Detection and Quantification of Chlorpyrifos in Soil, Milk, Dip Wash, Spray Race Residues Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Selected Dairy Farms in Kenya

Atego Norbert Adum; Gicharu Gibson; Lenny Mwagandi Chimbevo; Paul Sifuna Oshule; Suliman Essuman; Micah Nyabiba Asamba

doi:doi:10.11648/j.sjac.20210904.12

| Peer-Reviewed

Detection and Quantification of Chlorpyrifos in Soil, Milk, Dip Wash, Spray Race Residues Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Selected Dairy Farms in Kenya

Atego Norbert Adum, Gicharu Gibson, Lenny Mwagandi Chimbevo, Paul Sifuna Oshule, Suliman Essuman, Micah Nyabiba Asamba

Published in Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry (Volume 9, Issue 4)

Received: 15 September 2021 Accepted: 23 November 2021 Published: 9 December 2021

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Organophosphate acaricides are well known for their extensive use in livestock for the management of Ticks and Tick borne diseases. However, the intensive use of Chlorpyrifos causes environmental pollution due to their residues accumulation. The study was aimed at detection and quantification of Chlorpyrifos in soil, dip wash, spray race residues, milk and milk products from Kilifi, Nakuru and Kajiado Counties. A baseline survey was conducted through a cross-sectional study using questionnaire, formal interview and personal observation to collect data and information on the use and type of acaricides. Thereafter soil, dip wash, spray race residues, milk and milk products from the farmers using acaricides containing Chlorpyrifos as the active compound were collected, analyzed and quantified for the presence of Chlorpyrifos using HPLC. Data obtained was stored in excel spread sheets coded and analyzed using Statistical Package for social Scientists (SPSS). Chemicals used for killing ticks included TRIATIX (12), DUODIP (11), and STELADONE (7) among others with majority of the farmers spraying once a week. Out of 11 samples collected from spray race and dip wash, 7 samples were positive for Chlorpyrifos. Nine (9) samples from the analyzed 27 samples of milk and milk products were Chlorpyrifos positive. Chlorpyrifos was also detected in 6 samples out of the 28 soil samples whereas 5 water samples from the 25 collected sample were positive of chlorpyrifos. Chlorpyrifos was not detected in milk and milk product from Kajiado County. However, the concentration of Chlorpyrifos ranged between 1.000±0.242 mgL^-1 and 2.854±0.149 mgL^-1 in Nakuru County and between 1.930±0.106 mgL^-1 and 2.017±0.049 mgL^-1 in Kilifi County. The positive soil samples were from Nakuru County with concentration ranges between 0.915±0.048 mgL^-1 to 8.556±0.549 mgL^-1. The Nakuru water samples had chlorpyrifos concentration ranging between 0.888±0.180 mgL^-1 to 1.870±0.0243 mgL^-1. The dip wash and spray race samples had a Chlorpyrifos ranges of 0.918±0.217 mgL^-1 (Kajiado County) and 3.282±0.140 mgL^-1 (Nakuru County). The study concludes that there is accumulation of Chlorpyrifos in soil, water, dip wash and spray race and milk and milk products beyond the acceptable limit set at 0 to 0.01 mg/kg body weight by WHO. The concentration of Chlorpyrifos in Nakuru County were found to be higher cozampared to Kilifi and Kajiado County. Surveillance, monitoring and regulation on the use of Chlorpyrifos in manufacturing acaricides is highly recommended.

Published in	Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry (Volume 9, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.sjac.20210904.12
Page(s)	88-95
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Chlorpyrifos, HPLC, Acaricides, Accumulation, Dip Wash, Spray Race Residues

References

[1]	FAO. 2021. Dairy Market Review: Overview of global dairy market developments in 2020, April 2021. Rome.
[2]	Marek Kardas, Elżbieta Grochowska-Niedworok, Beata Całyniuk, Ilona Kolasa, Mateusz Grajek, Agnieszka Bielaszka, Agata Kiciak & Małgorzata Muc-Wierzgoń (2016) Consumption of milk and milk products in the population of the Upper Silesian agglomeration inhabitants, Food & Nutrition Research, 60: 1, DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v60.28976.
[3]	Leal Filho, W. et al. (2020) ‘Introducing experiences from African pastoralist communities to cope with climate change risks, hazards and extremes: Fostering poverty reduction’, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 50, p. 101738.
[4]	Kore, J. A. (2019) Assessment Of Household Land Size And Land Uses For Sustainable Food And Livelihood Security In The Pastoral Farming System Of Bissil Sub Location, Kajiado County. PhD Thesis. University of Nairobi.
[5]	Ferraz, L. M. L. S. (2019) Antimicrobial residues in aquaculture species for human consumption: analytical determination and assessment of related public health hazards. PhD Thesis. 00500:: Universidade de Coimbra.
[6]	Rodríguez-Vivas, R. I. et al. (2014) ‘Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus resistant to acaricides and ivermectin in cattle farms of Mexico’, Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, 23, pp. 113–122.
[7]	Mehta, R. V. et al. (2020) ‘A mixed-methods study of pesticide exposures in Breastmilk and Community & Lactating Women’s perspectives from Haryana, India’, BMC Public Health, 20 (1), pp. 1–14.
[8]	Černỳ, J. et al. (2020) ‘Management options for Ixodes ricinus-associated pathogens: a review of prevention strategies’, International journal of environmental research and public health, 17 (6), p. 1830.
[9]	Betts, J. T. et al. (2020) ‘Fishing with Pesticides Affects River Fisheries and Community Health in the Indio Maíz Biological Reserve, Nicaragua’, Sustainability, 12 (23), p. 10152.
[10]	Esser, H. J. et al. (2019) ‘Risk factors associated with sustained circulation of six zoonotic arboviruses: a systematic review for selection of surveillance sites in non-endemic areas’, Parasites & vectors, 12 (1), pp. 1–17.
[11]	Ikusika, O. O., Zindove, T. J. and Okoh, A. I. (2019) ‘Fossil shell flour in livestock production: A Review’, Animals, 9 (3), p. 70.
[12]	Sharma, A. et al. (2020) ‘Global trends in pesticides: A looming threat and viable alternatives’, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 201, p. 110812.
[13]	Upadhayay, J. et al. (2020) ‘Impact of pesticide exposure and associated health effects’, Pesticides in crop production: physiological and biochemical action, pp. 69–88.
[14]	Hashimi, M. H., Hashimi, R. and Ryan, Q. (2020) ‘Toxic effects of pesticides on humans, plants, animals, pollinators and beneficial organisms’, Asian plant research journal, pp. 37–47.
[15]	Gupta, R. C. et al. (2019) ‘Insecticides’, in Biomarkers in toxicology. Elsevier, pp. 455–475.
[16]	Joshi, K. D. N. (2020) ‘Chlorpyrifos: It’s bioremediation in agricultural soils’, Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 9 (4), pp. 2049–2060.
[17]	Sharma, R. K. et al. (2020) ‘Insecticides and ovarian functions’, Environmental and molecular mutagenesis, 61 (3), pp. 369–392.
[18]	EU, (2008a). Commission Regulation (EC) No 839/2008 of 31 July 2008 amending Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards Annexes II, III and IV on maximum residue levels of pesticides in or on certain products.
[19]	EU, (2008b). EC (Commission Regulation) No 149/2008 of 29 January 2008 amending Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council by establishing Annexes II, III and IV setting maximum residue levels for products covered by Annex I (Official Journal L58/1,1.3.2008).
[20]	EU, (2016). Commission Regulation (EU) 2016/60 of 19 January 2016 amending Annexes II and III to Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards maximum residue levels for chlorpyrifos in or on certain products.
[21]	Vuran, B. et al. (2021) ‘Determination of chloramphenicol and tetracycline residues in milk samples by means of nanofiber coated magnetic particles prior to high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection’, Talanta, 230, p. 122307.
[22]	Dhillon, K. S. and Dhillon, S. K. (2019) ‘Genesis of seleniferous soils and associated animal and human health problems’, Advances in Agronomy, 154, pp. 1–80.
[23]	Costa, J. G. et al. (2019) ‘Contaminants: a dark side of food supplements?’, Free radical research, 53 (sup1), pp. 1113–1135.
[24]	Leong, W.-H. et al. (2020) ‘Application, monitoring and adverse effects in pesticide use: The importance of reinforcement of Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs)’, Journal of environmental management, 260, p. 109987.
[25]	Özer, E. T., Osman, B. and Parlak, B. (2020) ‘An experimental design approach for the solid phase extraction of some organophosphorus pesticides from water samples with polymeric microbeads’, Microchemical Journal, 154, p. 104537.
[26]	Pyne, J. R., 2011. Comprehensive school counseling programs, job satisfaction, and the ASCA National Model. Professional School Counseling, 15 (2), p.2156759X1101500202.
[27]	Keswani, C. et al. (2021) ‘Global footprints of organochlorine pesticides: a pan-global survey’, Environmental Geochemistry and Health, pp. 1–29.
[28]	Aguilar, A. and Borrell, A. (2020) ‘Assessment of organochlorine pollutants in cetaceans by means of skin and hypodermic biopsies’, Nondestructive biomarkers in vertebrates, pp. 245–267.
[29]	Chimbevo, L. M., Atego, N. A., Oshule, P. S., Mapesa, J., Essuman, S., Nderitu, J. H., Asamba, M. N. and Ngeny, C. (2021) “The Role and Sustainability of Community-based County Government Funded Agricultural Infrastructure Projects: A Case of Community Cattle Dips and Acaricides Use in Kilifi, Kajiado and Nakuru Counties”, Journal of Agriculture and Ecology Research International, 22 (4), pp. 26-36. doi: 10.9734/jaeri/2021/v22i430195.
[30]	Gavahian, M. and Khaneghah, A. M. (2020) ‘Cold plasma as a tool for the elimination of food contaminants: Recent advances and future trends’, Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 60 (9), pp. 1581–1592.
[31]	Mitkovska, V. and Chassovnikarova, T. (2020) ‘Chlorpyrifos levels within permitted limits induce nuclear abnormalities and DNA damage in the erythrocytes of the common carp’, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27 (7), pp. 7166–7176.
[32]	Bhatt, P., Mukherjee, M. and Akshath, U.S. (2019) ‘Biosensors for Food Component Analysis’, in Food Nanotechnology. CRC Press, pp. 341–374.
[33]	Yuan, S. et al. (2021) ‘Biodegradation of the organophosphate dimethoate by Lactobacillus plantarum during milk fermentation’, Food Chemistry, 360, p. 130042.
[34]	Samare, M. et al. (2020) ‘RETRACTED: A survey of the secondary exposure to organophosphate and organochlorine pesticides and the impact of preventive factors in female villagers’. Elsevier.
[35]	Das, S. et al. (2020) ‘Fate of the organophosphate insecticide, chlorpyrifos, in leaves, soil, and air following application’, Chemosphere, 243, p. 125194.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Atego Norbert Adum, Gicharu Gibson, Lenny Mwagandi Chimbevo, Paul Sifuna Oshule, Suliman Essuman, et al. (2021). Detection and Quantification of Chlorpyrifos in Soil, Milk, Dip Wash, Spray Race Residues Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Selected Dairy Farms in Kenya. Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 9(4), 88-95. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20210904.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Atego Norbert Adum; Gicharu Gibson; Lenny Mwagandi Chimbevo; Paul Sifuna Oshule; Suliman Essuman, et al. Detection and Quantification of Chlorpyrifos in Soil, Milk, Dip Wash, Spray Race Residues Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Selected Dairy Farms in Kenya. Sci. J. Anal. Chem. 2021, 9(4), 88-95. doi: 10.11648/j.sjac.20210904.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Atego Norbert Adum, Gicharu Gibson, Lenny Mwagandi Chimbevo, Paul Sifuna Oshule, Suliman Essuman, et al. Detection and Quantification of Chlorpyrifos in Soil, Milk, Dip Wash, Spray Race Residues Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Selected Dairy Farms in Kenya. Sci J Anal Chem. 2021;9(4):88-95. doi: 10.11648/j.sjac.20210904.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.sjac.20210904.12,
  author = {Atego Norbert Adum and Gicharu Gibson and Lenny Mwagandi Chimbevo and Paul Sifuna Oshule and Suliman Essuman and Micah Nyabiba Asamba},
  title = {Detection and Quantification of Chlorpyrifos in Soil, Milk, Dip Wash, Spray Race Residues Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Selected Dairy Farms in Kenya},
  journal = {Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry},
  volume = {9},
  number = {4},
  pages = {88-95},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sjac.20210904.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20210904.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjac.20210904.12},
  abstract = {Organophosphate acaricides are well known for their extensive use in livestock for the management of Ticks and Tick borne diseases. However, the intensive use of Chlorpyrifos causes environmental pollution due to their residues accumulation. The study was aimed at detection and quantification of Chlorpyrifos in soil, dip wash, spray race residues, milk and milk products from Kilifi, Nakuru and Kajiado Counties. A baseline survey was conducted through a cross-sectional study using questionnaire, formal interview and personal observation to collect data and information on the use and type of acaricides. Thereafter soil, dip wash, spray race residues, milk and milk products from the farmers using acaricides containing Chlorpyrifos as the active compound were collected, analyzed and quantified for the presence of Chlorpyrifos using HPLC. Data obtained was stored in excel spread sheets coded and analyzed using Statistical Package for social Scientists (SPSS). Chemicals used for killing ticks included TRIATIX (12), DUODIP (11), and STELADONE (7) among others with majority of the farmers spraying once a week. Out of 11 samples collected from spray race and dip wash, 7 samples were positive for Chlorpyrifos. Nine (9) samples from the analyzed 27 samples of milk and milk products were Chlorpyrifos positive. Chlorpyrifos was also detected in 6 samples out of the 28 soil samples whereas 5 water samples from the 25 collected sample were positive of chlorpyrifos. Chlorpyrifos was not detected in milk and milk product from Kajiado County. However, the concentration of Chlorpyrifos ranged between 1.000±0.242 mgL-1 and 2.854±0.149 mgL-1 in Nakuru County and between 1.930±0.106 mgL-1 and 2.017±0.049 mgL-1 in Kilifi County. The positive soil samples were from Nakuru County with concentration ranges between 0.915±0.048 mgL-1 to 8.556±0.549 mgL-1. The Nakuru water samples had chlorpyrifos concentration ranging between 0.888±0.180 mgL-1 to 1.870±0.0243 mgL-1. The dip wash and spray race samples had a Chlorpyrifos ranges of 0.918±0.217 mgL-1 (Kajiado County) and 3.282±0.140 mgL-1 (Nakuru County). The study concludes that there is accumulation of Chlorpyrifos in soil, water, dip wash and spray race and milk and milk products beyond the acceptable limit set at 0 to 0.01 mg/kg body weight by WHO. The concentration of Chlorpyrifos in Nakuru County were found to be higher cozampared to Kilifi and Kajiado County. Surveillance, monitoring and regulation on the use of Chlorpyrifos in manufacturing acaricides is highly recommended.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY - JOUR
T1 - Detection and Quantification of Chlorpyrifos in Soil, Milk, Dip Wash, Spray Race Residues Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Selected Dairy Farms in Kenya
AU - Atego Norbert Adum
AU - Gicharu Gibson
AU - Lenny Mwagandi Chimbevo
AU - Paul Sifuna Oshule
AU - Suliman Essuman
AU - Micah Nyabiba Asamba
Y1 - 2021/12/09
PY - 2021
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20210904.12
DO - 10.11648/j.sjac.20210904.12
T2 - Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
JF - Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
JO - Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
SP - 88
EP - 95
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2376-8053
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20210904.12
AB - Organophosphate acaricides are well known for their extensive use in livestock for the management of Ticks and Tick borne diseases. However, the intensive use of Chlorpyrifos causes environmental pollution due to their residues accumulation. The study was aimed at detection and quantification of Chlorpyrifos in soil, dip wash, spray race residues, milk and milk products from Kilifi, Nakuru and Kajiado Counties. A baseline survey was conducted through a cross-sectional study using questionnaire, formal interview and personal observation to collect data and information on the use and type of acaricides. Thereafter soil, dip wash, spray race residues, milk and milk products from the farmers using acaricides containing Chlorpyrifos as the active compound were collected, analyzed and quantified for the presence of Chlorpyrifos using HPLC. Data obtained was stored in excel spread sheets coded and analyzed using Statistical Package for social Scientists (SPSS). Chemicals used for killing ticks included TRIATIX (12), DUODIP (11), and STELADONE (7) among others with majority of the farmers spraying once a week. Out of 11 samples collected from spray race and dip wash, 7 samples were positive for Chlorpyrifos. Nine (9) samples from the analyzed 27 samples of milk and milk products were Chlorpyrifos positive. Chlorpyrifos was also detected in 6 samples out of the 28 soil samples whereas 5 water samples from the 25 collected sample were positive of chlorpyrifos. Chlorpyrifos was not detected in milk and milk product from Kajiado County. However, the concentration of Chlorpyrifos ranged between 1.000±0.242 mgL-1 and 2.854±0.149 mgL-1 in Nakuru County and between 1.930±0.106 mgL-1 and 2.017±0.049 mgL-1 in Kilifi County. The positive soil samples were from Nakuru County with concentration ranges between 0.915±0.048 mgL-1 to 8.556±0.549 mgL-1. The Nakuru water samples had chlorpyrifos concentration ranging between 0.888±0.180 mgL-1 to 1.870±0.0243 mgL-1. The dip wash and spray race samples had a Chlorpyrifos ranges of 0.918±0.217 mgL-1 (Kajiado County) and 3.282±0.140 mgL-1 (Nakuru County). The study concludes that there is accumulation of Chlorpyrifos in soil, water, dip wash and spray race and milk and milk products beyond the acceptable limit set at 0 to 0.01 mg/kg body weight by WHO. The concentration of Chlorpyrifos in Nakuru County were found to be higher cozampared to Kilifi and Kajiado County. Surveillance, monitoring and regulation on the use of Chlorpyrifos in manufacturing acaricides is highly recommended.
VL - 9
IS - 4
ER -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Atego Norbert Adum

Department Pure and Applied Sciences, School of Applied and Health Sciences, Technical University of Mombasa, Mombasa, Kenya
Gicharu Gibson

Department Pure and Applied Sciences, School of Applied and Health Sciences, Technical University of Mombasa, Mombasa, Kenya
Lenny Mwagandi Chimbevo

Department Pure and Applied Sciences, School of Applied and Health Sciences, Technical University of Mombasa, Mombasa, Kenya
Paul Sifuna Oshule

Department of Medical Biochemistry, Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya
Suliman Essuman

Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical School, Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya
Micah Nyabiba Asamba

Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Atego Norbert Adum, Gicharu Gibson, Lenny Mwagandi Chimbevo, Paul Sifuna Oshule, Suliman Essuman, et al. (2021). Detection and Quantification of Chlorpyrifos in Soil, Milk, Dip Wash, Spray Race Residues Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Selected Dairy Farms in Kenya. Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 9(4), 88-95. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20210904.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Atego Norbert Adum; Gicharu Gibson; Lenny Mwagandi Chimbevo; Paul Sifuna Oshule; Suliman Essuman, et al. Detection and Quantification of Chlorpyrifos in Soil, Milk, Dip Wash, Spray Race Residues Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Selected Dairy Farms in Kenya. Sci. J. Anal. Chem. 2021, 9(4), 88-95. doi: 10.11648/j.sjac.20210904.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Atego Norbert Adum, Gicharu Gibson, Lenny Mwagandi Chimbevo, Paul Sifuna Oshule, Suliman Essuman, et al. Detection and Quantification of Chlorpyrifos in Soil, Milk, Dip Wash, Spray Race Residues Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Selected Dairy Farms in Kenya. Sci J Anal Chem. 2021;9(4):88-95. doi: 10.11648/j.sjac.20210904.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.sjac.20210904.12,
  author = {Atego Norbert Adum and Gicharu Gibson and Lenny Mwagandi Chimbevo and Paul Sifuna Oshule and Suliman Essuman and Micah Nyabiba Asamba},
  title = {Detection and Quantification of Chlorpyrifos in Soil, Milk, Dip Wash, Spray Race Residues Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Selected Dairy Farms in Kenya},
  journal = {Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry},
  volume = {9},
  number = {4},
  pages = {88-95},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sjac.20210904.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20210904.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjac.20210904.12},
  abstract = {Organophosphate acaricides are well known for their extensive use in livestock for the management of Ticks and Tick borne diseases. However, the intensive use of Chlorpyrifos causes environmental pollution due to their residues accumulation. The study was aimed at detection and quantification of Chlorpyrifos in soil, dip wash, spray race residues, milk and milk products from Kilifi, Nakuru and Kajiado Counties. A baseline survey was conducted through a cross-sectional study using questionnaire, formal interview and personal observation to collect data and information on the use and type of acaricides. Thereafter soil, dip wash, spray race residues, milk and milk products from the farmers using acaricides containing Chlorpyrifos as the active compound were collected, analyzed and quantified for the presence of Chlorpyrifos using HPLC. Data obtained was stored in excel spread sheets coded and analyzed using Statistical Package for social Scientists (SPSS). Chemicals used for killing ticks included TRIATIX (12), DUODIP (11), and STELADONE (7) among others with majority of the farmers spraying once a week. Out of 11 samples collected from spray race and dip wash, 7 samples were positive for Chlorpyrifos. Nine (9) samples from the analyzed 27 samples of milk and milk products were Chlorpyrifos positive. Chlorpyrifos was also detected in 6 samples out of the 28 soil samples whereas 5 water samples from the 25 collected sample were positive of chlorpyrifos. Chlorpyrifos was not detected in milk and milk product from Kajiado County. However, the concentration of Chlorpyrifos ranged between 1.000±0.242 mgL-1 and 2.854±0.149 mgL-1 in Nakuru County and between 1.930±0.106 mgL-1 and 2.017±0.049 mgL-1 in Kilifi County. The positive soil samples were from Nakuru County with concentration ranges between 0.915±0.048 mgL-1 to 8.556±0.549 mgL-1. The Nakuru water samples had chlorpyrifos concentration ranging between 0.888±0.180 mgL-1 to 1.870±0.0243 mgL-1. The dip wash and spray race samples had a Chlorpyrifos ranges of 0.918±0.217 mgL-1 (Kajiado County) and 3.282±0.140 mgL-1 (Nakuru County). The study concludes that there is accumulation of Chlorpyrifos in soil, water, dip wash and spray race and milk and milk products beyond the acceptable limit set at 0 to 0.01 mg/kg body weight by WHO. The concentration of Chlorpyrifos in Nakuru County were found to be higher cozampared to Kilifi and Kajiado County. Surveillance, monitoring and regulation on the use of Chlorpyrifos in manufacturing acaricides is highly recommended.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download