Diabetic Retinopathy and the Risk Factors in South Sudan: A Six Months Study

Kenneth Lado Sube; Joseph Daniel Lako; Wani Gindalang Mena; Oromo Francis Seriano; Ader Macar Ader; Richard Lado Lako; Charles Ochero Langoya; Anthony Yousepha Lasuba; Justin Bruno Tongun; Constatine Jervase Yak

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijcems.20200604.15

Diabetic Retinopathy and the Risk Factors in South Sudan: A Six Months Study

Kenneth Lado Sube, Joseph Daniel Lako, Wani Gindalang Mena, Oromo Francis Seriano, Ader Macar Ader, Richard Lado Lako, Charles Ochero Langoya, Anthony Yousepha Lasuba, Justin Bruno Tongun, Constatine Jervase Yak

Published in International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences (Volume 6, Issue 4)

Received: 17 July 2020 Accepted: 30 July 2020 Published: 20 August 2020

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Abstract

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) remains as one of the global epidemic of Non Communicable Diseases. Diabetic Retinopathy (DR), as one of its complications, has a prevalence of 35.4% worldwide. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors for DR among DM patients attending Diabetic Clinic in Malakia Health Center, Juba, South Sudan. Design and Method: This was a prospective, cross-sectional study in which diabetic patients attending Diabetic clinic, Malakia Health Center, were recruited for a period of Six months. All Diabetic patients were included and their demographic data recorded. Clinical data of duration of diabetes and hypertension were noted. Their Visual acuity, Blood pressure, Height, Weight, and Random blood sugar were measured. Eyes were examined and anterior segment diseases diagnosed. Funduscopy was done to determine posterior segment diseases and DR classified. Data were entered into SPSS version 22, analyzed and results expressed in statistical tables. Any result of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Out of 108 patients and 216 eyes examined, males were 55.6% (60) and females 44.4% (48) with ages ranging from 23 to 75yrs, mean age of 51.1yrs (SD+/10.67). Patients with age 46-65 years had the highest 64.8% (70) and 18-35 years as the lowest 6.5% (8) with p>0.05. Most of these patients 39.8% (43) were from Kator block residential area with p>0.05. Type I DM were 27.8% (30) and Type II 72.2% (78) with p>0.05. DR prevalence was 13% (28) with NPDR the highest 11.6% (25) and PDR the lowest 0.5% (1) with p<0.05. No DR was 64% (139). DME was 7.4% (16) and cataract 3.7% (8). Risk factors for DR among the patients showed that the highest duration of DM was in >5yrs 68.5% (74) with p>0.05, uncontrolled blood glucose was 81.5% (88) with p>0.05, known hypertensive was 48.1% (52), high blood pressure (>120/80 mmHg) was 43.5% (41) with p>0.05 and BMI (>30kg/m² was 23.1% (25) with p<0.05. There were 12% (25), 20% (44), and 68% (147) eyes blind, visual impairment and normal respectively due DR and the other eye conditions (p<0.05). Chi-square test showed BMI, BP and visual acuity were the only strongly associated to DR with P values of 0.007, 0.001 and 0.000 respectively. Conclusion: The study had shown, for the first time in South Sudan, the prevalence of DR as 13% with some of its risk factors. This will influence policy makers to develop strategies to improve management of DM and DR in the country.

Published in	International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences (Volume 6, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijcems.20200604.15
Page(s)	79-84
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetic Retinopathy, Prevalence, Diabetic Clinic, South Sudan

References

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APA Style

Kenneth Lado Sube, Joseph Daniel Lako, Wani Gindalang Mena, Oromo Francis Seriano, Ader Macar Ader, et al. (2020). Diabetic Retinopathy and the Risk Factors in South Sudan: A Six Months Study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences, 6(4), 79-84. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20200604.15

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ACS Style

Kenneth Lado Sube; Joseph Daniel Lako; Wani Gindalang Mena; Oromo Francis Seriano; Ader Macar Ader, et al. Diabetic Retinopathy and the Risk Factors in South Sudan: A Six Months Study. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med. Sci. 2020, 6(4), 79-84. doi: 10.11648/j.ijcems.20200604.15

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AMA Style

Kenneth Lado Sube, Joseph Daniel Lako, Wani Gindalang Mena, Oromo Francis Seriano, Ader Macar Ader, et al. Diabetic Retinopathy and the Risk Factors in South Sudan: A Six Months Study. Int J Clin Exp Med Sci. 2020;6(4):79-84. doi: 10.11648/j.ijcems.20200604.15

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@article{10.11648/j.ijcems.20200604.15,
  author = {Kenneth Lado Sube and Joseph Daniel Lako and Wani Gindalang Mena and Oromo Francis Seriano and Ader Macar Ader and Richard Lado Lako and Charles Ochero Langoya and Anthony Yousepha Lasuba and Justin Bruno Tongun and Constatine Jervase Yak},
  title = {Diabetic Retinopathy and the Risk Factors in South Sudan: A Six Months Study},
  journal = {International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences},
  volume = {6},
  number = {4},
  pages = {79-84},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijcems.20200604.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20200604.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijcems.20200604.15},
  abstract = {Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) remains as one of the global epidemic of Non Communicable Diseases. Diabetic Retinopathy (DR), as one of its complications, has a prevalence of 35.4% worldwide. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors for DR among DM patients attending Diabetic Clinic in Malakia Health Center, Juba, South Sudan. Design and Method: This was a prospective, cross-sectional study in which diabetic patients attending Diabetic clinic, Malakia Health Center, were recruited for a period of Six months. All Diabetic patients were included and their demographic data recorded. Clinical data of duration of diabetes and hypertension were noted. Their Visual acuity, Blood pressure, Height, Weight, and Random blood sugar were measured. Eyes were examined and anterior segment diseases diagnosed. Funduscopy was done to determine posterior segment diseases and DR classified. Data were entered into SPSS version 22, analyzed and results expressed in statistical tables. Any result of pResults: Out of 108 patients and 216 eyes examined, males were 55.6% (60) and females 44.4% (48) with ages ranging from 23 to 75yrs, mean age of 51.1yrs (SD+/10.67). Patients with age 46-65 years had the highest 64.8% (70) and 18-35 years as the lowest 6.5% (8) with p>0.05. Most of these patients 39.8% (43) were from Kator block residential area with p>0.05. Type I DM were 27.8% (30) and Type II 72.2% (78) with p>0.05. DR prevalence was 13% (28) with NPDR the highest 11.6% (25) and PDR the lowest 0.5% (1) with p5yrs 68.5% (74) with p>0.05, uncontrolled blood glucose was 81.5% (88) with p>0.05, known hypertensive was 48.1% (52), high blood pressure (>120/80 mmHg) was 43.5% (41) with p>0.05 and BMI (>30kg/m2 was 23.1% (25) with pConclusion: The study had shown, for the first time in South Sudan, the prevalence of DR as 13% with some of its risk factors. This will influence policy makers to develop strategies to improve management of DM and DR in the country.},
 year = {2020}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Diabetic Retinopathy and the Risk Factors in South Sudan: A Six Months Study
AU  - Kenneth Lado Sube
AU  - Joseph Daniel Lako
AU  - Wani Gindalang Mena
AU  - Oromo Francis Seriano
AU  - Ader Macar Ader
AU  - Richard Lado Lako
AU  - Charles Ochero Langoya
AU  - Anthony Yousepha Lasuba
AU  - Justin Bruno Tongun
AU  - Constatine Jervase Yak
Y1  - 2020/08/20
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20200604.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijcems.20200604.15
T2  - International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences
JF  - International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences
JO  - International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences
SP  - 79
EP  - 84
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2469-8032
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20200604.15
AB  - Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) remains as one of the global epidemic of Non Communicable Diseases. Diabetic Retinopathy (DR), as one of its complications, has a prevalence of 35.4% worldwide. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors for DR among DM patients attending Diabetic Clinic in Malakia Health Center, Juba, South Sudan. Design and Method: This was a prospective, cross-sectional study in which diabetic patients attending Diabetic clinic, Malakia Health Center, were recruited for a period of Six months. All Diabetic patients were included and their demographic data recorded. Clinical data of duration of diabetes and hypertension were noted. Their Visual acuity, Blood pressure, Height, Weight, and Random blood sugar were measured. Eyes were examined and anterior segment diseases diagnosed. Funduscopy was done to determine posterior segment diseases and DR classified. Data were entered into SPSS version 22, analyzed and results expressed in statistical tables. Any result of pResults: Out of 108 patients and 216 eyes examined, males were 55.6% (60) and females 44.4% (48) with ages ranging from 23 to 75yrs, mean age of 51.1yrs (SD+/10.67). Patients with age 46-65 years had the highest 64.8% (70) and 18-35 years as the lowest 6.5% (8) with p>0.05. Most of these patients 39.8% (43) were from Kator block residential area with p>0.05. Type I DM were 27.8% (30) and Type II 72.2% (78) with p>0.05. DR prevalence was 13% (28) with NPDR the highest 11.6% (25) and PDR the lowest 0.5% (1) with p5yrs 68.5% (74) with p>0.05, uncontrolled blood glucose was 81.5% (88) with p>0.05, known hypertensive was 48.1% (52), high blood pressure (>120/80 mmHg) was 43.5% (41) with p>0.05 and BMI (>30kg/m2 was 23.1% (25) with pConclusion: The study had shown, for the first time in South Sudan, the prevalence of DR as 13% with some of its risk factors. This will influence policy makers to develop strategies to improve management of DM and DR in the country.
VL  - 6
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

Kenneth Lado Sube

College of Medicine, University of Juba, Juba, South Sudan
Joseph Daniel Lako

College of Industrial and Applied Sciences, University of Juba, Juba, South Sudan
Wani Gindalang Mena

Department of Ophthalmology, Juba Teaching Hospital, Juba, South Sudan
Oromo Francis Seriano

College of Medicine, University of Juba, Juba, South Sudan
Ader Macar Ader

College of Medicine, University of Juba, Juba, South Sudan
Richard Lado Lako

Directorate of Research and Policy, National Ministry of Health, Juba, South Sudan
Charles Ochero Langoya

College of Medicine and Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Anthony Yousepha Lasuba

College of Medicine, University of Juba, Juba, South Sudan
Justin Bruno Tongun

College of Medicine, University of Juba, Juba, South Sudan
Constatine Jervase Yak

Faculty of Medicine, University of Bahr El Ghazal, Wau, South Sudan

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APA Style

Kenneth Lado Sube, Joseph Daniel Lako, Wani Gindalang Mena, Oromo Francis Seriano, Ader Macar Ader, et al. (2020). Diabetic Retinopathy and the Risk Factors in South Sudan: A Six Months Study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences, 6(4), 79-84. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20200604.15

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ACS Style

Kenneth Lado Sube; Joseph Daniel Lako; Wani Gindalang Mena; Oromo Francis Seriano; Ader Macar Ader, et al. Diabetic Retinopathy and the Risk Factors in South Sudan: A Six Months Study. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med. Sci. 2020, 6(4), 79-84. doi: 10.11648/j.ijcems.20200604.15

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AMA Style

Kenneth Lado Sube, Joseph Daniel Lako, Wani Gindalang Mena, Oromo Francis Seriano, Ader Macar Ader, et al. Diabetic Retinopathy and the Risk Factors in South Sudan: A Six Months Study. Int J Clin Exp Med Sci. 2020;6(4):79-84. doi: 10.11648/j.ijcems.20200604.15

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@article{10.11648/j.ijcems.20200604.15,
  author = {Kenneth Lado Sube and Joseph Daniel Lako and Wani Gindalang Mena and Oromo Francis Seriano and Ader Macar Ader and Richard Lado Lako and Charles Ochero Langoya and Anthony Yousepha Lasuba and Justin Bruno Tongun and Constatine Jervase Yak},
  title = {Diabetic Retinopathy and the Risk Factors in South Sudan: A Six Months Study},
  journal = {International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences},
  volume = {6},
  number = {4},
  pages = {79-84},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijcems.20200604.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20200604.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijcems.20200604.15},
  abstract = {Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) remains as one of the global epidemic of Non Communicable Diseases. Diabetic Retinopathy (DR), as one of its complications, has a prevalence of 35.4% worldwide. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors for DR among DM patients attending Diabetic Clinic in Malakia Health Center, Juba, South Sudan. Design and Method: This was a prospective, cross-sectional study in which diabetic patients attending Diabetic clinic, Malakia Health Center, were recruited for a period of Six months. All Diabetic patients were included and their demographic data recorded. Clinical data of duration of diabetes and hypertension were noted. Their Visual acuity, Blood pressure, Height, Weight, and Random blood sugar were measured. Eyes were examined and anterior segment diseases diagnosed. Funduscopy was done to determine posterior segment diseases and DR classified. Data were entered into SPSS version 22, analyzed and results expressed in statistical tables. Any result of pResults: Out of 108 patients and 216 eyes examined, males were 55.6% (60) and females 44.4% (48) with ages ranging from 23 to 75yrs, mean age of 51.1yrs (SD+/10.67). Patients with age 46-65 years had the highest 64.8% (70) and 18-35 years as the lowest 6.5% (8) with p>0.05. Most of these patients 39.8% (43) were from Kator block residential area with p>0.05. Type I DM were 27.8% (30) and Type II 72.2% (78) with p>0.05. DR prevalence was 13% (28) with NPDR the highest 11.6% (25) and PDR the lowest 0.5% (1) with p5yrs 68.5% (74) with p>0.05, uncontrolled blood glucose was 81.5% (88) with p>0.05, known hypertensive was 48.1% (52), high blood pressure (>120/80 mmHg) was 43.5% (41) with p>0.05 and BMI (>30kg/m2 was 23.1% (25) with pConclusion: The study had shown, for the first time in South Sudan, the prevalence of DR as 13% with some of its risk factors. This will influence policy makers to develop strategies to improve management of DM and DR in the country.},
 year = {2020}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Diabetic Retinopathy and the Risk Factors in South Sudan: A Six Months Study
AU  - Kenneth Lado Sube
AU  - Joseph Daniel Lako
AU  - Wani Gindalang Mena
AU  - Oromo Francis Seriano
AU  - Ader Macar Ader
AU  - Richard Lado Lako
AU  - Charles Ochero Langoya
AU  - Anthony Yousepha Lasuba
AU  - Justin Bruno Tongun
AU  - Constatine Jervase Yak
Y1  - 2020/08/20
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20200604.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijcems.20200604.15
T2  - International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences
JF  - International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences
JO  - International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences
SP  - 79
EP  - 84
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2469-8032
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20200604.15
AB  - Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) remains as one of the global epidemic of Non Communicable Diseases. Diabetic Retinopathy (DR), as one of its complications, has a prevalence of 35.4% worldwide. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors for DR among DM patients attending Diabetic Clinic in Malakia Health Center, Juba, South Sudan. Design and Method: This was a prospective, cross-sectional study in which diabetic patients attending Diabetic clinic, Malakia Health Center, were recruited for a period of Six months. All Diabetic patients were included and their demographic data recorded. Clinical data of duration of diabetes and hypertension were noted. Their Visual acuity, Blood pressure, Height, Weight, and Random blood sugar were measured. Eyes were examined and anterior segment diseases diagnosed. Funduscopy was done to determine posterior segment diseases and DR classified. Data were entered into SPSS version 22, analyzed and results expressed in statistical tables. Any result of pResults: Out of 108 patients and 216 eyes examined, males were 55.6% (60) and females 44.4% (48) with ages ranging from 23 to 75yrs, mean age of 51.1yrs (SD+/10.67). Patients with age 46-65 years had the highest 64.8% (70) and 18-35 years as the lowest 6.5% (8) with p>0.05. Most of these patients 39.8% (43) were from Kator block residential area with p>0.05. Type I DM were 27.8% (30) and Type II 72.2% (78) with p>0.05. DR prevalence was 13% (28) with NPDR the highest 11.6% (25) and PDR the lowest 0.5% (1) with p5yrs 68.5% (74) with p>0.05, uncontrolled blood glucose was 81.5% (88) with p>0.05, known hypertensive was 48.1% (52), high blood pressure (>120/80 mmHg) was 43.5% (41) with p>0.05 and BMI (>30kg/m2 was 23.1% (25) with pConclusion: The study had shown, for the first time in South Sudan, the prevalence of DR as 13% with some of its risk factors. This will influence policy makers to develop strategies to improve management of DM and DR in the country.
VL  - 6
IS  - 4
ER  -

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