Process of Irons Smelting in Yala Local Government Area of Cross River State

Ajoma Simon Okwoche; Tawo Alfred Oyong; Inyabri Samuel Atam

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijmpem.20210601.11

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Process of Irons Smelting in Yala Local Government Area of Cross River State

Ajoma Simon Okwoche, Tawo Alfred Oyong, Inyabri Samuel Atam

Published in International Journal of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy (Volume 6, Issue 1)

Received: 19 January 2021 Accepted: 18 February 2021 Published: 9 March 2021

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Abstract

Iron smelting entails heating of iron at a particular temperature to enable smelter to form objects of desirable shape, Such temperature can be obtainable in a well-insulated medium size furnace, when efficient bellows and a suitable type of charcoal (and of course strong and experienced workers) are employs but some lower temperature can or may still give the satisfactory result of the time of operation is congruity, in Nigeria, especially the Yala axis the bellows used for smelting and forging iron was of rubber-tube. In Nigeria, irons smelting was said to have started from East precisely the Awka people, why inyala today we have black smelter who forges hole, knife, rake, axe, and other agricultural tools, but traditional iron smelting is gradually going to extinction where nobody is willing to learn iron smelting work, as such agricultural implement is becoming very expensive as the people of Yala continue to buy from the Ezza people who few of them are engaging in smelting. This paper therefore x-ray the processes and materials involved or used in forging. Descriptives method of data collection were employed.

Published in	International Journal of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy (Volume 6, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijmpem.20210601.11
Page(s)	1-5
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Black-smelter, Irons, Forging, Archaeology

References

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[2]	Bullock, J. R (1936). Primitive iron smelting in South Africa. Iscor News, Sep. pp. 399-405.
[3]	Friede, H. M. (1977) Iron Age metal working in the Magaliesberg area. J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall., vo!. 77. pp. 224-232 (this issue).
[4]	Friede, H. M., and Steel, R. H. (1976) NotC3 on Iron Age coppersmelting teehnology in the Transvaal. 1. 8. Afr. In8t. Min. Metall., vo!. 76. pp. 221-231.
[5]	Friede, H. M., and Steel, R. H. (1976) Tin mining and smelting in the Transvaal during the tron Age. J. S. AJr. Inst. Min. Metall., vo! 76. pp. 461-470.
[6]	Kusel, U. S. (1974) 'Primitive' iron smelting in the Transvaal. Studie8 by the National Cultural History and Open-m: r MU8eum, no. 3. Pretoria.
[7]	Kusel, U. S. (1957) Primitive Iron Smelting in the Transvaal (Pretoria, The National Cultural History and Open-Air Museum, Studies No. 3, 5. S.
[8]	Ogar E. (2019) iron making process in Yala interview oral tradition.
[9]	Prendergast, (1967) 'Research into the ferrous metallurgy of Rhodesian Iron.
[10]	Prendergast, M. D. (1957) 'Research into the ferrous metallurgy of Rhodesian Iron Age societies', Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, London, Longmans Green, 12th edit.), 483.
[11]	Prendergast, M. D. (1972) Pre-industrivi metlwr: is of iron smelting in selected Tribal Trust Lands in Selukwe District, Rhodesia.
[12]	Tylecote, R. F. (1965) 'Iron smelting in pre-industrial communities', Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute (1965), CCIII, 340.
[13]	Tylecote, R. F. (1957) Iron smelting at Taruga, Nigeria. J. Hist. Metall. Soc. Univ. Newcastle Upon Tyne, vo! 9. pp. 49-56.
[14]	Tylecote, R. F. (1965) Iron smelting in pro-industrial societies. J. Iron Steel Inst., vo! 203. pp. 340--348.
[15]	Tylecote, R. F., et al. (1971) The mechanism of the bloomer process in shaft furnaces. J. Iron Steel Inst., vo! 209. pp. 342-363.

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APA Style

Ajoma Simon Okwoche, Tawo Alfred Oyong, Inyabri Samuel Atam. (2021). Process of Irons Smelting in Yala Local Government Area of Cross River State. International Journal of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 6(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmpem.20210601.11

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ACS Style

Ajoma Simon Okwoche; Tawo Alfred Oyong; Inyabri Samuel Atam. Process of Irons Smelting in Yala Local Government Area of Cross River State. Int. J. Miner. Process. Extr. Metall. 2021, 6(1), 1-5. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmpem.20210601.11

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AMA Style

Ajoma Simon Okwoche, Tawo Alfred Oyong, Inyabri Samuel Atam. Process of Irons Smelting in Yala Local Government Area of Cross River State. Int J Miner Process Extr Metall. 2021;6(1):1-5. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmpem.20210601.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ijmpem.20210601.11,
  author = {Ajoma Simon Okwoche and Tawo Alfred Oyong and Inyabri Samuel Atam},
  title = {Process of Irons Smelting in Yala Local Government Area of Cross River State},
  journal = {International Journal of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-5},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijmpem.20210601.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmpem.20210601.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmpem.20210601.11},
  abstract = {Iron smelting entails heating of iron at a particular temperature to enable smelter to form objects of desirable shape, Such temperature can be obtainable in a well-insulated medium size furnace, when efficient bellows and a suitable type of charcoal (and of course strong and experienced workers) are employs but some lower temperature can or may still give the satisfactory result of the time of operation is congruity, in Nigeria, especially the Yala axis the bellows used for smelting and forging iron was of rubber-tube. In Nigeria, irons smelting was said to have started from East precisely the Awka people, why inyala today we have black smelter who forges hole, knife, rake, axe, and other agricultural tools, but traditional iron smelting is gradually going to extinction where nobody is willing to learn iron smelting work, as such agricultural implement is becoming very expensive as the people of Yala continue to buy from the Ezza people who few of them are engaging in smelting. This paper therefore x-ray the processes and materials involved or used in forging. Descriptives method of data collection were employed.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Process of Irons Smelting in Yala Local Government Area of Cross River State
AU  - Ajoma Simon Okwoche
AU  - Tawo Alfred Oyong
AU  - Inyabri Samuel Atam
Y1  - 2021/03/09
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmpem.20210601.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijmpem.20210601.11
T2  - International Journal of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy
JF  - International Journal of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy
JO  - International Journal of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy
SP  - 1
EP  - 5
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-1859
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmpem.20210601.11
AB  - Iron smelting entails heating of iron at a particular temperature to enable smelter to form objects of desirable shape, Such temperature can be obtainable in a well-insulated medium size furnace, when efficient bellows and a suitable type of charcoal (and of course strong and experienced workers) are employs but some lower temperature can or may still give the satisfactory result of the time of operation is congruity, in Nigeria, especially the Yala axis the bellows used for smelting and forging iron was of rubber-tube. In Nigeria, irons smelting was said to have started from East precisely the Awka people, why inyala today we have black smelter who forges hole, knife, rake, axe, and other agricultural tools, but traditional iron smelting is gradually going to extinction where nobody is willing to learn iron smelting work, as such agricultural implement is becoming very expensive as the people of Yala continue to buy from the Ezza people who few of them are engaging in smelting. This paper therefore x-ray the processes and materials involved or used in forging. Descriptives method of data collection were employed.
VL  - 6
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Ajoma Simon Okwoche

Department of Archaeology and Tourism, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
Tawo Alfred Oyong

Department of Archaeology and Tourism, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
Inyabri Samuel Atam

Department of Archaeology and Tourism, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria

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Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Ajoma Simon Okwoche, Tawo Alfred Oyong, Inyabri Samuel Atam. (2021). Process of Irons Smelting in Yala Local Government Area of Cross River State. International Journal of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 6(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmpem.20210601.11

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ACS Style

Ajoma Simon Okwoche; Tawo Alfred Oyong; Inyabri Samuel Atam. Process of Irons Smelting in Yala Local Government Area of Cross River State. Int. J. Miner. Process. Extr. Metall. 2021, 6(1), 1-5. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmpem.20210601.11

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AMA Style

Ajoma Simon Okwoche, Tawo Alfred Oyong, Inyabri Samuel Atam. Process of Irons Smelting in Yala Local Government Area of Cross River State. Int J Miner Process Extr Metall. 2021;6(1):1-5. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmpem.20210601.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijmpem.20210601.11,
  author = {Ajoma Simon Okwoche and Tawo Alfred Oyong and Inyabri Samuel Atam},
  title = {Process of Irons Smelting in Yala Local Government Area of Cross River State},
  journal = {International Journal of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-5},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijmpem.20210601.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmpem.20210601.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmpem.20210601.11},
  abstract = {Iron smelting entails heating of iron at a particular temperature to enable smelter to form objects of desirable shape, Such temperature can be obtainable in a well-insulated medium size furnace, when efficient bellows and a suitable type of charcoal (and of course strong and experienced workers) are employs but some lower temperature can or may still give the satisfactory result of the time of operation is congruity, in Nigeria, especially the Yala axis the bellows used for smelting and forging iron was of rubber-tube. In Nigeria, irons smelting was said to have started from East precisely the Awka people, why inyala today we have black smelter who forges hole, knife, rake, axe, and other agricultural tools, but traditional iron smelting is gradually going to extinction where nobody is willing to learn iron smelting work, as such agricultural implement is becoming very expensive as the people of Yala continue to buy from the Ezza people who few of them are engaging in smelting. This paper therefore x-ray the processes and materials involved or used in forging. Descriptives method of data collection were employed.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Process of Irons Smelting in Yala Local Government Area of Cross River State
AU  - Ajoma Simon Okwoche
AU  - Tawo Alfred Oyong
AU  - Inyabri Samuel Atam
Y1  - 2021/03/09
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmpem.20210601.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijmpem.20210601.11
T2  - International Journal of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy
JF  - International Journal of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy
JO  - International Journal of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy
SP  - 1
EP  - 5
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-1859
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmpem.20210601.11
AB  - Iron smelting entails heating of iron at a particular temperature to enable smelter to form objects of desirable shape, Such temperature can be obtainable in a well-insulated medium size furnace, when efficient bellows and a suitable type of charcoal (and of course strong and experienced workers) are employs but some lower temperature can or may still give the satisfactory result of the time of operation is congruity, in Nigeria, especially the Yala axis the bellows used for smelting and forging iron was of rubber-tube. In Nigeria, irons smelting was said to have started from East precisely the Awka people, why inyala today we have black smelter who forges hole, knife, rake, axe, and other agricultural tools, but traditional iron smelting is gradually going to extinction where nobody is willing to learn iron smelting work, as such agricultural implement is becoming very expensive as the people of Yala continue to buy from the Ezza people who few of them are engaging in smelting. This paper therefore x-ray the processes and materials involved or used in forging. Descriptives method of data collection were employed.
VL  - 6
IS  - 1
ER  -

Copy | Download