Lambda-type Three-Level Laser Coupled to Squeezed Vacuum Reservoir
Takele Teshome,
Gomera Biyazn,
Misrak Gatahun
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 1, June 2021
Pages:
1-6
Received:
7 March 2021
Accepted:
17 March 2021
Published:
30 March 2021
Abstract: The squeezing, entanglement, and statistical properties of light produced by lambda-type three-level laser coupled to squeezed vacuum reservoir have been studied. We have determined the quadrature variances mean as well as variance photon number photon for cavity modes with the aid of the solutions of c-number Langevin equations associated with the normal order. The results show that the light produced by the system under consideration in squeezed state. The squeezed vacuum reservoir enhances both the quadrature squeezing and mean photon numbers. In addition, the mean photon number of mode b is greater than that of a if more atoms injected with state |a>. We have calculated the quadrature variances of the cavity modes, the result shows that the light produced by the system under consideration is in squeezed state and the squeezing occurs in the minus quadrature. The result also shows that the effect of the squeezed vacuum reservoir is not only enhancing the degree of squeezing for the light modes but also to generate the photons for the system under consideration. The system produce entangled two mode light that increase with η and linear gain coefficient but decrease with squeezing parameters. The correlation function of the two modes decreases as η, the linear gain coefficient and increase with squeezing parameter.
Abstract: The squeezing, entanglement, and statistical properties of light produced by lambda-type three-level laser coupled to squeezed vacuum reservoir have been studied. We have determined the quadrature variances mean as well as variance photon number photon for cavity modes with the aid of the solutions of c-number Langevin equations associated with the...
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Raman and Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Fatty Acids and Lipids
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 1, June 2021
Pages:
7-22
Received:
4 May 2021
Accepted:
20 May 2021
Published:
27 May 2021
Abstract: The goal of this thesis was to study, determine, and measure Raman and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) of fatty acids and lipids. Firstly, the Raman measurement was done using silver substrate where the activation process was achieved by focusing crystals of green laser radiation 5 mW power at 5 minutes on the silver substrate. The Raman measurement again was done using Invia Raman Spectroscopy with 514 nm excitation and objective 100x magnification where the samples to be measured were incubated using RH6G (good signal analyzer). After the incubation process, the samples were rinsed with water and allowed to dry for 5 minutes where ten samples of fatty acids and lipids were measured, recorded, saved and baseline of the spectra’s were corrected using matlab codes and averaged. Secondly the SERS measurement was done by growing silver chloride nanoparticle on the silver substrate where the substrate was dipped in a precursor solution of silver nitrate and sodium chloride in a cyclic process. The photosensitive silver chloride crystals were reduced into silver nanoparticles using laser light from the Invia Raman spectroscopy. The SERS measurement was done by depositing the fatty acids and lipids to be measured on the spot which contains the silver nanoparticle recorded the values, saved and baseline of the spectra’s corrected using MatLab codes and averaged. This thesis work reveals that, the peaks obtained by the Raman and SERS measurement originated from the double bonds which was used to identify saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and lipids from one another. The study reveals that, the Raman measurement occurs at higher concentrations whereas the SERS measurement occurs at lower concentrations. The study reveals that the SERS measurement depends on the nature of the analyte, integration time, shape, size and laser power whereas the Raman measurement depends on the surface area and laser power. Lastly, the study reveals that the 514 nm excitation was negligible to efficiently execute the surface Plasmons of the SERS measurement.
Abstract: The goal of this thesis was to study, determine, and measure Raman and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) of fatty acids and lipids. Firstly, the Raman measurement was done using silver substrate where the activation process was achieved by focusing crystals of green laser radiation 5 mW power at 5 minutes on the silver substrate. The Raman...
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