarluzea JM, Moreno B, Serrano E et al. Somatic coliphages and bacterial indicators of bathing water quality in the beaches of Gipuzka, Spain.. Journal of Water and Health 2007; 5: 417–426. |
| [25] | Boehm AB, Yamahara KM, Love DC et al. Covariation and photoinactivation of traditional and novel indicator organisms and human viruses at a sewage-impacted marine beach. Environmental Science and Technology 2009; 43: 8046-8052. |
| [26] | Long SC, El-Khoury SS, Oudejans S et al. Assessment of sources and diversity of male-specific coliphages for source tracking. Environmental Engineering Science 2005; 22: 367-377. |
| [27] | Momba MNB, Notshe TL. The microbiological quality of groundwater-derived drinking water after long storage in household containers in a rural community of South Africa. Aqua. J. Water Supply Res. Technol. 2003; 52: 67-78. |
| [28] | Potgieter N. Water storage in rural households: Intervention strategies to prevent water borne diseases. In. University of Pretoria 2007. |
| [29] | Nkwe KI, Ateba CN, Sithebe NP, Bezuidenhout CC. Enumeration of Somatic and F-RNA Phages as an Indicator of Fecal Contamination in Potable Water from Rural Areas of the North West Province. Pathogens 2015; 4: 503-512. |
| [30] | Kasman LM. Barriers to coliphage infection of commensal intestinal flora of laboratory mice. Virology journal 2009; 2: 34. |
| [31] | ISO. Water Quality-Detection and enumeration of Bacteriophages,Part 2. In Enumeration of somatic coliphages. ISO 10705-2:2000 Geneva: International Organization for Standardization 2000; 15pp. |
| [32] | ISO. Water Quality-Detection and enumeration of Bacteriophages,Part 1. In Enumeration of F-specific RNA Bacteriophages. ISO 10705-1:1995. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization 1995; 15pp. |
| [33] | Maniatis T, Fritsch EF, Sambrook J. Molecular cloning. Cold Spring Harbor Llborarory 1982. |
| [34] | Mullan WMA. Isolation and purification of bacteriophages. In Diary science and food technology. 2001. |
| [35] | SANS. Drinking Water Part 1and 2: Microbiological, Physical, Aesthetic and Chemical Determinants. In. Pretoria, South Africa: South African Bureau of Standards 2015. |
| [36] | Moosbrugger RE, Wentzel MC, Ekama GA, Marais GvR. Treatment of wine distillery waste in UASB system-feasibility, alkalinity requirements and ph control. Water Science Technology 1993; 28: 45-54. |
| [37] | Wolmarans B, de Villiers G. Start-up a UASB effluent treatment plant on distillery waste water. Water South Africa 2002; 28: 63-68. |
| [38] | Araujo DJ, Rocha SMS, Cammarota MC et al. The anaerobic treatment of wastewater from the household and personal products industry in a hybrid bioreactor. Brazilian journal of chemical engineering 2008; 25: 443-451. |
| [39] | Al-Jlil SA. COD and BOD reduction of domestic waste water using activated sludge, sand filters and activated carbon in Saudi Arabia. Biotechnology 2009; 8: 473-477. |
| [40] | Andrew B, Xiaodong S, Edyveen GJ. Removal of coloured organic matter by adsorption unto low-cost waste material. Water Research 1997; 31: 2084-2092. |
| [41] | Okoh AI, Barkare MK, Okoh OO, Odjadjare E. The cultural microbial and chemical qualities of some waters used for drinking and domestic purpose in a typical rural setting of Southern Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences 2005; 5: 1041-1048. |
| [42] | DWAF. In South African water quality management series. Procedures to Assess Effluent Discharge Impacts. WRC Report No. TT 64/94. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry and Water Research Commission Pretoria: 1995. |
| [43] | Morrison G, Fatoki OS, Persson L, Ekberg A. Assessment of the impact of point source pollution from the Keiskammahoek Sewage Treatment Plant on the Keiskamma River pH, electrical conductivity, oxygen demanding substance (COD) and nutrients. Water SA 2001; 27: 475-480. |
| [44] | South African Water Quality Guidelines. Recreational Water Use Vol 2, (2nd edition) In Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. Pretoria, South Africa: 1996; 78-79. |
| [45] | Burbano-Rosero EM, Ueda-Ito M, Kisielius JJ et al. Diversity of Somatic Coliphages in Coastal Regions with different level of Anthropogenic Activity in SaO Paulo State, Brazil. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2011; 77: 4208-4216. |
| [46] | Havelaar AH, Hogeboom WM. Factors affecting the enumeration of coliphages in sewage and sewage polluted waters. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1983; 49: 387-397. |
| [47] | Zwide GE. Enumeration of somatic coliphages from Setumo dam in Mafikeng, Northwest Province, South Africa. In Department of Microbiology,. Northwest University, Mafikeng 2010. |
| [48] | Kakoma K. Isolation and characterization of bacteriophages and their potential use for the control of bacterial infections in poultry. In Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology. University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 2009. |
| [49] | Momba MNB, Sibewu M, Mandeya A. Survival of somatic and F-RNA coliphages in treated wastewater effluents and their impact on viral quality of the receiving water bodies in the Eastern Cape Province-South Africa. J. Biol. Sci. 2009; 9: 648–654. |
| [50] | Sargeant D. Fecal Contamination Source Identification Methods in Surface Water. In Ecology Report #99-345. Washinton: Washinton state department of ecology 1999. |
| [51] | Jofre J. Indicators of water-borne enteric viruses. In Bosch A (ed) Human viruses in water: perspectives in medical virology. Elsevier B V 2007; 227-244. |
| [52] | Sulakvelidze A, Kutter E. Bacteriophage therapy in humans. In Bacteriophages: Biology & application CRC Press 2005; 381-436. |
| [53] | Ackermann HW. 5500 phages examined in the electron microscope. Arch virol 2007; 152: 227-243. |
| [54] | Mullan WMA. Factors Affecting Plaque Formation. In Diary science and food technology. 2002. |
APA Style
Theodora Ijeoma Ekwomadu, Nomathamsanqa Patricia Sithebe. (2017). Enumeration of Bacteriophages from Mmabatho Treatment Plant and Some Selected Water Sources in Ngaka Modiri Molema District of North-West Province, South Africa. International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2(2), 75-82. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20170202.14
ACS Style
Theodora Ijeoma Ekwomadu; Nomathamsanqa Patricia Sithebe. Enumeration of Bacteriophages from Mmabatho Treatment Plant and Some Selected Water Sources in Ngaka Modiri Molema District of North-West Province, South Africa. Int. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2017, 2(2), 75-82. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmb.20170202.14
AMA Style
Theodora Ijeoma Ekwomadu, Nomathamsanqa Patricia Sithebe. Enumeration of Bacteriophages from Mmabatho Treatment Plant and Some Selected Water Sources in Ngaka Modiri Molema District of North-West Province, South Africa. Int J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2017;2(2):75-82. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmb.20170202.14
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.ijmb.20170202.14,
author = {Theodora Ijeoma Ekwomadu and Nomathamsanqa Patricia Sithebe},
title = {Enumeration of Bacteriophages from Mmabatho Treatment Plant and Some Selected Water Sources in Ngaka Modiri Molema District of North-West Province, South Africa},
journal = {International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology},
volume = {2},
number = {2},
pages = {75-82},
doi = {10.11648/j.ijmb.20170202.14},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20170202.14},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmb.20170202.14},
abstract = {Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria, those that specifically infect E. coli and other coliforms are termed coliphages. While not a threat to humans, occurrence of somatic and F-RNA coliphages has been correlated with the presence of human enteric viruses in faecal-polluted water environments. This study focused on investigating the incidence of somatic coliphages and F-RNA coliphages from Mmabatho treatment plant and some selected water sources in Ngaka Modiri Molema District of the North West province. A total of 17 water samples were analysed for the presence of somatic and F-RNA phages using the double-agar-layer plaque assay according to the standard ISO method, ISO 10705-1(1995, 2000). The physico-chemical properties of the water samples were measured before sample collection. Bottled water was used as a negative control and the phage strains фX174 and MS2 as positive controls. Out of the 17 samples collected, (76%) were positive for somatic coliphages, no F-RNA coliphages were detected while 24% of the samples had no coliphages. Thus, the presence of coliphages indicates that the water sources do not meet up to national and international requirement for drinking water quality. Furthermore, monitoring water environments for possible faecal contamination is necessary to ensure public health and safety.},
year = {2017}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Enumeration of Bacteriophages from Mmabatho Treatment Plant and Some Selected Water Sources in Ngaka Modiri Molema District of North-West Province, South Africa AU - Theodora Ijeoma Ekwomadu AU - Nomathamsanqa Patricia Sithebe Y1 - 2017/01/20 PY - 2017 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20170202.14 DO - 10.11648/j.ijmb.20170202.14 T2 - International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology JF - International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology JO - International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology SP - 75 EP - 82 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2578-9686 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20170202.14 AB - Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria, those that specifically infect E. coli and other coliforms are termed coliphages. While not a threat to humans, occurrence of somatic and F-RNA coliphages has been correlated with the presence of human enteric viruses in faecal-polluted water environments. This study focused on investigating the incidence of somatic coliphages and F-RNA coliphages from Mmabatho treatment plant and some selected water sources in Ngaka Modiri Molema District of the North West province. A total of 17 water samples were analysed for the presence of somatic and F-RNA phages using the double-agar-layer plaque assay according to the standard ISO method, ISO 10705-1(1995, 2000). The physico-chemical properties of the water samples were measured before sample collection. Bottled water was used as a negative control and the phage strains фX174 and MS2 as positive controls. Out of the 17 samples collected, (76%) were positive for somatic coliphages, no F-RNA coliphages were detected while 24% of the samples had no coliphages. Thus, the presence of coliphages indicates that the water sources do not meet up to national and international requirement for drinking water quality. Furthermore, monitoring water environments for possible faecal contamination is necessary to ensure public health and safety. VL - 2 IS - 2 ER -
Information
Email: