Background: In African countries, rubella is widely under-recognized public health problem, and information on its epidemiology is very limited. In Ethiopia, rubella is not prioritized disease under surveillance and its vaccine has not been introduced into infant vaccination schedule. Rumor of suspected rubella outbreak received on January 26/2018. The purpose of investigation was to establish rumor existence, describe cases epidemiologically, identify causative agent and source of the outbreak to support outbreak control activities. Methods: A1:2 unmatched case-control study conducted at General Tadesse Biru Primary School, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from February 3-25/2018. Total of 41 cases and 82 controls included. Controls selected conveniently from same school and data collected using structured questioner. Data analysis done using Epi-info software version7.2.1.0. Result: Total of 41 rubella cases identified. Index case and source of outbreak were not identified. Rubella sample positivity rate was 20%. First case seen on 5th January and last case on 19th February/2018. Most 23 (56.1%) cases were females and 17 (41.46%) among grade 1 and 2 students. Median age of cases was 10 years (IQR=4). Overall attack rate in the school was 1.39% and case fatality rate zero. All cases were complaining rash and 80.49% had fever. Educational status of grade 5-6 and 7-8 had 0.13- and 0.12-time reduced risk of developing rubella disease than grade 1-2 at P-value less than 0.05, respectively. Conclusion: Although index case and source of infection not identified, the outbreak might be driven by contact and sharing transportation service. Late notification causes late investigation and control. Provision of health education at school and community increase people’s awareness on rubella that contribute to control the outbreak.
| Published in | European Journal of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences (Volume 7, Issue 4) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ejcbs.20210704.11 |
| Page(s) | 53-59 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Rubella Outbreak Investigation, School, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2018
| [1] | Reef SE, Frey TK, Theall K, et al. (2002). "The changing epidemiology of rubella in the 1990s: on the verge of elimination and new challenges for control and prevention". JAMA. 287 (4): 464–72. doi: 10.1001/jama.287.4.464. PMID 11798368. |
| [2] | Health Care Guideline: Routine Prenatal Care. Fourteenth Edition. Archived 2012-06-24 at the Wayback Machine. By the Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement July 2010. |
| [3] | BestbJMb (2007). "Rubella". Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 12 (3): 182–92. doi: 10.1016/j.siny.2007.01.017. PMID 17337363. |
| [4] | Vijayalakshmi P, Anuradha R, Prakash K, Narendran K, Ravindran M, et al. (2004) Rubella serosurveys at three Aravind Eye Hospitals in Tamil Nadu, India. Bull World Health Organization 82: 259-264. |
| [5] | Lanzieri TM, Segatto C, Siqueira MM, De Oliveria Santos EC, Jin L, et al. (2003) Burden of congenital rubella syndrome after a community- wide rubella outbreak, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil, 2000 to 2001. Pediatr Infect Dis J 22: 323 329. (try 8) |
| [6] | Donald G. McNeil Jr. (April 29, 2015). "Rubella Has Been Eliminated from the Americas, Health Officials Say". The New York Times. |
| [7] | Global Programme for Vaccines and Immunization, EPI. Immunization Policy. Geneva: EPI WHO, 1996. |
| [8] | Robertson SE, Cutts FT, Samuel R, Diaz-Ortega JL. Control of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in developing countries, part 2: vaccination against rubella. Bull WHO 1997; 75: 69-80. |
| [9] | Lawn JE, Reef S, Baffoe-Bonnie B, Adadevoh S, Caul EO, Griffin GE. Unseen blindness, unheard deafness, and unrecorded death and disability: congenital rubella in Kumasi, Ghana. Am J Public Health 2000; 90: 1555–61. |
| [10] | Plotkin SA, Katz M, Cordero JF. The eradication of rubella. JAMA 1999; 281: 561-2 (try 5). |
| [11] | "Colombia, libre de sarampión y rubéola - Archivo Digital de Noticias de Colombia y el Mundodesde 1.990 - eltiempo.com". |
| [12] | WHO Regional Office for Europe. Guidelines for measles and rubella outbreak investigation and response in the WHO European Region, 2013. |
| [13] | WHO Regional Office for Africa. African Regional Guidelines for Measles and Rubella Surveillance, Revised April 2015. |
| [14] | Negga Asamene Abera, Rajiha Abuboker, Amete Mihret and Degefu Beyene. Reaserch Article Rubella Outbreak Investigation in Wombera and Dibate District, Metekel Zone, Benshangul Gumuz Region, January, 2013. |
| [15] | Getachew Dinede, Abigiya Wondimagegnehu and Fikre Enquselassie. Rubella outbreak in the school children, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: February–April 2018. |
| [16] | C. Ziebold, B. Hassenpflug, H. WegnerBröse, K. Wegner, H. J. Schmitt. Clinical and Epidemiological Study. An Outbreak of Rubella aboard a Ship of the German Navy, 1996. |
| [17] | Annamercy Chenaimoyo Makoni, Milton Chemhuru, Donewell Bangure, &, Notion Tafara Gombe, Mufuta Tshimanga. Rubella outbreak investigation, Gokwe North District, Midlands province, Zimbabwe, 2014 - a case control study. Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Ministry of Health and Child Care, Zimbabwe, 2014. |
| [18] | Kassahun Mitiku, Tesfaye Bedada, Balcha Masresha, Wendemagegn Kegne, Fatoumata Nafo-Traore´, Neghist Tesfaye, and Berhane Beyene. The Epidemiology of Rubella Disease in Ethiopia: Data from the Measles Case-Based Surveillance System. JID 2011: 204. |
APA Style
Kefyalew Amene Bogale, Tesfahun Abiye Meshesha, Mukemil Hussein Mohammed, Tigist Abera Seyoum, Abiy Girmay. (2021). Rubella Outbreak Investigation at General Tadesse Biru Primary School, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2018. European Journal of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, 7(4), 53-59. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejcbs.20210704.11
ACS Style
Kefyalew Amene Bogale; Tesfahun Abiye Meshesha; Mukemil Hussein Mohammed; Tigist Abera Seyoum; Abiy Girmay. Rubella Outbreak Investigation at General Tadesse Biru Primary School, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2018. Eur. J. Clin. Biomed. Sci. 2021, 7(4), 53-59. doi: 10.11648/j.ejcbs.20210704.11
AMA Style
Kefyalew Amene Bogale, Tesfahun Abiye Meshesha, Mukemil Hussein Mohammed, Tigist Abera Seyoum, Abiy Girmay. Rubella Outbreak Investigation at General Tadesse Biru Primary School, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2018. Eur J Clin Biomed Sci. 2021;7(4):53-59. doi: 10.11648/j.ejcbs.20210704.11
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.ejcbs.20210704.11,
author = {Kefyalew Amene Bogale and Tesfahun Abiye Meshesha and Mukemil Hussein Mohammed and Tigist Abera Seyoum and Abiy Girmay},
title = {Rubella Outbreak Investigation at General Tadesse Biru Primary School, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2018},
journal = {European Journal of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences},
volume = {7},
number = {4},
pages = {53-59},
doi = {10.11648/j.ejcbs.20210704.11},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejcbs.20210704.11},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ejcbs.20210704.11},
abstract = {Background: In African countries, rubella is widely under-recognized public health problem, and information on its epidemiology is very limited. In Ethiopia, rubella is not prioritized disease under surveillance and its vaccine has not been introduced into infant vaccination schedule. Rumor of suspected rubella outbreak received on January 26/2018. The purpose of investigation was to establish rumor existence, describe cases epidemiologically, identify causative agent and source of the outbreak to support outbreak control activities. Methods: A1:2 unmatched case-control study conducted at General Tadesse Biru Primary School, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from February 3-25/2018. Total of 41 cases and 82 controls included. Controls selected conveniently from same school and data collected using structured questioner. Data analysis done using Epi-info software version7.2.1.0. Result: Total of 41 rubella cases identified. Index case and source of outbreak were not identified. Rubella sample positivity rate was 20%. First case seen on 5th January and last case on 19th February/2018. Most 23 (56.1%) cases were females and 17 (41.46%) among grade 1 and 2 students. Median age of cases was 10 years (IQR=4). Overall attack rate in the school was 1.39% and case fatality rate zero. All cases were complaining rash and 80.49% had fever. Educational status of grade 5-6 and 7-8 had 0.13- and 0.12-time reduced risk of developing rubella disease than grade 1-2 at P-value less than 0.05, respectively. Conclusion: Although index case and source of infection not identified, the outbreak might be driven by contact and sharing transportation service. Late notification causes late investigation and control. Provision of health education at school and community increase people’s awareness on rubella that contribute to control the outbreak.},
year = {2021}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Rubella Outbreak Investigation at General Tadesse Biru Primary School, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2018 AU - Kefyalew Amene Bogale AU - Tesfahun Abiye Meshesha AU - Mukemil Hussein Mohammed AU - Tigist Abera Seyoum AU - Abiy Girmay Y1 - 2021/07/22 PY - 2021 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejcbs.20210704.11 DO - 10.11648/j.ejcbs.20210704.11 T2 - European Journal of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences JF - European Journal of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences JO - European Journal of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences SP - 53 EP - 59 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2575-5005 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejcbs.20210704.11 AB - Background: In African countries, rubella is widely under-recognized public health problem, and information on its epidemiology is very limited. In Ethiopia, rubella is not prioritized disease under surveillance and its vaccine has not been introduced into infant vaccination schedule. Rumor of suspected rubella outbreak received on January 26/2018. The purpose of investigation was to establish rumor existence, describe cases epidemiologically, identify causative agent and source of the outbreak to support outbreak control activities. Methods: A1:2 unmatched case-control study conducted at General Tadesse Biru Primary School, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from February 3-25/2018. Total of 41 cases and 82 controls included. Controls selected conveniently from same school and data collected using structured questioner. Data analysis done using Epi-info software version7.2.1.0. Result: Total of 41 rubella cases identified. Index case and source of outbreak were not identified. Rubella sample positivity rate was 20%. First case seen on 5th January and last case on 19th February/2018. Most 23 (56.1%) cases were females and 17 (41.46%) among grade 1 and 2 students. Median age of cases was 10 years (IQR=4). Overall attack rate in the school was 1.39% and case fatality rate zero. All cases were complaining rash and 80.49% had fever. Educational status of grade 5-6 and 7-8 had 0.13- and 0.12-time reduced risk of developing rubella disease than grade 1-2 at P-value less than 0.05, respectively. Conclusion: Although index case and source of infection not identified, the outbreak might be driven by contact and sharing transportation service. Late notification causes late investigation and control. Provision of health education at school and community increase people’s awareness on rubella that contribute to control the outbreak. VL - 7 IS - 4 ER -
Information
Email: