Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) and Its Impact on Malaria Prevalence in West Africa Using the Panel Data Regression Model

Mends-Brew Edwin; Fletcher Afenyi Ernest

doi:doi:10.11648/j.sjams.20160401.12

| Peer-Reviewed

Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) and Its Impact on Malaria Prevalence in West Africa Using the Panel Data Regression Model

Mends-Brew Edwin, Fletcher Afenyi Ernest

Published in Science Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics (Volume 4, Issue 1)

Received: 12 February 2016 Accepted: 24 February 2016 Published: 6 March 2016

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Malaria remains one of the most important public health concerns across the globe. In 2012 alone, the World Health Organization reported an estimated 207 million cases and associated death of about 670,000 with majority of cases coming from Africa. There have been tremendous efforts at controlling malaria and its related mortality. The two main interventions recommended by the World Health Organization for malaria control and prevention are, Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) and the use of Insecticides Treated Nets (ITNs). On a limited scope, studies conducted within some communities and limited geographical areas have shown the effectiveness of IRS in reducing the prevalence of the disease. However, not many such studies have looked at the impact of IRS on the prevalence of malaria at the universal level. This paper seeks to evaluate the impact of Indoor Residual Spraying on the prevalence of malaria in West Africa by accounting for the effects of alternative malaria prevention strategies, economic, demographic and funding availability for malaria prevention and control. A panel data for fifteen West African countries from 2008 to 2012 was analyzed. The results showed that for years in which Indoor Residual Spraying was implemented, prevalence of malaria reduced by 71% compared to periods preceding the implementation of Indoor Residual Spraying. This paper further established that ITN coverage, funding availability for Malaria intervention and gross domestic product have a significant negative impact on the prevalence of Malaria while population and the combination of Indoor Residual Spraying and ITN have a significant positive impact on the prevalence of the disease. Indoor Residual Spraying and its impact on the prevalence of Malaria were observed to be higher than the impact of ITN coverage on the prevalence of the disease. These findings are relevant for policy direction regarding the continuance of Indoor Residual Spraying implementation especially in the post 2015 agenda for malaria control and prevention.

Published in	Science Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics (Volume 4, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.sjams.20160401.12
Page(s)	12-20
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2016. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Malaria, Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS), Insecticide Treated Nets (ITN), Prevalence Rate, Panel Data Regression

References

[1]	Allison, P. D. (2009). Fixed Effects Regression Models. Sage.
[2]	Fullman, N., Burstein, R., Lim, S. S., Medlin, C., & Gakidou, E. (2013). Nets, Spray or Both? The effectiveness of insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying in reducing malaria morbidity and child mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Malaria Journal, 12 (62).
[3]	Fullman, N., Burstein, R., Lim, S. S., Medlin, C., & Gakidou, E. (2013). Nets, Spray or Both? The Effectiveness of Insecticide-Treated Nets and Indoor Residual Spraying in Reducing Malaria Morbidity and Child Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. Malaria Journal, 12 (62).
[4]	Ghana Statistical Service. (2011). Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey with an enhanced Malaria Module and Biomarker 2011.
[5]	Hamusse, S. D., Balcha, T. T., & Belachew, T. (2012). The impact of indoor residual spraying on malaria incidence in East Shoa Zone, Ethiopia. Global Action Plan, 5 (11619).
[6]	Hill, C. R., Griffiths, W. E., & Lim, G. C. (2011). Principles of Econometric (4th Ed). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
[7]	Indoor Residual Spraying of Insecticide and Malaria Morbidity in a High Transmission Intensity Area of Uganda2012PLoS ONE78
[8]	Katchova, A. (2013). Count Data Models. Retrieved September 01, 2014, from Econometrics Academy: https://sites.google.com/site/econometricsacademy/econometrics-models/count-data-models
[9]	Katchova, A. (2013). Panel Data Models. (A. Katchova, Producer) Retrieved August 2014, from Econometrics Academy: https://sites.google.com/site/econometricsacademy/econometrics-models/panel-data-models
[10]	Kim, D., Fedak, K., & Kramer, R. (2012). Reduction of Malaria Prevalence by Indoor Residual Spraying: A Meta-Regression Analysis. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 87 (1), 117-124.
[11]	Kumar, P., & Reddy, N. (2014). Factors affecting Malaria disease transmision and incidense: A special focus on Visakhapatnam district. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research, 5 (1), 312-317.
[12]	Okumu, F. O., & Moore, S. J. (2011). Combining indoor residual spraying and insecticide-treated nets for malaria control in Africa: a review of possible outcomes and an outline of suggestions for the future. Malaria Journal, 10 (208).
[13]	Orem, J. N., Kirigia, J. M., Azairwe, R., Kasirye, I., & Walke, O. (2012). Impact of malaria morbidity on gross domestic product in Uganda. International Archives of Medicine, 5 (12).
[14]	Pluess, B., Tanser, F. C., Lengeler, C., & Sharp, B. L. (2010). Indoor residual spraying for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (4).
[15]	PMI\|Africa IRS (AIRS) Project Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS 2) Task Order Four. (2013). Ghana End of Spray Report. Abt Associates Inc, Bethesda, MD.
[16]	Principles of Econometrics2011John Wiley & Sons, Inc
[17]	West, P. A., Protopopoff, N., Wright, A., Kivaju, Z., Tigererwa, R., Mosha, F. W., et al. (2014). Indoor Residual Spraying in Combination with Insecticide-Treated Nets Compared to Insecticide-Treated Nets Alone for Protection against Malaria: A Cluster Randomised Trial in Tanzania. PLoS Med, 11 (4).
[18]	WHO. (2013). World Malaria Report 2013. World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland: WHO Press.
[19]	World Health Organization. (2014). 10 facts on Malaria. Retrieved October 18, 2014, from WHO: http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/malaria/en/
[20]	World Health Organization. (2009). 10 Facts on Malaria in Africa. Retrieved 08 19, 2014, from WHO: http://www.afro.who.int/en/clusters-a-programmes/dpc/malaria/features/2287-10-facts-on-malaria-in-africa.html
[21]	World Health Organization. (2007). Implementation of Indoor Residual Spraying of Insecticides for Malaria Control in the WHO African Region Report. Brazzaville, Congo: World Health Organization for Africa.
[22]	World Health Organization. (2013). Indoor residual spraying: an operational manual for indoor residual spraying (IRS) for malaria transmission control and elimination. WHO.
[23]	World Health Organization. (2006). Indoor residual spraying: Use of indoor residual spraying for scaling up global malaria control and elimination, WHO position statement. World Health Organization.
[24]	World Health Organization. (2014, March). Media Center: Malaria. Retrieved 08 18, 2014, from WHO: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/
[25]	World Health Organization. (2010). World Malaria Report: 2010. World Health Organization, 20 avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland: WHO Press.
[26]	World Health Organization. (2011). World Malaria Report: 2011. World Health Organization.
[27]	World Health Organization. (2013). World Malaria Report: 2013. World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland: WHO Press.
[28]	World Helath Organization. (2014). Review of current evidence on combining indoor residual spraying and long-lasting insecticidal nets. Retrieved November 29, 2014, from http://www.who.int/malaria/mpac/background.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Mends-Brew Edwin, Fletcher Afenyi Ernest. (2016). Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) and Its Impact on Malaria Prevalence in West Africa Using the Panel Data Regression Model. Science Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, 4(1), 12-20. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjams.20160401.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Mends-Brew Edwin; Fletcher Afenyi Ernest. Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) and Its Impact on Malaria Prevalence in West Africa Using the Panel Data Regression Model. Sci. J. Appl. Math. Stat. 2016, 4(1), 12-20. doi: 10.11648/j.sjams.20160401.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Mends-Brew Edwin, Fletcher Afenyi Ernest. Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) and Its Impact on Malaria Prevalence in West Africa Using the Panel Data Regression Model. Sci J Appl Math Stat. 2016;4(1):12-20. doi: 10.11648/j.sjams.20160401.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.sjams.20160401.12,
  author = {Mends-Brew Edwin and Fletcher Afenyi Ernest},
  title = {Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) and Its Impact on Malaria Prevalence in West Africa Using the Panel Data Regression Model},
  journal = {Science Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics},
  volume = {4},
  number = {1},
  pages = {12-20},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sjams.20160401.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjams.20160401.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjams.20160401.12},
  abstract = {Malaria remains one of the most important public health concerns across the globe. In 2012 alone, the World Health Organization reported an estimated 207 million cases and associated death of about 670,000 with majority of cases coming from Africa. There have been tremendous efforts at controlling malaria and its related mortality. The two main interventions recommended by the World Health Organization for malaria control and prevention are, Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) and the use of Insecticides Treated Nets (ITNs). On a limited scope, studies conducted within some communities and limited geographical areas have shown the effectiveness of IRS in reducing the prevalence of the disease. However, not many such studies have looked at the impact of IRS on the prevalence of malaria at the universal level. This paper seeks to evaluate the impact of Indoor Residual Spraying on the prevalence of malaria in West Africa by accounting for the effects of alternative malaria prevention strategies, economic, demographic and funding availability for malaria prevention and control. A panel data for fifteen West African countries from 2008 to 2012 was analyzed. The results showed that for years in which Indoor Residual Spraying was implemented, prevalence of malaria reduced by 71% compared to periods preceding the implementation of Indoor Residual Spraying. This paper further established that ITN coverage, funding availability for Malaria intervention and gross domestic product have a significant negative impact on the prevalence of Malaria while population and the combination of Indoor Residual Spraying and ITN have a significant positive impact on the prevalence of the disease. Indoor Residual Spraying and its impact on the prevalence of Malaria were observed to be higher than the impact of ITN coverage on the prevalence of the disease. These findings are relevant for policy direction regarding the continuance of Indoor Residual Spraying implementation especially in the post 2015 agenda for malaria control and prevention.},
 year = {2016}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) and Its Impact on Malaria Prevalence in West Africa Using the Panel Data Regression Model
AU  - Mends-Brew Edwin
AU  - Fletcher Afenyi Ernest
Y1  - 2016/03/06
PY  - 2016
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjams.20160401.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.sjams.20160401.12
T2  - Science Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics
JF  - Science Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics
JO  - Science Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics
SP  - 12
EP  - 20
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2376-9513
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjams.20160401.12
AB  - Malaria remains one of the most important public health concerns across the globe. In 2012 alone, the World Health Organization reported an estimated 207 million cases and associated death of about 670,000 with majority of cases coming from Africa. There have been tremendous efforts at controlling malaria and its related mortality. The two main interventions recommended by the World Health Organization for malaria control and prevention are, Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) and the use of Insecticides Treated Nets (ITNs). On a limited scope, studies conducted within some communities and limited geographical areas have shown the effectiveness of IRS in reducing the prevalence of the disease. However, not many such studies have looked at the impact of IRS on the prevalence of malaria at the universal level. This paper seeks to evaluate the impact of Indoor Residual Spraying on the prevalence of malaria in West Africa by accounting for the effects of alternative malaria prevention strategies, economic, demographic and funding availability for malaria prevention and control. A panel data for fifteen West African countries from 2008 to 2012 was analyzed. The results showed that for years in which Indoor Residual Spraying was implemented, prevalence of malaria reduced by 71% compared to periods preceding the implementation of Indoor Residual Spraying. This paper further established that ITN coverage, funding availability for Malaria intervention and gross domestic product have a significant negative impact on the prevalence of Malaria while population and the combination of Indoor Residual Spraying and ITN have a significant positive impact on the prevalence of the disease. Indoor Residual Spraying and its impact on the prevalence of Malaria were observed to be higher than the impact of ITN coverage on the prevalence of the disease. These findings are relevant for policy direction regarding the continuance of Indoor Residual Spraying implementation especially in the post 2015 agenda for malaria control and prevention.
VL  - 4
IS  - 1
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Mends-Brew Edwin

Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Accra Polytechnic, Accra, Ghana
Fletcher Afenyi Ernest

Ghana AIRS Project, Accra, Ghana

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Mends-Brew Edwin, Fletcher Afenyi Ernest. (2016). Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) and Its Impact on Malaria Prevalence in West Africa Using the Panel Data Regression Model. Science Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, 4(1), 12-20. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjams.20160401.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Mends-Brew Edwin; Fletcher Afenyi Ernest. Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) and Its Impact on Malaria Prevalence in West Africa Using the Panel Data Regression Model. Sci. J. Appl. Math. Stat. 2016, 4(1), 12-20. doi: 10.11648/j.sjams.20160401.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Mends-Brew Edwin, Fletcher Afenyi Ernest. Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) and Its Impact on Malaria Prevalence in West Africa Using the Panel Data Regression Model. Sci J Appl Math Stat. 2016;4(1):12-20. doi: 10.11648/j.sjams.20160401.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.sjams.20160401.12,
  author = {Mends-Brew Edwin and Fletcher Afenyi Ernest},
  title = {Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) and Its Impact on Malaria Prevalence in West Africa Using the Panel Data Regression Model},
  journal = {Science Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics},
  volume = {4},
  number = {1},
  pages = {12-20},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sjams.20160401.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjams.20160401.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjams.20160401.12},
  abstract = {Malaria remains one of the most important public health concerns across the globe. In 2012 alone, the World Health Organization reported an estimated 207 million cases and associated death of about 670,000 with majority of cases coming from Africa. There have been tremendous efforts at controlling malaria and its related mortality. The two main interventions recommended by the World Health Organization for malaria control and prevention are, Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) and the use of Insecticides Treated Nets (ITNs). On a limited scope, studies conducted within some communities and limited geographical areas have shown the effectiveness of IRS in reducing the prevalence of the disease. However, not many such studies have looked at the impact of IRS on the prevalence of malaria at the universal level. This paper seeks to evaluate the impact of Indoor Residual Spraying on the prevalence of malaria in West Africa by accounting for the effects of alternative malaria prevention strategies, economic, demographic and funding availability for malaria prevention and control. A panel data for fifteen West African countries from 2008 to 2012 was analyzed. The results showed that for years in which Indoor Residual Spraying was implemented, prevalence of malaria reduced by 71% compared to periods preceding the implementation of Indoor Residual Spraying. This paper further established that ITN coverage, funding availability for Malaria intervention and gross domestic product have a significant negative impact on the prevalence of Malaria while population and the combination of Indoor Residual Spraying and ITN have a significant positive impact on the prevalence of the disease. Indoor Residual Spraying and its impact on the prevalence of Malaria were observed to be higher than the impact of ITN coverage on the prevalence of the disease. These findings are relevant for policy direction regarding the continuance of Indoor Residual Spraying implementation especially in the post 2015 agenda for malaria control and prevention.},
 year = {2016}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) and Its Impact on Malaria Prevalence in West Africa Using the Panel Data Regression Model
AU  - Mends-Brew Edwin
AU  - Fletcher Afenyi Ernest
Y1  - 2016/03/06
PY  - 2016
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjams.20160401.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.sjams.20160401.12
T2  - Science Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics
JF  - Science Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics
JO  - Science Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics
SP  - 12
EP  - 20
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2376-9513
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjams.20160401.12
AB  - Malaria remains one of the most important public health concerns across the globe. In 2012 alone, the World Health Organization reported an estimated 207 million cases and associated death of about 670,000 with majority of cases coming from Africa. There have been tremendous efforts at controlling malaria and its related mortality. The two main interventions recommended by the World Health Organization for malaria control and prevention are, Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) and the use of Insecticides Treated Nets (ITNs). On a limited scope, studies conducted within some communities and limited geographical areas have shown the effectiveness of IRS in reducing the prevalence of the disease. However, not many such studies have looked at the impact of IRS on the prevalence of malaria at the universal level. This paper seeks to evaluate the impact of Indoor Residual Spraying on the prevalence of malaria in West Africa by accounting for the effects of alternative malaria prevention strategies, economic, demographic and funding availability for malaria prevention and control. A panel data for fifteen West African countries from 2008 to 2012 was analyzed. The results showed that for years in which Indoor Residual Spraying was implemented, prevalence of malaria reduced by 71% compared to periods preceding the implementation of Indoor Residual Spraying. This paper further established that ITN coverage, funding availability for Malaria intervention and gross domestic product have a significant negative impact on the prevalence of Malaria while population and the combination of Indoor Residual Spraying and ITN have a significant positive impact on the prevalence of the disease. Indoor Residual Spraying and its impact on the prevalence of Malaria were observed to be higher than the impact of ITN coverage on the prevalence of the disease. These findings are relevant for policy direction regarding the continuance of Indoor Residual Spraying implementation especially in the post 2015 agenda for malaria control and prevention.
VL  - 4
IS  - 1
ER  -

Copy | Download