The mechanisms and stimuli that control buoyancy and population numbers in planktonic diatoms are poorly understood. Light, lipids, biovolume, size, and ion regulation have been suggested as possible mechanisms controlling water column distribution. In this study, changes in buoyancy of algae grown as combinations of mono and mixed cultures were measured along with the effects of a varying light direction on the water column distribution of the planktonic diatoms Thalassiosira sp. 1, Thalassiosira pseudonana and Staurosira construens var. venter. Clonal populations were grown in monoculture or in factorial combinations under top and bottom light conditions. No difference in water column distribution or growth between samples exposed to light from above or light from bellow was observed. Oil played an insignificant role in buoyancy regulation. The only species that was buoyant throughout the study was Thalassiosira sp. 1. The larger size and surface area-to-volume ratio of this species indicates a relationship between an increase in buoyancy and increased biovolume. Species specific water column distributions were observed between the monoculture study and the mixed culture study, indicating species specific interactions among phytoplankton may play a significant role in influencing their water column distribution and their degree of buoyancy.
Published in | Plant (Volume 1, Issue 2) |
DOI | 10.11648/j.plant.20130102.12 |
Page(s) | 16-24 |
Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2013. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Buoyancy, Lipids, Thalassiosira sp. LB 2054, Thalassiosira Pseudonana LB FD2, Staurosira Construens var. Venter
[1] | T. J. Smayda. "The sinking and suspension of phytoplankton in the sea," Oceanogr. Mar. Bio. Annu. Rev. vol 8, pp. 353-414. 1970. |
[2] | E Walsby and C. S. Reynolds. "Sinking and floating," In: Moris I (ed) The Physiological Ecology of Phytoplankton. University of California Press, Los Angeles. pp. 371-412. 1980. |
[3] | D. Blasco, "Observations on the diel migrations of marine dinoflagellates off the Baja Californaia Coast," Mar Bio. Vol, 46. pp. 41-47. 1978. |
[4] | T. L. Richardson and J. J. Cullen. "Changes in buoyancy and chemical composition during growth of a coastal marine diatom: ecological and biogeographical consequences," Mar Ecol-Prog Ser. vol. 128, pp. 77-90. 1995. |
[5] | V. S. Smetacek. "Role of sinking in diatom life-history cycles: ecological, evolutionary and geological significance," Mar Biol. vol, 84, pp. 239-251. 1985. |
[6] | J. J. Cullen. "Diel vertical migration by dinoflagellates: role of carbohydrate and behavioral flexibility," In: Rankin MA (ed) Migration: Mechanisms and Adaptive Significance. Contr. Mar. Sci. vol. 27, pp. 135-152. 1985. |
[7] | A. E. Walsby. "Gas vesicles," Microbial Rev. vol 58, pp. 94-144. 1994. |
[8] | F. E. Round, R. M. Crawford, and D. G. Mann. The Diatoms: Biology and Morphology of the Genera. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK. 1990. |
[9] | J. C. Lewin. Silicification. In: Lewin R (ed) Physiology and Bichemistry of Algae. Academic, New York. 40, pp. 21-53. 1962. |
[10] | J. R. Raven. Vacuoles: Storage, Flotation, and Amplification of Surface/Volume Ratio of Cytoplasm. In: energetic and Transport in Aquatic Plants. Liss, New York. pp. 411-470. 1984. |
[11] | W. J. Anderson and B. M. Sweeney. "Diel changes in sedimentation characteristics of Ditylum brightwellii: changes in cellular lipid and effects of respiratory inhibitors and ion-transport modifiers," Limnol Oceanogr, vol. 22, pp. 539-552. 1977. |
[12] | F. Gross and E. Zeuthen. "The buoyancy of planktonic diatoms: a problem of cell physiology," P R Soc B. vol. 135, pp. 382-389. 1948. |
[13] | J. K. Moore and T. A. Villareal. "Size-ascent rate relationships in positively buoyant marine diatoms," Limnol Oceanogr. vol. 41, pp. 1514-1520. 1996. |
[14] | E. Fisher, J. A. Berges, and P. J. Harrison. "Does light quality affect the sinking rates of marine diatoms?" J Phycol. vol. 32, pp. 353-360. 1996. |
[15] | M. Waite, A. Fisher, T. A. Thompson, and P. J. Harrison. "Sinking rate versus cell volume relationships illuminate sinking rate control mechanisms in marine diatoms," Mar Ecol- Prog Ser. vol. 157, pp. 97-108. 1997. |
[16] | G. E. Hutchinson. A Treatise on Limnology. Vol. II. Introduction to Lake Biology and Limnoplankton. Wiley, New York, 1115. 1967. |
[17] | T. J. Smayda and B. Boleyn. "Experimental observation on the flotation of marine diatoms. I. Thalassiosira cf. nana, Thalassiosira rotula and Nitzschia seriata," Limnol Oceanog. vol. 10, pp. 449-509. 1965. |
[18] | T. J. Smayda and B. Boleyn. "Experimental observation on the flotation of marine diatoms. II. Skeletonema costatum and Rhizosolenia setigera," Limnol Oceanog. vol. 11, pp. 18-34. 1966. |
[19] | L. B. Brentner, M. J. Eckelman, and J. B. Zimmerman. "Combinatorial life cycle assessment to inform process design of industrial production of algal biodiesel," Environ Sci and Technol. pp. 00-00. 2011. |
[20] | Y. C. Chen. "The biomass and total lipid content and composition of twelve species of marine diatoms cultured under various environments," Food Chem. vol. 131, pp. 211-219. 2012. |
[21] | J. L. Csavina, B. J. Stuart, R. G. Riefler, and M. L. Vis. "Growth optimization of algae for biodiesel production," J Appl Microbiol. vol. 111, pp. 312-318. 2011. |
[22] | M. Hildebrand, A. K. Davis, S. R. Smith, J. C. Traller, and R. Abbriano. "The place of diatoms in the biofuels industry," Adv Biochem Eng Biot. vol. 3, pp. 221-240. 2012. |
[23] | T. V. Ramachandra, D. M. Mahapatra, and B. Karthick. "Milking diatoms for sustainable energy: biochemical engineering versus gasoline-secreting diatom solar panels," Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. vol. 48, pp. 8769-8788. 2009. |
[24] | M. Boyd and D. Gradmann. "Impact of osmolytes on buoyancy of marine phytoplankton," Mar Biol. vol. 141, pp. 605-618. 2002. |
[25] | R. L. Oliver. "Floating and sinking in gas-vacuolate cyanobacteria," J Phyc. vol. 30, pp. 161-173. 1994. |
[26] | R. L. Richardson and J. J. Cullen. "Changes in buoyancy and chemical composition during growth of a coastal marine diatom: ecological and biogeographical consequences," Mar Ecol-Prog Ser. vol. 128, pp. 77-90. 1995. |
[27] | E. Fisher and J. P. Harrison. "Does carbohydrate content affect the sinking rates of marine diatoms?" J Phycol. vol. 32, pp. 360-365. 1996. |
[28] | M. Waite, P. A. Thompson, and P. J. Harrison. "Does energy control the sinking rates of marine diatoms?" Limnol Oceanog. vol. 37, pp. 468-477. 1992. |
[29] | Tilman. "Resource competition between planktonic algae: An experimental and theoretical Approach,". Ecology. vol. 58, pp. 338-348. 1977. |
[30] | K. Richardson, J. Beardall, and J. A. Raven. "Adaptation of unicellular algae to irradiance, an analysis of strategies," New Phytol. vol. 93, pp. 61-72. 1983. |
[31] | M. Begon, J. L. Harper, and C. R. Townsend. Ecology. 3rd Edition. Oxford, UK; Blackwell Science. 1996. |
[32] | K. M. Manoylov. "Intra- and interspecific competition for nutrients and light in diatom cultures," J Freshwater Ecol. vol. 24, pp. 145-157. 2009. |
[33] | N. S. Shifrin and S. W. Chisholm. "Phytoplankton lipids, interspecific differences and effects of nitrate, silicate, and light-dark cycles," J Phycol. vol. 17, pp. 374-384. 1981. |
[34] | V. Armburst, J. A. Berges, C. Bowler, et al. "The genome of the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana: ecology, evolution and metabolism," Science. vol. 306, pp. 79-86. 2004. |
[35] | L. Borges, J. A. Moron-Villarreyes, D. Montes, M. G. Oca, and P. C. Abreu. "Effects of flocculants on lipid extraction and fatty acid composition of the microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata and Thalassiosira weissflogii," Biomass Bioenerg. vol. 35, pp. 4449-4454. 2011. |
[36] | G. R. Hasle and G. A. Frxyell. "Diatoms: cleaning and mounting for light and electron micriscopy," Tran. Am. Microsc. Soc. vol. 89, pp. 469-474. 1970. |
[37] | H. Hillebrand, C. Durselen, U. Pollingher, and T. Zohary. "Biovolume calculation for pelagic and benthic microalgae," J Phyc. vol. 35, pp. 403-424. 1999. |
[38] | T. A. Villareal. "Positive buoyancy in the oceanic diatom Rhizosolenia H. Peragallo," Deep-Sea Res. vol 35, pp. 1037-1045. 1988. |
[39] | T. A. Villareal. "Buoyancy properties of the giant diatom Ethmodiscus," J. Plankton Res. vol. 14, pp. 459-463. 1992. |
[40] | T. A. Villareal, M. A. Altabet, and K. Culver-Rymsza. "Nitrogen transport by vertically migrating diatoms mats in the North Pacific Ocean," Nature. vol. 363, pp. 709-712. 1993. |
[41] | J. C. Costello and S. W. Chisholm. "The influence of cell size on the growth rate of Thalassiosira weissflogii," J Plankton Res. vol. 3, pp. 415-419. 1981. |
[42] | J. D. Strickland. "Measuring the production of marine phytoplankton," Bull Fish. Res. Bd. Can. Vol, 122. 1970. |
APA Style
Cody Bartlett Smith, Kalina Marinova Manoylov. (2013). The Effects of Variable Light and Lipids on the Water Column Distribution and Interactions of Phytoplankton. Plant, 1(2), 16-24. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.plant.20130102.12
ACS Style
Cody Bartlett Smith; Kalina Marinova Manoylov. The Effects of Variable Light and Lipids on the Water Column Distribution and Interactions of Phytoplankton. Plant. 2013, 1(2), 16-24. doi: 10.11648/j.plant.20130102.12
AMA Style
Cody Bartlett Smith, Kalina Marinova Manoylov. The Effects of Variable Light and Lipids on the Water Column Distribution and Interactions of Phytoplankton. Plant. 2013;1(2):16-24. doi: 10.11648/j.plant.20130102.12
@article{10.11648/j.plant.20130102.12, author = {Cody Bartlett Smith and Kalina Marinova Manoylov}, title = {The Effects of Variable Light and Lipids on the Water Column Distribution and Interactions of Phytoplankton}, journal = {Plant}, volume = {1}, number = {2}, pages = {16-24}, doi = {10.11648/j.plant.20130102.12}, url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.plant.20130102.12}, eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.plant.20130102.12}, abstract = {The mechanisms and stimuli that control buoyancy and population numbers in planktonic diatoms are poorly understood. Light, lipids, biovolume, size, and ion regulation have been suggested as possible mechanisms controlling water column distribution. In this study, changes in buoyancy of algae grown as combinations of mono and mixed cultures were measured along with the effects of a varying light direction on the water column distribution of the planktonic diatoms Thalassiosira sp. 1, Thalassiosira pseudonana and Staurosira construens var. venter. Clonal populations were grown in monoculture or in factorial combinations under top and bottom light conditions. No difference in water column distribution or growth between samples exposed to light from above or light from bellow was observed. Oil played an insignificant role in buoyancy regulation. The only species that was buoyant throughout the study was Thalassiosira sp. 1. The larger size and surface area-to-volume ratio of this species indicates a relationship between an increase in buoyancy and increased biovolume. Species specific water column distributions were observed between the monoculture study and the mixed culture study, indicating species specific interactions among phytoplankton may play a significant role in influencing their water column distribution and their degree of buoyancy.}, year = {2013} }
TY - JOUR T1 - The Effects of Variable Light and Lipids on the Water Column Distribution and Interactions of Phytoplankton AU - Cody Bartlett Smith AU - Kalina Marinova Manoylov Y1 - 2013/06/30 PY - 2013 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.plant.20130102.12 DO - 10.11648/j.plant.20130102.12 T2 - Plant JF - Plant JO - Plant SP - 16 EP - 24 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2331-0677 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.plant.20130102.12 AB - The mechanisms and stimuli that control buoyancy and population numbers in planktonic diatoms are poorly understood. Light, lipids, biovolume, size, and ion regulation have been suggested as possible mechanisms controlling water column distribution. In this study, changes in buoyancy of algae grown as combinations of mono and mixed cultures were measured along with the effects of a varying light direction on the water column distribution of the planktonic diatoms Thalassiosira sp. 1, Thalassiosira pseudonana and Staurosira construens var. venter. Clonal populations were grown in monoculture or in factorial combinations under top and bottom light conditions. No difference in water column distribution or growth between samples exposed to light from above or light from bellow was observed. Oil played an insignificant role in buoyancy regulation. The only species that was buoyant throughout the study was Thalassiosira sp. 1. The larger size and surface area-to-volume ratio of this species indicates a relationship between an increase in buoyancy and increased biovolume. Species specific water column distributions were observed between the monoculture study and the mixed culture study, indicating species specific interactions among phytoplankton may play a significant role in influencing their water column distribution and their degree of buoyancy. VL - 1 IS - 2 ER -