Analysis of Physico-Chemical Properties of Beeswax Produced in Bale Natural Forest, South-Eastern Ethiopia

Bekele Tesfaye; Desalegn Begna; Mitiku Eshetu

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ejb.20160405.11

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Analysis of Physico-Chemical Properties of Beeswax Produced in Bale Natural Forest, South-Eastern Ethiopia

Bekele Tesfaye, Desalegn Begna, Mitiku Eshetu

Published in European Journal of Biophysics (Volume 4, Issue 5)

Received: 29 November 2016 Accepted: 3 January 2017 Published: 19 January 2017

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Abstract

The study was conducted to evaluate physico-chemical properties of beeswax from Bale natural forest Southeastern of Ethiopia in 2014/15. For analysis fifteen (15) crude beeswax samples each of 1 to 3 kg were obtained from three locations considering the different agro-ecologies of Bale and compared against to the national and international standards. The physico-chemical characters evaluated were: melting point, specific gravity, refractive index, volatile matter, acid value, saponification value, ester value, and acid to ester ratio. Although there were some significant variation (P <0.05) between the different agro-ecologies, all samples collected were found in the range of the national and international standard limits. The means results of beeswax sample collected were Melting Point (62.39±0.12), Acid Value (22.33±0.39), Ester Value (75.58±0.84), Ester to Acid Ratio (3.38±0.07), Saponification Value (98.04±0.86), Specific gravity (0.9598±0.001), Refractive Index (1.4426±0.0002) and Volatile Matter (0.3335±0.027). Results obtained in this study, indicate that beeswax obtained from Bale show excellent quality characters according to the national and international standards. Hence, it is advisable to utilize the potentials for export market with better improved technology interventions.

Published in	European Journal of Biophysics (Volume 4, Issue 5)
DOI	10.11648/j.ejb.20160405.11
Page(s)	42-46
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Physico-Chemical, Properties, Beeswax, Quality, Natural Forest, Bale

References

[1]	Bernal J. L, Jiménez J. J, Delnozal M. J, Toribio L, Martín M. T. (2005). Physico-chemical parameters for the characterization of pure beeswax and detection of adulterations Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, Spain. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 107: 158–166.
[2]	Anam. O. O. and Gathuru E. M (1985). Melting point and saponification cloud point of adulterated beeswax. Proceedings of 3rd International conference on apiculture in tropical climate, 1984, pp 222-223 Nairobi, Kenya.
[3]	Tulloch, A. P. (1980). Beeswax composition and analysis. Bee World. v 61, pp 47–62.
[4]	Nuru Adgaba (2007). Physical and Chemical properties of Ethiopian beeswax and detection of adulteration. Ethiopian journal of Animal Production, volume 7, Number 1, pp 39-48.
[5]	Bogdanov S. (2004) Beeswax: quality issues today. Bee World 85: 46-50.
[6]	American Beeswax Importers and Refiners Association Inc. (1968).The United States Pharmacopeia-24/National Formulary-19, National Publishing, New York, USA, pp. 2536–2537.
[7]	United States Pharmacopoeial Convention, Inc.,(2000). National Publishing. National Formulary, 19, 2537.
[8]	Tulloch, A. P, Hoffman L. L, (1972). Canadian beeswax: analytical values and composition of hydrocarbons, free acids and long chain esters. J Am Oil Chem Soc, 49, 696–699.
[9]	Bonreh Serra J. and Bormejo Orantes F. J. (2011). Detection of adulterated commercial Spanish beeswax. Food Chemistry, http:// www.elsevier.com/locate/foodchem.
[10]	Ethiopian Standard (2005). Beeswax-Specification. First edition, ES 1203.
[11]	Krell R. (1996). Value added products from bee keeping. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin, 124. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Rome, Italy, 371 p.
[12]	EAS (East African Standard) (2010). Beeswax – crude and refined Specification. www.eachq. Org.
[13]	Kenya Standard (2013). Specification for natural beeswax. CD/05 – 1279, ICS 67.120.
[14]	Indian Standard (2007). Beeswax, Crude and Refined Specification (Third Revision) res, 65.140.10; 75.140, https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S06is.1504.1996.

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APA Style

Bekele Tesfaye, Desalegn Begna, Mitiku Eshetu. (2017). Analysis of Physico-Chemical Properties of Beeswax Produced in Bale Natural Forest, South-Eastern Ethiopia. European Journal of Biophysics, 4(5), 42-46. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejb.20160405.11

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ACS Style

Bekele Tesfaye; Desalegn Begna; Mitiku Eshetu. Analysis of Physico-Chemical Properties of Beeswax Produced in Bale Natural Forest, South-Eastern Ethiopia. Eur. J. Biophys. 2017, 4(5), 42-46. doi: 10.11648/j.ejb.20160405.11

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AMA Style

Bekele Tesfaye, Desalegn Begna, Mitiku Eshetu. Analysis of Physico-Chemical Properties of Beeswax Produced in Bale Natural Forest, South-Eastern Ethiopia. Eur J Biophys. 2017;4(5):42-46. doi: 10.11648/j.ejb.20160405.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ejb.20160405.11,
  author = {Bekele Tesfaye and Desalegn Begna and Mitiku Eshetu},
  title = {Analysis of Physico-Chemical Properties of Beeswax Produced in Bale Natural Forest, South-Eastern Ethiopia},
  journal = {European Journal of Biophysics},
  volume = {4},
  number = {5},
  pages = {42-46},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ejb.20160405.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejb.20160405.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ejb.20160405.11},
  abstract = {The study was conducted to evaluate physico-chemical properties of beeswax from Bale natural forest Southeastern of Ethiopia in 2014/15. For analysis fifteen (15) crude beeswax samples each of 1 to 3 kg were obtained from three locations considering the different agro-ecologies of Bale and compared against to the national and international standards. The physico-chemical characters evaluated were: melting point, specific gravity, refractive index, volatile matter, acid value, saponification value, ester value, and acid to ester ratio. Although there were some significant variation (P <0.05) between the different agro-ecologies, all samples collected were found in the range of the national and international standard limits. The means results of beeswax sample collected were Melting Point (62.39±0.12), Acid Value (22.33±0.39), Ester Value (75.58±0.84), Ester to Acid Ratio (3.38±0.07), Saponification Value (98.04±0.86), Specific gravity (0.9598±0.001), Refractive Index (1.4426±0.0002) and Volatile Matter (0.3335±0.027). Results obtained in this study, indicate that beeswax obtained from Bale show excellent quality characters according to the national and international standards. Hence, it is advisable to utilize the potentials for export market with better improved technology interventions.},
 year = {2017}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Analysis of Physico-Chemical Properties of Beeswax Produced in Bale Natural Forest, South-Eastern Ethiopia
AU  - Bekele Tesfaye
AU  - Desalegn Begna
AU  - Mitiku Eshetu
Y1  - 2017/01/19
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejb.20160405.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ejb.20160405.11
T2  - European Journal of Biophysics
JF  - European Journal of Biophysics
JO  - European Journal of Biophysics
SP  - 42
EP  - 46
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2329-1737
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejb.20160405.11
AB  - The study was conducted to evaluate physico-chemical properties of beeswax from Bale natural forest Southeastern of Ethiopia in 2014/15. For analysis fifteen (15) crude beeswax samples each of 1 to 3 kg were obtained from three locations considering the different agro-ecologies of Bale and compared against to the national and international standards. The physico-chemical characters evaluated were: melting point, specific gravity, refractive index, volatile matter, acid value, saponification value, ester value, and acid to ester ratio. Although there were some significant variation (P <0.05) between the different agro-ecologies, all samples collected were found in the range of the national and international standard limits. The means results of beeswax sample collected were Melting Point (62.39±0.12), Acid Value (22.33±0.39), Ester Value (75.58±0.84), Ester to Acid Ratio (3.38±0.07), Saponification Value (98.04±0.86), Specific gravity (0.9598±0.001), Refractive Index (1.4426±0.0002) and Volatile Matter (0.3335±0.027). Results obtained in this study, indicate that beeswax obtained from Bale show excellent quality characters according to the national and international standards. Hence, it is advisable to utilize the potentials for export market with better improved technology interventions.
VL  - 4
IS  - 5
ER  -

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Author Information

Bekele Tesfaye

Oromiya Agriculture Research Institute (OARI), Sinana Agriculture Research Center (SARC), Bale-Robe, Ethiopia
Desalegn Begna

Oromiya Agriculture Research Institute (OARI), Holeta Bee Research Center (HBRC), Holeta, Ethiopia
Mitiku Eshetu

Haramay University, Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Dire-Dawa, Ethiopia

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APA Style

Bekele Tesfaye, Desalegn Begna, Mitiku Eshetu. (2017). Analysis of Physico-Chemical Properties of Beeswax Produced in Bale Natural Forest, South-Eastern Ethiopia. European Journal of Biophysics, 4(5), 42-46. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejb.20160405.11

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ACS Style

Bekele Tesfaye; Desalegn Begna; Mitiku Eshetu. Analysis of Physico-Chemical Properties of Beeswax Produced in Bale Natural Forest, South-Eastern Ethiopia. Eur. J. Biophys. 2017, 4(5), 42-46. doi: 10.11648/j.ejb.20160405.11

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AMA Style

Bekele Tesfaye, Desalegn Begna, Mitiku Eshetu. Analysis of Physico-Chemical Properties of Beeswax Produced in Bale Natural Forest, South-Eastern Ethiopia. Eur J Biophys. 2017;4(5):42-46. doi: 10.11648/j.ejb.20160405.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ejb.20160405.11,
  author = {Bekele Tesfaye and Desalegn Begna and Mitiku Eshetu},
  title = {Analysis of Physico-Chemical Properties of Beeswax Produced in Bale Natural Forest, South-Eastern Ethiopia},
  journal = {European Journal of Biophysics},
  volume = {4},
  number = {5},
  pages = {42-46},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ejb.20160405.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejb.20160405.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ejb.20160405.11},
  abstract = {The study was conducted to evaluate physico-chemical properties of beeswax from Bale natural forest Southeastern of Ethiopia in 2014/15. For analysis fifteen (15) crude beeswax samples each of 1 to 3 kg were obtained from three locations considering the different agro-ecologies of Bale and compared against to the national and international standards. The physico-chemical characters evaluated were: melting point, specific gravity, refractive index, volatile matter, acid value, saponification value, ester value, and acid to ester ratio. Although there were some significant variation (P <0.05) between the different agro-ecologies, all samples collected were found in the range of the national and international standard limits. The means results of beeswax sample collected were Melting Point (62.39±0.12), Acid Value (22.33±0.39), Ester Value (75.58±0.84), Ester to Acid Ratio (3.38±0.07), Saponification Value (98.04±0.86), Specific gravity (0.9598±0.001), Refractive Index (1.4426±0.0002) and Volatile Matter (0.3335±0.027). Results obtained in this study, indicate that beeswax obtained from Bale show excellent quality characters according to the national and international standards. Hence, it is advisable to utilize the potentials for export market with better improved technology interventions.},
 year = {2017}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Analysis of Physico-Chemical Properties of Beeswax Produced in Bale Natural Forest, South-Eastern Ethiopia
AU  - Bekele Tesfaye
AU  - Desalegn Begna
AU  - Mitiku Eshetu
Y1  - 2017/01/19
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejb.20160405.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ejb.20160405.11
T2  - European Journal of Biophysics
JF  - European Journal of Biophysics
JO  - European Journal of Biophysics
SP  - 42
EP  - 46
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2329-1737
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejb.20160405.11
AB  - The study was conducted to evaluate physico-chemical properties of beeswax from Bale natural forest Southeastern of Ethiopia in 2014/15. For analysis fifteen (15) crude beeswax samples each of 1 to 3 kg were obtained from three locations considering the different agro-ecologies of Bale and compared against to the national and international standards. The physico-chemical characters evaluated were: melting point, specific gravity, refractive index, volatile matter, acid value, saponification value, ester value, and acid to ester ratio. Although there were some significant variation (P <0.05) between the different agro-ecologies, all samples collected were found in the range of the national and international standard limits. The means results of beeswax sample collected were Melting Point (62.39±0.12), Acid Value (22.33±0.39), Ester Value (75.58±0.84), Ester to Acid Ratio (3.38±0.07), Saponification Value (98.04±0.86), Specific gravity (0.9598±0.001), Refractive Index (1.4426±0.0002) and Volatile Matter (0.3335±0.027). Results obtained in this study, indicate that beeswax obtained from Bale show excellent quality characters according to the national and international standards. Hence, it is advisable to utilize the potentials for export market with better improved technology interventions.
VL  - 4
IS  - 5
ER  -

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