Study of Expoxidation of <i>Allanblackia floribunda</i> Seed Oil for Production of Epoxy Resin

Ngozi Jane Maduelosi; Fyneface Chuku; Uzodinma Justice Okwechime

doi:doi:10.11648/j.wjac.20230804.11

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Study of Expoxidation of Allanblackia floribunda Seed Oil for Production of Epoxy Resin

Ngozi Jane Maduelosi^*, Fyneface Chuku, Uzodinma Justice Okwechime

Published in World Journal of Applied Chemistry (Volume 8, Issue 4)

Received: 3 September 2023 Accepted: 16 October 2023 Published: 22 December 2023

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Abstract

Hot water floatation method was used to extract oil from Allanblackia floribunda seeds. The oil was epoxidized in-situ, using hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid; with sulphuric acid as a catalyst, to produce epoxy resin for plastic industries due to its high oxidative stability, so as to serve as an alternative to environmental toxic synthetic epoxy resins. The physiochemical parameters of the epoxidized oil (specific gravity (S. G), cloud point, pour point, density, iodine value, flash point) were measured using standard methods of analysis. The results obtained show that the epoxidized oil has a blackish brown colour, solid at room temperature, with density and viscosity of 0.7998 g/mL and 9.78 Cst, respectively, at 60°C. The flash point was above 100°C, iodine value was 16.2 gI₂/100 g, peroxide value was 0.65 Meq/g of sample, the acid value was 0.12 mg KOH of sample and the free fatty acid content was 0.06%. It was observed that at a minimal temperature of 60°C there was oxirane conversation. This was attributed to the low iodine, peroxide, free fatty acid values, and high flash point of the epoxidized oil compared to that of the un-epoxidized sample. This suggests that the oil can be used as stabilizer to reduce plastic degradation when exposed to sunlight and volatile compounds.

Published in	World Journal of Applied Chemistry (Volume 8, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.wjac.20230804.11
Page(s)	71-73
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Epoxidation, Allanblackia Floribunda Seed Oil, Epoxy Resins, Vegetable Oil, Oxirane, Plastic, Industry

References

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[2]	Cai, C., Dai, H., Chen, R., Su, C., Xu, X., Zhang, S., & Yang, L. (2008). Studies on the kinetics office in situ epoxidation of vegetable oils. European Journal of Lipid Science Technology. 110 (4): 341-346.
[3]	Lichtenthaler, F. W, & Peters, S. (2004). Carbohydrates as green raw materials for the Industry, Competes Rendus Chimie, 7: 65 -90.
[4]	Tan, S. G & Chow, W. S. (2010). Thermal Properties, Fracture Toughness and Water Absorption of Epoxy-Palm Oil Blends, Polymer-Plastic Technology and Engineering, 49: 9.
[5]	Fesse, E. M. (1964). Definition of epoxidation. Journal of Interscience Society of Network. 4 (7): 431-439.
[6]	Blayo, A., Gandini, J. F., & Nest, L. E. (2001). Chemical and Rheological characterization of some vegetable oil derivatives commonly used in printing inks. Journal of Industrial Crop Production. 14 (2): 155-167.
[7]	Wikipedia, "Allanblackia Floribunda". Available from: https:// em.m. wikipedia.org/. [ Accessed 12 August 2023]
[8]	Maduelosi, N. J, Akinfolarin, O. M and Ikechukwu, C (2019), Characterisation and Transesterification of Allanblackia Floribunda Seed Oil for Production of Biodiesel, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 9, (12),807-810.
[9]	Dike, M. C., & Asuquo, M. E. (2012). Proximate, phytochemical and mineral composition of Allanblackia flobunda seed, Garcina kola and pogaoceosa from Nigeria rain forest. African Journal of Biotechnology. 4 (1): 45-53.
[10]	European Food Safety Agency, (2019). Technical report on scientific and technical assistance on trans fatty acids, -1433.
[11]	Rosenthal, A, Pyle, D. Land Niranja, K. (1996), Aqueous and enzymatic processes for edible oil extraction. Journal of Enzyme Microbial Technology, 19, 402-420.
[12]	Alenyorege, E. A., Hussein, Y. A. & Adongo T. A. (2015). Extraction yield, efficiency and loss of the traditional hot water floatation method of oil Extraction from the seeds of Allanblackia Floribunda. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 2, 92-95.
[13]	Santacesaria, E., R. Tessera, M., Di Serio, R. Turco, V. & Russo, D. V. (2011). Abiphasic model describing soybean oil epoxidation with H₂O₂ in a fed-batch Reactor. Chemical Engineering Journal, 173, 198-209.
[14]	AOCS (2012). Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, AOCS (Firestone, 2012).
[15]	Agüero, A., Morcillo, M. D. C., Quiles-Carrillo, L., Balart, R., Boronat, T., Lascano, D., Torres-Giner, S., & Fenollar, O. (2019). Study of the Influence of the Reprocessing Cycles on the Final Properties of Polylactide Pieces Obtained by Injection Molding. Polymers. 11: 1908. doi: 10.3390/polym11121908.
[16]	Jalil, M. J, Mohamed. N, Jamaludin, S. K, Som, A. M, & Daud, A. R. M (2014). Epoxidation Of Palm Kernel Oil-Based Crude Oleic Acid, Advanced Materials Research, 906, 125-130.
[17]	Miao, Y. X. & Liu, J. P. (2014). Epoxidation of Soybean Oil under Acid-Free Condition, Material Resource, 881–883.

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APA Style

Maduelosi, N. J., Chuku, F., Okwechime, U. J. (2023). Study of Expoxidation of Allanblackia floribunda Seed Oil for Production of Epoxy Resin. World Journal of Applied Chemistry, 8(4), 71-73. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20230804.11

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ACS Style

Maduelosi, N. J.; Chuku, F.; Okwechime, U. J. Study of Expoxidation of Allanblackia floribunda Seed Oil for Production of Epoxy Resin. World J. Appl. Chem. 2023, 8(4), 71-73. doi: 10.11648/j.wjac.20230804.11

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AMA Style

Maduelosi NJ, Chuku F, Okwechime UJ. Study of Expoxidation of Allanblackia floribunda Seed Oil for Production of Epoxy Resin. World J Appl Chem. 2023;8(4):71-73. doi: 10.11648/j.wjac.20230804.11

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@article{10.11648/j.wjac.20230804.11,
  author = {Ngozi Jane Maduelosi and Fyneface Chuku and Uzodinma Justice Okwechime},
  title = {Study of Expoxidation of Allanblackia floribunda Seed Oil for Production of Epoxy Resin},
  journal = {World Journal of Applied Chemistry},
  volume = {8},
  number = {4},
  pages = {71-73},
  doi = {10.11648/j.wjac.20230804.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20230804.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wjac.20230804.11},
  abstract = {Hot water floatation method was used to extract oil from Allanblackia floribunda seeds. The oil was epoxidized in-situ, using hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid; with sulphuric acid as a catalyst, to produce epoxy resin for plastic industries due to its high oxidative stability, so as to serve as an alternative to environmental toxic synthetic epoxy resins. The physiochemical parameters of the epoxidized oil (specific gravity (S. G), cloud point, pour point, density, iodine value, flash point) were measured using standard methods of analysis. The results obtained show that the epoxidized oil has a blackish brown colour, solid at room temperature, with density and viscosity of 0.7998 g/mL and 9.78 Cst, respectively, at 60°C. The flash point was above 100°C, iodine value was 16.2 gI2/100 g, peroxide value was 0.65 Meq/g of sample, the acid value was 0.12 mg KOH of sample and the free fatty acid content was 0.06%. It was observed that at a minimal temperature of 60°C there was oxirane conversation. This was attributed to the low iodine, peroxide, free fatty acid values, and high flash point of the epoxidized oil compared to that of the un-epoxidized sample. This suggests that the oil can be used as stabilizer to reduce plastic degradation when exposed to sunlight and volatile compounds.
},
 year = {2023}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Study of Expoxidation of Allanblackia floribunda Seed Oil for Production of Epoxy Resin
AU  - Ngozi Jane Maduelosi
AU  - Fyneface Chuku
AU  - Uzodinma Justice Okwechime
Y1  - 2023/12/22
PY  - 2023
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20230804.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.wjac.20230804.11
T2  - World Journal of Applied Chemistry
JF  - World Journal of Applied Chemistry
JO  - World Journal of Applied Chemistry
SP  - 71
EP  - 73
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2637-5982
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20230804.11
AB  - Hot water floatation method was used to extract oil from Allanblackia floribunda seeds. The oil was epoxidized in-situ, using hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid; with sulphuric acid as a catalyst, to produce epoxy resin for plastic industries due to its high oxidative stability, so as to serve as an alternative to environmental toxic synthetic epoxy resins. The physiochemical parameters of the epoxidized oil (specific gravity (S. G), cloud point, pour point, density, iodine value, flash point) were measured using standard methods of analysis. The results obtained show that the epoxidized oil has a blackish brown colour, solid at room temperature, with density and viscosity of 0.7998 g/mL and 9.78 Cst, respectively, at 60°C. The flash point was above 100°C, iodine value was 16.2 gI2/100 g, peroxide value was 0.65 Meq/g of sample, the acid value was 0.12 mg KOH of sample and the free fatty acid content was 0.06%. It was observed that at a minimal temperature of 60°C there was oxirane conversation. This was attributed to the low iodine, peroxide, free fatty acid values, and high flash point of the epoxidized oil compared to that of the un-epoxidized sample. This suggests that the oil can be used as stabilizer to reduce plastic degradation when exposed to sunlight and volatile compounds.

VL  - 8
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

Ngozi Jane Maduelosi

Department of Chemistry, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Contact Email
Fyneface Chuku

Department of Chemistry, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Uzodinma Justice Okwechime

Department of Food Science and Technology, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

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Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Maduelosi, N. J., Chuku, F., Okwechime, U. J. (2023). Study of Expoxidation of Allanblackia floribunda Seed Oil for Production of Epoxy Resin. World Journal of Applied Chemistry, 8(4), 71-73. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20230804.11

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ACS Style

Maduelosi, N. J.; Chuku, F.; Okwechime, U. J. Study of Expoxidation of Allanblackia floribunda Seed Oil for Production of Epoxy Resin. World J. Appl. Chem. 2023, 8(4), 71-73. doi: 10.11648/j.wjac.20230804.11

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AMA Style

Maduelosi NJ, Chuku F, Okwechime UJ. Study of Expoxidation of Allanblackia floribunda Seed Oil for Production of Epoxy Resin. World J Appl Chem. 2023;8(4):71-73. doi: 10.11648/j.wjac.20230804.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.wjac.20230804.11,
  author = {Ngozi Jane Maduelosi and Fyneface Chuku and Uzodinma Justice Okwechime},
  title = {Study of Expoxidation of Allanblackia floribunda Seed Oil for Production of Epoxy Resin},
  journal = {World Journal of Applied Chemistry},
  volume = {8},
  number = {4},
  pages = {71-73},
  doi = {10.11648/j.wjac.20230804.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20230804.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wjac.20230804.11},
  abstract = {Hot water floatation method was used to extract oil from Allanblackia floribunda seeds. The oil was epoxidized in-situ, using hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid; with sulphuric acid as a catalyst, to produce epoxy resin for plastic industries due to its high oxidative stability, so as to serve as an alternative to environmental toxic synthetic epoxy resins. The physiochemical parameters of the epoxidized oil (specific gravity (S. G), cloud point, pour point, density, iodine value, flash point) were measured using standard methods of analysis. The results obtained show that the epoxidized oil has a blackish brown colour, solid at room temperature, with density and viscosity of 0.7998 g/mL and 9.78 Cst, respectively, at 60°C. The flash point was above 100°C, iodine value was 16.2 gI2/100 g, peroxide value was 0.65 Meq/g of sample, the acid value was 0.12 mg KOH of sample and the free fatty acid content was 0.06%. It was observed that at a minimal temperature of 60°C there was oxirane conversation. This was attributed to the low iodine, peroxide, free fatty acid values, and high flash point of the epoxidized oil compared to that of the un-epoxidized sample. This suggests that the oil can be used as stabilizer to reduce plastic degradation when exposed to sunlight and volatile compounds.
},
 year = {2023}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Study of Expoxidation of Allanblackia floribunda Seed Oil for Production of Epoxy Resin
AU  - Ngozi Jane Maduelosi
AU  - Fyneface Chuku
AU  - Uzodinma Justice Okwechime
Y1  - 2023/12/22
PY  - 2023
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20230804.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.wjac.20230804.11
T2  - World Journal of Applied Chemistry
JF  - World Journal of Applied Chemistry
JO  - World Journal of Applied Chemistry
SP  - 71
EP  - 73
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2637-5982
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20230804.11
AB  - Hot water floatation method was used to extract oil from Allanblackia floribunda seeds. The oil was epoxidized in-situ, using hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid; with sulphuric acid as a catalyst, to produce epoxy resin for plastic industries due to its high oxidative stability, so as to serve as an alternative to environmental toxic synthetic epoxy resins. The physiochemical parameters of the epoxidized oil (specific gravity (S. G), cloud point, pour point, density, iodine value, flash point) were measured using standard methods of analysis. The results obtained show that the epoxidized oil has a blackish brown colour, solid at room temperature, with density and viscosity of 0.7998 g/mL and 9.78 Cst, respectively, at 60°C. The flash point was above 100°C, iodine value was 16.2 gI2/100 g, peroxide value was 0.65 Meq/g of sample, the acid value was 0.12 mg KOH of sample and the free fatty acid content was 0.06%. It was observed that at a minimal temperature of 60°C there was oxirane conversation. This was attributed to the low iodine, peroxide, free fatty acid values, and high flash point of the epoxidized oil compared to that of the un-epoxidized sample. This suggests that the oil can be used as stabilizer to reduce plastic degradation when exposed to sunlight and volatile compounds.

VL  - 8
IS  - 4
ER  -

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