Optimizing Garlic Yield Through Furrow Irrigation Systems and Deficit Irrigation in Central Ethiopia, Tiyo District

Abu Dedo Ilmi

doi:doi:10.11648/j.wros.20251403.11

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Optimizing Garlic Yield Through Furrow Irrigation Systems and Deficit Irrigation in Central Ethiopia, Tiyo District

Abu Dedo Ilmi^*

Published in Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science (Volume 14, Issue 3)

Received: 6 March 2025 Accepted: 17 April 2025 Published: 14 May 2025

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Abstract

Water scarcity presents a significant challenge to sustainable agriculture, especially in semi-arid regions like Ethiopia, where limited water availability intensifies dependence on efficient irrigation methods. This study assessed the impact of three furrow irrigation systems—Conventional Furrow Irrigation (CFI), Alternate Furrow Irrigation (AFI), and Fixed Furrow Irrigation (FFI)—combined with four levels of deficit irrigation (100%, 85%, 70%, and 55% of crop evapotranspiration, ETc) on garlic yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in Tiyo District, Central Ethiopia. A factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) was employed with 12 treatment combinations and three replications. Results revealed that CFI at 85%ETc achieved the highest garlic yield among deficit treatments (82.68 q/ha), while AFI at 100%ETc provided a comparable yield with significantly reduced water use. The maximum irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) of 31.52 kg/mm was observed under AFI70%ETc, followed closely by AFI100%ETc at 28.64 kg/mm. Crop water use efficiency (CWUE) was highest under CFI100%ETc at 26.35 kg/mm. Despite FFI being less effective due to uneven water distribution, AFI demonstrated consistent superiority in maintaining stable yields and maximizing WUE, especially under limited water conditions. The study concludes that AFI coupled with moderate deficit irrigation (100% or 85%ETc) offers a promising approach for improving garlic productivity and sustainable water management. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and farmers seeking adaptive strategies to enhance crop performance in water-scarce environments.

Published in	Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science (Volume 14, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.wros.20251403.11
Page(s)	60-69
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Garlic (Allium Sativum.), Furrow Irrigation Systems, Deficit Irrigation, Water Use Efficiency, Irrigation Water Use Efficiency (IWUE), Sustainable Water Resource Management, Ethiopia

References

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[2]	Ayele, T., Workneh, T., & Assefa, H. (2020). Evaluation of alternative furrow irrigation systems for water use efficiency in Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 12(3), 45-56. https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n3p45
[3]	Bauder, T. A., Waskom, R. M., Sutherland, P. L., & Davis, J. G. (2014). Irrigation Water Quality Criteria. Colorado State University Extension.
[4]	FAO. (2019). Ethiopia Agricultural Development Strategy. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb1562en
[5]	Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2019). "Ethiopia’s Agricultural Economy: Challenges and Opportunities." Rome, Italy.
[6]	Gebremariam, H., Berhane, G., & Alemayehu, E. (2019). "Deficit irrigation strategies for improving water productivity in horticultural crops." Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 29(3), 245-256.
[7]	Gebremariam, M., Tesfaye, K., & Alemayehu, D. (2019). Deficit irrigation: A tool for improving water productivity in arid regions. Ethiopian Journal of Water Resources, 11(2), 88-104.
[8]	Nikus, O., & Mulugeta, F. (2010). Onion Seed Production Techniques: A Manual for Extension Agents and Seed Producers. Asella, Ethiopia: FAO-CDMDP.
[9]	Kebede, A., Mesfin, S., & Lemma, G. (2018). Impact of irrigation systems on garlic production in Ethiopia. Agricultural Water Management Journal, 23(4), 201-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.02.017
[10]	Kebede, T., Alemayehu, M., & Tesfaye, G. (2018). "Water stress impacts on garlic (Allium sativum L.) growth and yield: Evidence from Ethiopia." Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 93(4), 412-420.
[11]	Ministry of Agriculture (MoA). (2021). "Irrigation Practices in Ethiopia." Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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[13]	Ayana, A. (2011). Water use efficiency under different deficit irrigation levels in onion. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(2), 301-307.
[14]	Kloss, S. et al. (2015). Impact of water stress on crops and water use efficiency in furrow irrigation systems. Water Resources Management, 29(4), 1205-1218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-014-0861-4
[15]	Abd El-Hady, M. & Eldardiry, E. (2016). Water productivity under different furrow irrigation systems in arid conditions. Agricultural Water Management, 178, 280-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.10.007
[16]	Tadesse Mugoro, A. (2020). Improving crop water use efficiency through deficit irrigation: A case study in garlic. Irrigation and Drainage Systems Engineering, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9768.1000211
[17]	Abdelkhalik, A., Pascual-Seva, N., & Sánchez-Blanco, M. J. (2019). Deficit irrigation and organic fertilization improve water use efficiency in garlic. Agricultural Water Management, 223, 105689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2019.105689
[18]	Birhanu, L. (2020). Irrigation scheduling and its impact on water use efficiency and crop productivity. Journal of Water and Climate Change, 11(2), 483-494. https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2019.235
[19]	Rowell, D. L. (1994). Soil Science: Methods and Applications. Longman Scientific and Technical.
[20]	Demirtas, M. N. & Serhat, T. (2009). Effect of irrigation regimes on yield and quality of garlic. Acta Horticulture, 826, 109-116. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2009.826.13
[21]	Smith, R., Cahn, M., & Hartz, T. (2011). Nutrient and salinity management in garlic production. University of California Extension Publications.
[22]	Bryan, R., Bauder, T., & Waskom, R. (2007). Irrigation water quality criteria. Colorado State University Extension, Fact Sheet No. 0.506.
[23]	Ilmi, A. D., Kebede, A., & Hordofa, T. (2025). Effect of Water Application Level on Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Under Different Furrow Irrigation Systems, in Tiyo District, Central Ethiopia. 9(1), 77-99. https://doi.org/10.46382/MJBAS.2025.9106

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APA Style

Ilmi, A. D. (2025). Optimizing Garlic Yield Through Furrow Irrigation Systems and Deficit Irrigation in Central Ethiopia, Tiyo District. Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science, 14(3), 60-69. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20251403.11

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ACS Style

Ilmi, A. D. Optimizing Garlic Yield Through Furrow Irrigation Systems and Deficit Irrigation in Central Ethiopia, Tiyo District. J. Water Resour. Ocean Sci. 2025, 14(3), 60-69. doi: 10.11648/j.wros.20251403.11

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AMA Style

Ilmi AD. Optimizing Garlic Yield Through Furrow Irrigation Systems and Deficit Irrigation in Central Ethiopia, Tiyo District. J Water Resour Ocean Sci. 2025;14(3):60-69. doi: 10.11648/j.wros.20251403.11

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@article{10.11648/j.wros.20251403.11,
  author = {Abu Dedo Ilmi},
  title = {Optimizing Garlic Yield Through Furrow Irrigation Systems and Deficit Irrigation in Central Ethiopia, Tiyo District
},
  journal = {Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science},
  volume = {14},
  number = {3},
  pages = {60-69},
  doi = {10.11648/j.wros.20251403.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20251403.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wros.20251403.11},
  abstract = {Water scarcity presents a significant challenge to sustainable agriculture, especially in semi-arid regions like Ethiopia, where limited water availability intensifies dependence on efficient irrigation methods. This study assessed the impact of three furrow irrigation systems—Conventional Furrow Irrigation (CFI), Alternate Furrow Irrigation (AFI), and Fixed Furrow Irrigation (FFI)—combined with four levels of deficit irrigation (100%, 85%, 70%, and 55% of crop evapotranspiration, ETc) on garlic yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in Tiyo District, Central Ethiopia. A factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) was employed with 12 treatment combinations and three replications. Results revealed that CFI at 85%ETc achieved the highest garlic yield among deficit treatments (82.68 q/ha), while AFI at 100%ETc provided a comparable yield with significantly reduced water use. The maximum irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) of 31.52 kg/mm was observed under AFI70%ETc, followed closely by AFI100%ETc at 28.64 kg/mm. Crop water use efficiency (CWUE) was highest under CFI100%ETc at 26.35 kg/mm. Despite FFI being less effective due to uneven water distribution, AFI demonstrated consistent superiority in maintaining stable yields and maximizing WUE, especially under limited water conditions. The study concludes that AFI coupled with moderate deficit irrigation (100% or 85%ETc) offers a promising approach for improving garlic productivity and sustainable water management. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and farmers seeking adaptive strategies to enhance crop performance in water-scarce environments.
},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Optimizing Garlic Yield Through Furrow Irrigation Systems and Deficit Irrigation in Central Ethiopia, Tiyo District

AU  - Abu Dedo Ilmi
Y1  - 2025/05/14
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20251403.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.wros.20251403.11
T2  - Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science
JF  - Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science
JO  - Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science
SP  - 60
EP  - 69
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-7993
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20251403.11
AB  - Water scarcity presents a significant challenge to sustainable agriculture, especially in semi-arid regions like Ethiopia, where limited water availability intensifies dependence on efficient irrigation methods. This study assessed the impact of three furrow irrigation systems—Conventional Furrow Irrigation (CFI), Alternate Furrow Irrigation (AFI), and Fixed Furrow Irrigation (FFI)—combined with four levels of deficit irrigation (100%, 85%, 70%, and 55% of crop evapotranspiration, ETc) on garlic yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in Tiyo District, Central Ethiopia. A factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) was employed with 12 treatment combinations and three replications. Results revealed that CFI at 85%ETc achieved the highest garlic yield among deficit treatments (82.68 q/ha), while AFI at 100%ETc provided a comparable yield with significantly reduced water use. The maximum irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) of 31.52 kg/mm was observed under AFI70%ETc, followed closely by AFI100%ETc at 28.64 kg/mm. Crop water use efficiency (CWUE) was highest under CFI100%ETc at 26.35 kg/mm. Despite FFI being less effective due to uneven water distribution, AFI demonstrated consistent superiority in maintaining stable yields and maximizing WUE, especially under limited water conditions. The study concludes that AFI coupled with moderate deficit irrigation (100% or 85%ETc) offers a promising approach for improving garlic productivity and sustainable water management. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and farmers seeking adaptive strategies to enhance crop performance in water-scarce environments.

VL  - 14
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Author Information

Abu Dedo Ilmi

Oromia Agricultural Research Institute, Jimma Agricultural Engineering Research Center, Jimma, Ethiopia

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0002-0588-3204

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APA Style

Ilmi, A. D. (2025). Optimizing Garlic Yield Through Furrow Irrigation Systems and Deficit Irrigation in Central Ethiopia, Tiyo District. Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science, 14(3), 60-69. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20251403.11

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ACS Style

Ilmi, A. D. Optimizing Garlic Yield Through Furrow Irrigation Systems and Deficit Irrigation in Central Ethiopia, Tiyo District. J. Water Resour. Ocean Sci. 2025, 14(3), 60-69. doi: 10.11648/j.wros.20251403.11

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AMA Style

Ilmi AD. Optimizing Garlic Yield Through Furrow Irrigation Systems and Deficit Irrigation in Central Ethiopia, Tiyo District. J Water Resour Ocean Sci. 2025;14(3):60-69. doi: 10.11648/j.wros.20251403.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.wros.20251403.11,
  author = {Abu Dedo Ilmi},
  title = {Optimizing Garlic Yield Through Furrow Irrigation Systems and Deficit Irrigation in Central Ethiopia, Tiyo District
},
  journal = {Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science},
  volume = {14},
  number = {3},
  pages = {60-69},
  doi = {10.11648/j.wros.20251403.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20251403.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wros.20251403.11},
  abstract = {Water scarcity presents a significant challenge to sustainable agriculture, especially in semi-arid regions like Ethiopia, where limited water availability intensifies dependence on efficient irrigation methods. This study assessed the impact of three furrow irrigation systems—Conventional Furrow Irrigation (CFI), Alternate Furrow Irrigation (AFI), and Fixed Furrow Irrigation (FFI)—combined with four levels of deficit irrigation (100%, 85%, 70%, and 55% of crop evapotranspiration, ETc) on garlic yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in Tiyo District, Central Ethiopia. A factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) was employed with 12 treatment combinations and three replications. Results revealed that CFI at 85%ETc achieved the highest garlic yield among deficit treatments (82.68 q/ha), while AFI at 100%ETc provided a comparable yield with significantly reduced water use. The maximum irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) of 31.52 kg/mm was observed under AFI70%ETc, followed closely by AFI100%ETc at 28.64 kg/mm. Crop water use efficiency (CWUE) was highest under CFI100%ETc at 26.35 kg/mm. Despite FFI being less effective due to uneven water distribution, AFI demonstrated consistent superiority in maintaining stable yields and maximizing WUE, especially under limited water conditions. The study concludes that AFI coupled with moderate deficit irrigation (100% or 85%ETc) offers a promising approach for improving garlic productivity and sustainable water management. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and farmers seeking adaptive strategies to enhance crop performance in water-scarce environments.
},
 year = {2025}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Optimizing Garlic Yield Through Furrow Irrigation Systems and Deficit Irrigation in Central Ethiopia, Tiyo District

AU  - Abu Dedo Ilmi
Y1  - 2025/05/14
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20251403.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.wros.20251403.11
T2  - Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science
JF  - Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science
JO  - Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science
SP  - 60
EP  - 69
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-7993
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20251403.11
AB  - Water scarcity presents a significant challenge to sustainable agriculture, especially in semi-arid regions like Ethiopia, where limited water availability intensifies dependence on efficient irrigation methods. This study assessed the impact of three furrow irrigation systems—Conventional Furrow Irrigation (CFI), Alternate Furrow Irrigation (AFI), and Fixed Furrow Irrigation (FFI)—combined with four levels of deficit irrigation (100%, 85%, 70%, and 55% of crop evapotranspiration, ETc) on garlic yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in Tiyo District, Central Ethiopia. A factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) was employed with 12 treatment combinations and three replications. Results revealed that CFI at 85%ETc achieved the highest garlic yield among deficit treatments (82.68 q/ha), while AFI at 100%ETc provided a comparable yield with significantly reduced water use. The maximum irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) of 31.52 kg/mm was observed under AFI70%ETc, followed closely by AFI100%ETc at 28.64 kg/mm. Crop water use efficiency (CWUE) was highest under CFI100%ETc at 26.35 kg/mm. Despite FFI being less effective due to uneven water distribution, AFI demonstrated consistent superiority in maintaining stable yields and maximizing WUE, especially under limited water conditions. The study concludes that AFI coupled with moderate deficit irrigation (100% or 85%ETc) offers a promising approach for improving garlic productivity and sustainable water management. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and farmers seeking adaptive strategies to enhance crop performance in water-scarce environments.

VL  - 14
IS  - 3
ER  -

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