Research Article
Investment Portfolio Diversification and Financial Performance of Retirement Benefits Schemes in Kenya
Dominic Shukrani Kenga*
,
Abdulkadir Ali Banafa
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 1, March 2025
Pages:
1-9
Received:
6 October 2024
Accepted:
6 May 2025
Published:
12 June 2025
Abstract: The general objective of the study was to investigate the effect of investment portfolio diversification on the financial performance of retirement benefits schemes in Kenya. The study further examined the moderating effect of foreign exchange rate on the relationship between the variables under inquiry. The study adopted the descriptive research design. The population of study comprised of 87 schemes. The sample size of the study was 72 units and it was determined using the she stratified random sampling technique. The study used both primary and secondary data. The statistical package for social sciences was used in data analysis. The hypothesis testing led to the rejection of H01 and H02, thus confirming that investment diversification in equities and investment diversification in bonds have a significant positive effect on the financial performance of the retirement benefits schemes in Kenya. The hypothesis testing for the moderated relationship model led to the rejection of H03, thus confirming that foreign exchange rate has a significant moderating effect on the relationship between investment portfolio diversification and the financial performance of the retirement benefits schemes in Kenya. The researcher therefore, recommends that the retirement benefits schemes should focus on diversifying their investments in equities and bonds because they both have a positive effect on the company’s financial performance. The researcher further recommends that the schemes should closely monitor the foreign exchange rate, because it has a significant moderating effect on the relationship between investment portfolio diversification and financial performance.
Abstract: The general objective of the study was to investigate the effect of investment portfolio diversification on the financial performance of retirement benefits schemes in Kenya. The study further examined the moderating effect of foreign exchange rate on the relationship between the variables under inquiry. The study adopted the descriptive research d...
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Review Article
Opportunities and Challenges of Fruits Industry Development in Ethiopia - from Subsistence to Specialized Commodity Commercialization: The Case of Avocado Fruit
Edossa Etissa*,
Tamirat Fikadu,
Amsalu Nebiyu
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 1, March 2025
Pages:
10-23
Received:
16 February 2025
Accepted:
24 April 2025
Published:
21 July 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.jim.20251401.12
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: This paper explores the detail opportunities and challenges of avocado production system. Avocado fruits production has multiple opportunities and has recently production and use is rocketed up, involving many actors along the value chain in Ethiopia. Although the avocado has extreme opportunities, the industry development has multitude of challenges and bottle necks that hinder the development, use and commercialization. The details of how these subsistence productions systems would be shifted from meeting subsistence needs to satisfying the interest of national and global market requirements through avocado industry development and commodity commercialization are reviewed. Through enhancing opportunities and rectifying these challenges of avocado development through institutional frameworks, creating strong avocado industry development policy environment and policy system, it is possible to transform avocado production from subsistence to specialized commodity production in Ethiopia through commitment, good hierarchal governances and leadership up to down to Woreda and avocado cluster associations and member levels. In addition, creating multi-party development actors and forums along the avocado value chain, the desired commodity will get fit into the global markets. Through creating and promoting global competitor private avocado producers and processing companies in Ethiopia, the economic importance of avocado industry in Ethiopia’s economy is realized sooner or later.
Abstract: This paper explores the detail opportunities and challenges of avocado production system. Avocado fruits production has multiple opportunities and has recently production and use is rocketed up, involving many actors along the value chain in Ethiopia. Although the avocado has extreme opportunities, the industry development has multitude of challeng...
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