Optimization Study of Methyl Ester (Biodiesel) Synthesis from Chicken Tallow Using Polyoxomolybdate Catalyst

Ibrahim Garba Wawata; Abubakar Umar Birnin Yauri; Aliyu Muhammed; Babayemi Wasiu

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajset.20230803.18

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Optimization Study of Methyl Ester (Biodiesel) Synthesis from Chicken Tallow Using Polyoxomolybdate Catalyst

Ibrahim Garba Wawata, Abubakar Umar Birnin Yauri, Aliyu Muhammed, Babayemi Wasiu

Published in American Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology (Volume 8, Issue 3)

Received: 9 August 2023 Accepted: 25 August 2023 Published: 6 September 2023

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Abstract

Biodiesel, which consists of fatty acid alkyl esters, is currently accepted as a potential alternative to petro-diesel due to its low carbon footprint and environmental advantages. This study synthesized a polyoxomolybdate catalyst in an organic-aqueous phase at a pH of 2, using Ammonium Molybdate ((NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄.4H₂O) salt. The catalyst underwent characterization through a UV-visible spectrophotometer method. The physicochemical properties of the chicken tallow were determined using standard methods from AOCS and other established techniques. The transesterification of chicken tallow utilizing polyoxomolybdate was optimized using a three-level, four-factorial Box-Behnken experimental Design with 27 runs of Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Furthermore, the produced biodiesel was characterized using FTIR, while the profiles of fatty acid methyl esters were determined using the Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. The fuel properties of the biodiesel were analyzed using ASTM methods. The spectroscopic studies of the catalyst unveiled the presence of predominantly (Mo₂O₂²⁺) and H₂MoO₄ species. The chicken tallow reveals low acid and free fatty acid values, with a moderate degree of unsaturation (iodine value) and saponification value. The experimental results and surface response plot indicated an optimal biodiesel yield of 96.9% at 60°C for 60 minutes, using an oil-to-methanol ratio of 1: 6 with a catalyst loading of 1.2g. Additionally, the FTIR and GC-MS analyses demonstrate the successful conversion of chicken tallow into methyl ester, exhibiting favorable fuel properties that fall within the acceptable limits set by ASTM. The polyoxomolydate catalyst showcases exceptional activity, good reusability (up to 3 cycle run), and ease of separation from the product mixture.

Published in	American Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology (Volume 8, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajset.20230803.18
Page(s)	173-183
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Polyoxomolybdates, Catalyst, Methyl Esters, Chicken Tallow, Transesterification, Biodiesel, Optimization

References

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APA Style

Ibrahim Garba Wawata, Abubakar Umar Birnin Yauri, Aliyu Muhammed, Babayemi Wasiu. (2023). Optimization Study of Methyl Ester (Biodiesel) Synthesis from Chicken Tallow Using Polyoxomolybdate Catalyst. American Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology, 8(3), 173-183. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajset.20230803.18

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ACS Style

Ibrahim Garba Wawata; Abubakar Umar Birnin Yauri; Aliyu Muhammed; Babayemi Wasiu. Optimization Study of Methyl Ester (Biodiesel) Synthesis from Chicken Tallow Using Polyoxomolybdate Catalyst. Am. J. Sci. Eng. Technol. 2023, 8(3), 173-183. doi: 10.11648/j.ajset.20230803.18

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AMA Style

Ibrahim Garba Wawata, Abubakar Umar Birnin Yauri, Aliyu Muhammed, Babayemi Wasiu. Optimization Study of Methyl Ester (Biodiesel) Synthesis from Chicken Tallow Using Polyoxomolybdate Catalyst. Am J Sci Eng Technol. 2023;8(3):173-183. doi: 10.11648/j.ajset.20230803.18

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@article{10.11648/j.ajset.20230803.18,
  author = {Ibrahim Garba Wawata and Abubakar Umar Birnin Yauri and Aliyu Muhammed and Babayemi Wasiu},
  title = {Optimization Study of Methyl Ester (Biodiesel) Synthesis from Chicken Tallow Using Polyoxomolybdate Catalyst},
  journal = {American Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology},
  volume = {8},
  number = {3},
  pages = {173-183},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajset.20230803.18},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajset.20230803.18},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajset.20230803.18},
  abstract = {Biodiesel, which consists of fatty acid alkyl esters, is currently accepted as a potential alternative to petro-diesel due to its low carbon footprint and environmental advantages. This study synthesized a polyoxomolybdate catalyst in an organic-aqueous phase at a pH of 2, using Ammonium Molybdate ((NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O) salt. The catalyst underwent characterization through a UV-visible spectrophotometer method. The physicochemical properties of the chicken tallow were determined using standard methods from AOCS and other established techniques. The transesterification of chicken tallow utilizing polyoxomolybdate was optimized using a three-level, four-factorial Box-Behnken experimental Design with 27 runs of Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Furthermore, the produced biodiesel was characterized using FTIR, while the profiles of fatty acid methyl esters were determined using the Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. The fuel properties of the biodiesel were analyzed using ASTM methods. The spectroscopic studies of the catalyst unveiled the presence of predominantly (Mo2O22+) and H2MoO4 species. The chicken tallow reveals low acid and free fatty acid values, with a moderate degree of unsaturation (iodine value) and saponification value. The experimental results and surface response plot indicated an optimal biodiesel yield of 96.9% at 60°C for 60 minutes, using an oil-to-methanol ratio of 1: 6 with a catalyst loading of 1.2g. Additionally, the FTIR and GC-MS analyses demonstrate the successful conversion of chicken tallow into methyl ester, exhibiting favorable fuel properties that fall within the acceptable limits set by ASTM. The polyoxomolydate catalyst showcases exceptional activity, good reusability (up to 3 cycle run), and ease of separation from the product mixture.},
 year = {2023}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Optimization Study of Methyl Ester (Biodiesel) Synthesis from Chicken Tallow Using Polyoxomolybdate Catalyst
AU  - Ibrahim Garba Wawata
AU  - Abubakar Umar Birnin Yauri
AU  - Aliyu Muhammed
AU  - Babayemi Wasiu
Y1  - 2023/09/06
PY  - 2023
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajset.20230803.18
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajset.20230803.18
T2  - American Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology
JF  - American Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology
JO  - American Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology
SP  - 173
EP  - 183
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-8353
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajset.20230803.18
AB  - Biodiesel, which consists of fatty acid alkyl esters, is currently accepted as a potential alternative to petro-diesel due to its low carbon footprint and environmental advantages. This study synthesized a polyoxomolybdate catalyst in an organic-aqueous phase at a pH of 2, using Ammonium Molybdate ((NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O) salt. The catalyst underwent characterization through a UV-visible spectrophotometer method. The physicochemical properties of the chicken tallow were determined using standard methods from AOCS and other established techniques. The transesterification of chicken tallow utilizing polyoxomolybdate was optimized using a three-level, four-factorial Box-Behnken experimental Design with 27 runs of Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Furthermore, the produced biodiesel was characterized using FTIR, while the profiles of fatty acid methyl esters were determined using the Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. The fuel properties of the biodiesel were analyzed using ASTM methods. The spectroscopic studies of the catalyst unveiled the presence of predominantly (Mo2O22+) and H2MoO4 species. The chicken tallow reveals low acid and free fatty acid values, with a moderate degree of unsaturation (iodine value) and saponification value. The experimental results and surface response plot indicated an optimal biodiesel yield of 96.9% at 60°C for 60 minutes, using an oil-to-methanol ratio of 1: 6 with a catalyst loading of 1.2g. Additionally, the FTIR and GC-MS analyses demonstrate the successful conversion of chicken tallow into methyl ester, exhibiting favorable fuel properties that fall within the acceptable limits set by ASTM. The polyoxomolydate catalyst showcases exceptional activity, good reusability (up to 3 cycle run), and ease of separation from the product mixture.
VL  - 8
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Author Information

Ibrahim Garba Wawata

Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, Nigeria
Abubakar Umar Birnin Yauri

Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, Nigeria
Aliyu Muhammed

Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, Nigeria
Babayemi Wasiu

Statistics Unit, Department of Mathematics, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, Nigeria

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APA Style

Ibrahim Garba Wawata, Abubakar Umar Birnin Yauri, Aliyu Muhammed, Babayemi Wasiu. (2023). Optimization Study of Methyl Ester (Biodiesel) Synthesis from Chicken Tallow Using Polyoxomolybdate Catalyst. American Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology, 8(3), 173-183. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajset.20230803.18

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ACS Style

Ibrahim Garba Wawata; Abubakar Umar Birnin Yauri; Aliyu Muhammed; Babayemi Wasiu. Optimization Study of Methyl Ester (Biodiesel) Synthesis from Chicken Tallow Using Polyoxomolybdate Catalyst. Am. J. Sci. Eng. Technol. 2023, 8(3), 173-183. doi: 10.11648/j.ajset.20230803.18

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AMA Style

Ibrahim Garba Wawata, Abubakar Umar Birnin Yauri, Aliyu Muhammed, Babayemi Wasiu. Optimization Study of Methyl Ester (Biodiesel) Synthesis from Chicken Tallow Using Polyoxomolybdate Catalyst. Am J Sci Eng Technol. 2023;8(3):173-183. doi: 10.11648/j.ajset.20230803.18

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajset.20230803.18,
  author = {Ibrahim Garba Wawata and Abubakar Umar Birnin Yauri and Aliyu Muhammed and Babayemi Wasiu},
  title = {Optimization Study of Methyl Ester (Biodiesel) Synthesis from Chicken Tallow Using Polyoxomolybdate Catalyst},
  journal = {American Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology},
  volume = {8},
  number = {3},
  pages = {173-183},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajset.20230803.18},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajset.20230803.18},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajset.20230803.18},
  abstract = {Biodiesel, which consists of fatty acid alkyl esters, is currently accepted as a potential alternative to petro-diesel due to its low carbon footprint and environmental advantages. This study synthesized a polyoxomolybdate catalyst in an organic-aqueous phase at a pH of 2, using Ammonium Molybdate ((NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O) salt. The catalyst underwent characterization through a UV-visible spectrophotometer method. The physicochemical properties of the chicken tallow were determined using standard methods from AOCS and other established techniques. The transesterification of chicken tallow utilizing polyoxomolybdate was optimized using a three-level, four-factorial Box-Behnken experimental Design with 27 runs of Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Furthermore, the produced biodiesel was characterized using FTIR, while the profiles of fatty acid methyl esters were determined using the Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. The fuel properties of the biodiesel were analyzed using ASTM methods. The spectroscopic studies of the catalyst unveiled the presence of predominantly (Mo2O22+) and H2MoO4 species. The chicken tallow reveals low acid and free fatty acid values, with a moderate degree of unsaturation (iodine value) and saponification value. The experimental results and surface response plot indicated an optimal biodiesel yield of 96.9% at 60°C for 60 minutes, using an oil-to-methanol ratio of 1: 6 with a catalyst loading of 1.2g. Additionally, the FTIR and GC-MS analyses demonstrate the successful conversion of chicken tallow into methyl ester, exhibiting favorable fuel properties that fall within the acceptable limits set by ASTM. The polyoxomolydate catalyst showcases exceptional activity, good reusability (up to 3 cycle run), and ease of separation from the product mixture.},
 year = {2023}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Optimization Study of Methyl Ester (Biodiesel) Synthesis from Chicken Tallow Using Polyoxomolybdate Catalyst
AU  - Ibrahim Garba Wawata
AU  - Abubakar Umar Birnin Yauri
AU  - Aliyu Muhammed
AU  - Babayemi Wasiu
Y1  - 2023/09/06
PY  - 2023
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajset.20230803.18
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajset.20230803.18
T2  - American Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology
JF  - American Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology
JO  - American Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology
SP  - 173
EP  - 183
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-8353
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajset.20230803.18
AB  - Biodiesel, which consists of fatty acid alkyl esters, is currently accepted as a potential alternative to petro-diesel due to its low carbon footprint and environmental advantages. This study synthesized a polyoxomolybdate catalyst in an organic-aqueous phase at a pH of 2, using Ammonium Molybdate ((NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O) salt. The catalyst underwent characterization through a UV-visible spectrophotometer method. The physicochemical properties of the chicken tallow were determined using standard methods from AOCS and other established techniques. The transesterification of chicken tallow utilizing polyoxomolybdate was optimized using a three-level, four-factorial Box-Behnken experimental Design with 27 runs of Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Furthermore, the produced biodiesel was characterized using FTIR, while the profiles of fatty acid methyl esters were determined using the Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. The fuel properties of the biodiesel were analyzed using ASTM methods. The spectroscopic studies of the catalyst unveiled the presence of predominantly (Mo2O22+) and H2MoO4 species. The chicken tallow reveals low acid and free fatty acid values, with a moderate degree of unsaturation (iodine value) and saponification value. The experimental results and surface response plot indicated an optimal biodiesel yield of 96.9% at 60°C for 60 minutes, using an oil-to-methanol ratio of 1: 6 with a catalyst loading of 1.2g. Additionally, the FTIR and GC-MS analyses demonstrate the successful conversion of chicken tallow into methyl ester, exhibiting favorable fuel properties that fall within the acceptable limits set by ASTM. The polyoxomolydate catalyst showcases exceptional activity, good reusability (up to 3 cycle run), and ease of separation from the product mixture.
VL  - 8
IS  - 3
ER  -

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