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Rubella Outbreak Investigation at General Tadesse Biru Primary School, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2018
Kefyalew Amene Bogale,
Tesfahun Abiye Meshesha,
Mukemil Hussein Mohammed,
Tigist Abera Seyoum,
Abiy Girmay
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 4, August 2021
Pages:
53-59
Received:
28 June 2021
Accepted:
15 July 2021
Published:
22 July 2021
Abstract: Background: In African countries, rubella is widely under-recognized public health problem, and information on its epidemiology is very limited. In Ethiopia, rubella is not prioritized disease under surveillance and its vaccine has not been introduced into infant vaccination schedule. Rumor of suspected rubella outbreak received on January 26/2018. The purpose of investigation was to establish rumor existence, describe cases epidemiologically, identify causative agent and source of the outbreak to support outbreak control activities. Methods: A1:2 unmatched case-control study conducted at General Tadesse Biru Primary School, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from February 3-25/2018. Total of 41 cases and 82 controls included. Controls selected conveniently from same school and data collected using structured questioner. Data analysis done using Epi-info software version7.2.1.0. Result: Total of 41 rubella cases identified. Index case and source of outbreak were not identified. Rubella sample positivity rate was 20%. First case seen on 5th January and last case on 19th February/2018. Most 23 (56.1%) cases were females and 17 (41.46%) among grade 1 and 2 students. Median age of cases was 10 years (IQR=4). Overall attack rate in the school was 1.39% and case fatality rate zero. All cases were complaining rash and 80.49% had fever. Educational status of grade 5-6 and 7-8 had 0.13- and 0.12-time reduced risk of developing rubella disease than grade 1-2 at P-value less than 0.05, respectively. Conclusion: Although index case and source of infection not identified, the outbreak might be driven by contact and sharing transportation service. Late notification causes late investigation and control. Provision of health education at school and community increase people’s awareness on rubella that contribute to control the outbreak.
Abstract: Background: In African countries, rubella is widely under-recognized public health problem, and information on its epidemiology is very limited. In Ethiopia, rubella is not prioritized disease under surveillance and its vaccine has not been introduced into infant vaccination schedule. Rumor of suspected rubella outbreak received on January 26/2018....
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Bacterial Ecology of Otorrhea at the Laquintinie Hospital in Douala, Cameroon
Jean Teghonong,
Dieudonne Adiogo
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 4, August 2021
Pages:
60-64
Received:
16 July 2021
Accepted:
27 July 2021
Published:
6 August 2021
Abstract: Background: Otitis media is an inflammation of the lining of the middle ear, involving the eardrum, ancillary cavities and the auditory tube. Prolonged, it can be suppurative. The etiology can be bacterial, fungal or viral. The observation of this disease led us to do this study to look for possible treatment alternatives. Method: We conducted a prospective, descriptive and cross-sectional study, from February 1 to May 3, 2013 at Laquintinie hospital in Douala. The samples taken were cultured, the identification of the strains made by the galleries API (20E ™, STAPH, 20 STREP), the study of the sensitivity to antibiotics and antifungals by the method of diffusion of discs on agar. Results: 38.3% of patients had infected left ear, 53.2% right ear and 8.5% had bilateral otitis. In 50.5% of pus, at least 2 germs were isolated. 95.7% of samples were culture positive and 4.3% negative. 79.1% of bacteria were isolated against 20.9% of fungals. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was mostly isolated (50.9%) followed by staphylococcus aureus (15.1%). We had better susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to imipenem (88.5%), piperacillin (80.8%), ciprofloxacin (76.2%) and significant resistance to ticarcillin (7.7%). The best sensitivity of Candida is that of ketoconazole (92.9%). Conclusion: The bacterial profile is different from that encountered in most Western countries. The main etiologies are: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Fungals were also present. Imipenem and ketoconazole are the antibiotic and antifungal of choice, respectively.
Abstract: Background: Otitis media is an inflammation of the lining of the middle ear, involving the eardrum, ancillary cavities and the auditory tube. Prolonged, it can be suppurative. The etiology can be bacterial, fungal or viral. The observation of this disease led us to do this study to look for possible treatment alternatives. Method: We conducted a pr...
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Early Infant Feeding Practices Among Mothers of Southeast Nigeria
Ihuoma Kathleen Ukpabi,
Ebelechuku Francesca Ugochukwu,
Chinyere Ukamaka Onubogu,
Uchenna Ekwochi,
Chuka Pius Manyike,
Kenneth Nchekwube Okeke
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 4, August 2021
Pages:
65-74
Received:
12 August 2021
Accepted:
23 August 2021
Published:
31 August 2021
Abstract: Background: The promotion of optimal infant feeding practices is the most cost-effective of all interventions to reduce infant mortality. In spite of the recommendation of the WHO for optimal breastfeeding practices, several studies in Nigeria on early infant feeding practices have indicated a need for continuous auditing of feeding practices among mothers to make improvements. Objective: This study evaluated the early infant feeding practices of mothers and associated factors. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive, multi-centre, questionnaire-based survey was conducted among 2,287 mother-infant pairs in 13 Baby Friendly Hospitals in Southeast Nigeria. Results: The rate of early initiation of breastfeeding [EIBF] within the first one hour of birth was 22.9%, while the exclusive breastfeeding [EBF] rate was 39.3%. The main deterrent to EBF was early introduction of water [94.0%], formula [40.9%] and complementary feeds [85.7%]. There was a statistically significant difference [p<0.001] between the nutritional status of the exclusively breastfed infants and those non-exclusively breastfed, with moderate underweight, and severe underweight malnutrition in the non-exclusively breastfed group. Sociodemographic factors associated with EBF were infant’s birth order [p<0.001], maternal age [p=0.010], mother’s and spouse’s education [p<0.001 and p<0.001], mother’s and spouse’s occupation [p<0.001 and p<0.001]. Conclusion: Policies and measures to promote hospital deliveries targeting all mothers, with special focus on the poor, rural, working, and primiparous mothers, should become a top priority to improve the rate of EIBF. Promotion of EBF with emphasis on the dangers of early introduction of water, formula and complementary feeding should be intensified.
Abstract: Background: The promotion of optimal infant feeding practices is the most cost-effective of all interventions to reduce infant mortality. In spite of the recommendation of the WHO for optimal breastfeeding practices, several studies in Nigeria on early infant feeding practices have indicated a need for continuous auditing of feeding practices among...
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