Gestational hypothyroidism affects the maturation and function of the beta cell, which can influence glucose metabolism. The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between Hypothyroidism and Hyperglycemia in Bulgarian pregnant women and to look for the influence of various factors on the manifestation of each of these diseases separately, as well as their role in cases of simultaneous combination of the two diseases. Маterial: We studied 547 pregnant women, mean 30±5 years. The cross-sectional population-based multicenter study was conducted in 84 Bulgarian towns and villages. Pregnant women were divided into 4 groups according to the presence or absence of Diabetes (Diab) resp. Hypothyroidism (Thyr): Group 0 – 62.7% (n-343) – without Thyr or Diab; Group 1 – 22.9% (n-125) – Thyr; Group 2 – 11% (n-60) – Diab; Group 3 – 3.5% (n-19) – with Thyr and Diab. Methods: Fasting morning venous blood (TSH, FT4 - determined by ECLIA method) and fresh morning urine sample (to determine urine iodine concentration - UIC) was taken. A two-hour, 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. The peripheral levels of 25(OH)D were tested using a standard assay in a central laboratory on the day of the sampling. The statistical analysis was conducted using standard SPSS 13.0 for Windows. Results: Group 2 were the oldest and Group 1 - the youngest, P<0.001. Group 2 as well as Group 3 had significantly higher BMI compared to Group 0 and Group 1, P<0.0001 / P<0.016. In Group 1 thyroid pathology had manifested itself earlier in the course of pregnancy, while in Group 2 dysglycemia occurred later, P<0.029 as well as for group 3, P<0.004. There was a significant negative correlation between 25(OH)D with level of fasting plasma glycemia - P<0.004, and at 120 minute of OGTT, P<0.003. In the group of pregnant women with Hyperglycaemia (n-79), deficiency of UIC (<150 µg / L) was reported in 45.6%, and twice more frequently artificial excess in the UIC level (>500 µg / L), compared with the Group with Normoglycemia (n-368). Conclusion: All international guidelines specifically emphasize the main risk factors when pregnant women should be screened for early detection of major endocrine diseases. However, the role of some additional factors, such as deficiency of 25(OH)D and iodine, should not be underestimated.
| Published in | International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology (Volume 6, Issue 3) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ijde.20210603.14 |
| Page(s) | 114-124 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Pregnancy, Hypothyroidism, Diabetes, Age, BMI, Deficiency of 25(OH)D, Deficiency of UIC
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APA Style
Anna-Maria Borissovа, Boyana Trifonova, Lilia Dakovska, Eugenia Michaylova, Mircho Vukov. (2021). Diabetes and Hypothyroidism Alone and Simultaneously in Bulgarian Pregnant Women - Frequency and Features of Various Risk Factors. International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology, 6(3), 114-124. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijde.20210603.14
ACS Style
Anna-Maria Borissovа; Boyana Trifonova; Lilia Dakovska; Eugenia Michaylova; Mircho Vukov. Diabetes and Hypothyroidism Alone and Simultaneously in Bulgarian Pregnant Women - Frequency and Features of Various Risk Factors. Int. J. Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021, 6(3), 114-124. doi: 10.11648/j.ijde.20210603.14
AMA Style
Anna-Maria Borissovа, Boyana Trifonova, Lilia Dakovska, Eugenia Michaylova, Mircho Vukov. Diabetes and Hypothyroidism Alone and Simultaneously in Bulgarian Pregnant Women - Frequency and Features of Various Risk Factors. Int J Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;6(3):114-124. doi: 10.11648/j.ijde.20210603.14
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Download@article{10.11648/j.ijde.20210603.14,
author = {Anna-Maria Borissovа and Boyana Trifonova and Lilia Dakovska and Eugenia Michaylova and Mircho Vukov},
title = {Diabetes and Hypothyroidism Alone and Simultaneously in Bulgarian Pregnant Women - Frequency and Features of Various Risk Factors},
journal = {International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology},
volume = {6},
number = {3},
pages = {114-124},
doi = {10.11648/j.ijde.20210603.14},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijde.20210603.14},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijde.20210603.14},
abstract = {Gestational hypothyroidism affects the maturation and function of the beta cell, which can influence glucose metabolism. The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between Hypothyroidism and Hyperglycemia in Bulgarian pregnant women and to look for the influence of various factors on the manifestation of each of these diseases separately, as well as their role in cases of simultaneous combination of the two diseases. Маterial: We studied 547 pregnant women, mean 30±5 years. The cross-sectional population-based multicenter study was conducted in 84 Bulgarian towns and villages. Pregnant women were divided into 4 groups according to the presence or absence of Diabetes (Diab) resp. Hypothyroidism (Thyr): Group 0 – 62.7% (n-343) – without Thyr or Diab; Group 1 – 22.9% (n-125) – Thyr; Group 2 – 11% (n-60) – Diab; Group 3 – 3.5% (n-19) – with Thyr and Diab. Methods: Fasting morning venous blood (TSH, FT4 - determined by ECLIA method) and fresh morning urine sample (to determine urine iodine concentration - UIC) was taken. A two-hour, 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. The peripheral levels of 25(OH)D were tested using a standard assay in a central laboratory on the day of the sampling. The statistical analysis was conducted using standard SPSS 13.0 for Windows. Results: Group 2 were the oldest and Group 1 - the youngest, P500 µg / L), compared with the Group with Normoglycemia (n-368). Conclusion: All international guidelines specifically emphasize the main risk factors when pregnant women should be screened for early detection of major endocrine diseases. However, the role of some additional factors, such as deficiency of 25(OH)D and iodine, should not be underestimated.},
year = {2021}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Diabetes and Hypothyroidism Alone and Simultaneously in Bulgarian Pregnant Women - Frequency and Features of Various Risk Factors AU - Anna-Maria Borissovа AU - Boyana Trifonova AU - Lilia Dakovska AU - Eugenia Michaylova AU - Mircho Vukov Y1 - 2021/09/27 PY - 2021 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijde.20210603.14 DO - 10.11648/j.ijde.20210603.14 T2 - International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology JF - International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology JO - International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology SP - 114 EP - 124 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2640-1371 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijde.20210603.14 AB - Gestational hypothyroidism affects the maturation and function of the beta cell, which can influence glucose metabolism. The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between Hypothyroidism and Hyperglycemia in Bulgarian pregnant women and to look for the influence of various factors on the manifestation of each of these diseases separately, as well as their role in cases of simultaneous combination of the two diseases. Маterial: We studied 547 pregnant women, mean 30±5 years. The cross-sectional population-based multicenter study was conducted in 84 Bulgarian towns and villages. Pregnant women were divided into 4 groups according to the presence or absence of Diabetes (Diab) resp. Hypothyroidism (Thyr): Group 0 – 62.7% (n-343) – without Thyr or Diab; Group 1 – 22.9% (n-125) – Thyr; Group 2 – 11% (n-60) – Diab; Group 3 – 3.5% (n-19) – with Thyr and Diab. Methods: Fasting morning venous blood (TSH, FT4 - determined by ECLIA method) and fresh morning urine sample (to determine urine iodine concentration - UIC) was taken. A two-hour, 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. The peripheral levels of 25(OH)D were tested using a standard assay in a central laboratory on the day of the sampling. The statistical analysis was conducted using standard SPSS 13.0 for Windows. Results: Group 2 were the oldest and Group 1 - the youngest, P500 µg / L), compared with the Group with Normoglycemia (n-368). Conclusion: All international guidelines specifically emphasize the main risk factors when pregnant women should be screened for early detection of major endocrine diseases. However, the role of some additional factors, such as deficiency of 25(OH)D and iodine, should not be underestimated. VL - 6 IS - 3 ER -
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