Assessment of Heavy Metals (As, Cd, Hg, Pb) in Sources of Water for Human Consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Literature Review

Alassane Youssao Abdou Karim; Emmanuel Azokpota; Léonce Firmin Dovonon; Abdoul Kader Alassane Moussa; Alphonse Sako Avocefohoun; Daouda Mama; Dominique Codjo Koko Sohounhloue

doi:doi:10.11648/j.sjc.20231101.11

Assessment of Heavy Metals (As, Cd, Hg, Pb) in Sources of Water for Human Consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Literature Review

Alassane Youssao Abdou Karim, Emmanuel Azokpota, Léonce Firmin Dovonon, Abdoul Kader Alassane Moussa, Alphonse Sako Avocefohoun, Daouda Mama, Dominique Codjo Koko Sohounhloue

Published in Science Journal of Chemistry (Volume 11, Issue 1)

Received: 26 December 2022 Accepted: 14 January 2023 Published: 30 January 2023

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Abstract

In the world and particularly in Africa, the supply of drinking water by rural communities is still a challenge to be met due to the unavailability of water in quality and quantity. Indeed, 76% of the population in sub-Saharan Africa does not have access to drinking water. This situation is more pronounced in rural and peri-urban communities than in urban areas. Some communities, particularly in rural areas, are therefore condemned to consume surface water, rainwater and well water of dubious quality due to the contamination of this water and especially the lack of a drinking water distribution network. Several research studies on metal contamination of surface water, groundwater and rainwater have reported high levels of metals. This review article focuses on the contamination of waters in sub-Saharan Africa by cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic, because of their toxicity and the health and ecotoxicological consequences linked to their presence in water. These are heavy metals at the origin of several dangerous diseases such as lead poisoning, hydrarygysmus, Itai Itai disease, etc. This article reviews the problems of accessibility to drinking water in communities in terms of quantity and quality, the origins and levels of water contamination by metals as well as analytical methods for metals and the consequences related to the consumption of these waters.

Published in	Science Journal of Chemistry (Volume 11, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.sjc.20231101.11
Page(s)	1-9
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Toxic Metals, Drinking Water, Rivers, Ponds, Underground, Rainwater

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Alassane Youssao Abdou Karim, Emmanuel Azokpota, Léonce Firmin Dovonon, Abdoul Kader Alassane Moussa, Alphonse Sako Avocefohoun, et al. (2023). Assessment of Heavy Metals (As, Cd, Hg, Pb) in Sources of Water for Human Consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Literature Review. Science Journal of Chemistry, 11(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20231101.11

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Alassane Youssao Abdou Karim; Emmanuel Azokpota; Léonce Firmin Dovonon; Abdoul Kader Alassane Moussa; Alphonse Sako Avocefohoun, et al. Assessment of Heavy Metals (As, Cd, Hg, Pb) in Sources of Water for Human Consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Literature Review. Sci. J. Chem. 2023, 11(1), 1-9. doi: 10.11648/j.sjc.20231101.11

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Alassane Youssao Abdou Karim, Emmanuel Azokpota, Léonce Firmin Dovonon, Abdoul Kader Alassane Moussa, Alphonse Sako Avocefohoun, et al. Assessment of Heavy Metals (As, Cd, Hg, Pb) in Sources of Water for Human Consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Literature Review. Sci J Chem. 2023;11(1):1-9. doi: 10.11648/j.sjc.20231101.11

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@article{10.11648/j.sjc.20231101.11,
  author = {Alassane Youssao Abdou Karim and Emmanuel Azokpota and Léonce Firmin Dovonon and Abdoul Kader Alassane Moussa and Alphonse Sako Avocefohoun and Daouda Mama and Dominique Codjo Koko Sohounhloue},
  title = {Assessment of Heavy Metals (As, Cd, Hg, Pb) in Sources of Water for Human Consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Literature Review},
  journal = {Science Journal of Chemistry},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-9},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sjc.20231101.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20231101.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjc.20231101.11},
  abstract = {In the world and particularly in Africa, the supply of drinking water by rural communities is still a challenge to be met due to the unavailability of water in quality and quantity. Indeed, 76% of the population in sub-Saharan Africa does not have access to drinking water. This situation is more pronounced in rural and peri-urban communities than in urban areas. Some communities, particularly in rural areas, are therefore condemned to consume surface water, rainwater and well water of dubious quality due to the contamination of this water and especially the lack of a drinking water distribution network. Several research studies on metal contamination of surface water, groundwater and rainwater have reported high levels of metals. This review article focuses on the contamination of waters in sub-Saharan Africa by cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic, because of their toxicity and the health and ecotoxicological consequences linked to their presence in water. These are heavy metals at the origin of several dangerous diseases such as lead poisoning, hydrarygysmus, Itai Itai disease, etc. This article reviews the problems of accessibility to drinking water in communities in terms of quantity and quality, the origins and levels of water contamination by metals as well as analytical methods for metals and the consequences related to the consumption of these waters.},
 year = {2023}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Assessment of Heavy Metals (As, Cd, Hg, Pb) in Sources of Water for Human Consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Literature Review
AU  - Alassane Youssao Abdou Karim
AU  - Emmanuel Azokpota
AU  - Léonce Firmin Dovonon
AU  - Abdoul Kader Alassane Moussa
AU  - Alphonse Sako Avocefohoun
AU  - Daouda Mama
AU  - Dominique Codjo Koko Sohounhloue
Y1  - 2023/01/30
PY  - 2023
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20231101.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.sjc.20231101.11
T2  - Science Journal of Chemistry
JF  - Science Journal of Chemistry
JO  - Science Journal of Chemistry
SP  - 1
EP  - 9
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-099X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20231101.11
AB  - In the world and particularly in Africa, the supply of drinking water by rural communities is still a challenge to be met due to the unavailability of water in quality and quantity. Indeed, 76% of the population in sub-Saharan Africa does not have access to drinking water. This situation is more pronounced in rural and peri-urban communities than in urban areas. Some communities, particularly in rural areas, are therefore condemned to consume surface water, rainwater and well water of dubious quality due to the contamination of this water and especially the lack of a drinking water distribution network. Several research studies on metal contamination of surface water, groundwater and rainwater have reported high levels of metals. This review article focuses on the contamination of waters in sub-Saharan Africa by cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic, because of their toxicity and the health and ecotoxicological consequences linked to their presence in water. These are heavy metals at the origin of several dangerous diseases such as lead poisoning, hydrarygysmus, Itai Itai disease, etc. This article reviews the problems of accessibility to drinking water in communities in terms of quantity and quality, the origins and levels of water contamination by metals as well as analytical methods for metals and the consequences related to the consumption of these waters.
VL  - 11
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Alassane Youssao Abdou Karim

Research Unit in Ecotoxicology and Quality Study (UREEQ), Laboratory for Study and Research in Applied Chemistry (LERCA), Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
Emmanuel Azokpota

Research Unit in Ecotoxicology and Quality Study (UREEQ), Laboratory for Study and Research in Applied Chemistry (LERCA), Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
Léonce Firmin Dovonon

Research Unit in Ecotoxicology and Quality Study (UREEQ), Laboratory for Study and Research in Applied Chemistry (LERCA), Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
Abdoul Kader Alassane Moussa

Research Unit in Ecotoxicology and Quality Study (UREEQ), Laboratory for Study and Research in Applied Chemistry (LERCA), Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
Alphonse Sako Avocefohoun

Hydrology Laboratory (LHA), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
Daouda Mama

Hydrology Laboratory (LHA), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
Dominique Codjo Koko Sohounhloue

Research Unit in Ecotoxicology and Quality Study (UREEQ), Laboratory for Study and Research in Applied Chemistry (LERCA), Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin

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APA Style

Alassane Youssao Abdou Karim, Emmanuel Azokpota, Léonce Firmin Dovonon, Abdoul Kader Alassane Moussa, Alphonse Sako Avocefohoun, et al. (2023). Assessment of Heavy Metals (As, Cd, Hg, Pb) in Sources of Water for Human Consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Literature Review. Science Journal of Chemistry, 11(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20231101.11

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ACS Style

Alassane Youssao Abdou Karim; Emmanuel Azokpota; Léonce Firmin Dovonon; Abdoul Kader Alassane Moussa; Alphonse Sako Avocefohoun, et al. Assessment of Heavy Metals (As, Cd, Hg, Pb) in Sources of Water for Human Consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Literature Review. Sci. J. Chem. 2023, 11(1), 1-9. doi: 10.11648/j.sjc.20231101.11

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AMA Style

Alassane Youssao Abdou Karim, Emmanuel Azokpota, Léonce Firmin Dovonon, Abdoul Kader Alassane Moussa, Alphonse Sako Avocefohoun, et al. Assessment of Heavy Metals (As, Cd, Hg, Pb) in Sources of Water for Human Consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Literature Review. Sci J Chem. 2023;11(1):1-9. doi: 10.11648/j.sjc.20231101.11

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@article{10.11648/j.sjc.20231101.11,
  author = {Alassane Youssao Abdou Karim and Emmanuel Azokpota and Léonce Firmin Dovonon and Abdoul Kader Alassane Moussa and Alphonse Sako Avocefohoun and Daouda Mama and Dominique Codjo Koko Sohounhloue},
  title = {Assessment of Heavy Metals (As, Cd, Hg, Pb) in Sources of Water for Human Consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Literature Review},
  journal = {Science Journal of Chemistry},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-9},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sjc.20231101.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20231101.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjc.20231101.11},
  abstract = {In the world and particularly in Africa, the supply of drinking water by rural communities is still a challenge to be met due to the unavailability of water in quality and quantity. Indeed, 76% of the population in sub-Saharan Africa does not have access to drinking water. This situation is more pronounced in rural and peri-urban communities than in urban areas. Some communities, particularly in rural areas, are therefore condemned to consume surface water, rainwater and well water of dubious quality due to the contamination of this water and especially the lack of a drinking water distribution network. Several research studies on metal contamination of surface water, groundwater and rainwater have reported high levels of metals. This review article focuses on the contamination of waters in sub-Saharan Africa by cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic, because of their toxicity and the health and ecotoxicological consequences linked to their presence in water. These are heavy metals at the origin of several dangerous diseases such as lead poisoning, hydrarygysmus, Itai Itai disease, etc. This article reviews the problems of accessibility to drinking water in communities in terms of quantity and quality, the origins and levels of water contamination by metals as well as analytical methods for metals and the consequences related to the consumption of these waters.},
 year = {2023}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Assessment of Heavy Metals (As, Cd, Hg, Pb) in Sources of Water for Human Consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Literature Review
AU  - Alassane Youssao Abdou Karim
AU  - Emmanuel Azokpota
AU  - Léonce Firmin Dovonon
AU  - Abdoul Kader Alassane Moussa
AU  - Alphonse Sako Avocefohoun
AU  - Daouda Mama
AU  - Dominique Codjo Koko Sohounhloue
Y1  - 2023/01/30
PY  - 2023
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20231101.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.sjc.20231101.11
T2  - Science Journal of Chemistry
JF  - Science Journal of Chemistry
JO  - Science Journal of Chemistry
SP  - 1
EP  - 9
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-099X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20231101.11
AB  - In the world and particularly in Africa, the supply of drinking water by rural communities is still a challenge to be met due to the unavailability of water in quality and quantity. Indeed, 76% of the population in sub-Saharan Africa does not have access to drinking water. This situation is more pronounced in rural and peri-urban communities than in urban areas. Some communities, particularly in rural areas, are therefore condemned to consume surface water, rainwater and well water of dubious quality due to the contamination of this water and especially the lack of a drinking water distribution network. Several research studies on metal contamination of surface water, groundwater and rainwater have reported high levels of metals. This review article focuses on the contamination of waters in sub-Saharan Africa by cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic, because of their toxicity and the health and ecotoxicological consequences linked to their presence in water. These are heavy metals at the origin of several dangerous diseases such as lead poisoning, hydrarygysmus, Itai Itai disease, etc. This article reviews the problems of accessibility to drinking water in communities in terms of quantity and quality, the origins and levels of water contamination by metals as well as analytical methods for metals and the consequences related to the consumption of these waters.
VL  - 11
IS  - 1
ER  -

Copy | Download