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Research Article | | Peer-Reviewed

Seedling Regeneration and Biodiversity Conservation in Gullele Botanical Garden, Finfinnee, Ethiopia

Gudeta Chalchisa Diribsa*
Published in International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy (Volume 13, Issue 3)
Received: 27 May 2025     Accepted: 18 June 2025     Published: 19 July 2025
Views:       Downloads:
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Abstract

Gullele Botanical Garden (GBG) plays a pivotal role in biodiversity conservation and ecological restoration in Ethiopia’s rapidly urbanizing capital, Finfinnee. The patterns and dynamics of seedling regeneration in GBG are critical for understanding forest recovery processes, particularly in transitioning from exotic monocultures (e.g., Eucalyptus) to indigenous ecosystems. This shift is vital for enhancing ecological resilience, supporting native flora and fauna, and mitigating climate change impacts. Ecologically, seedling regeneration in GBG is influenced by climatic variability, soil conditions, and interspecific competition. Native species such as Juniperus procera and Podocarpus falcatus exhibit varying recruitment success due to moisture availability, light penetration, and soil fertility. Anthropogenic factors, including invasive species encroachment and human disturbance, further complicate regeneration dynamics. Active restoration strategies, such as enrichment planting, invasive species removal, and assisted natural regeneration, have accelerated succession toward indigenous forests. From a socio-cultural perspective, GBG is an educational platform, fostering public awareness of native biodiversity and sustainable land-use practices. Community engagement in restoration initiatives enhances stewardship, ensuring long-term conservation success. However, balancing recreational use with ecological integrity remains challenging, necessitating adaptive management approaches. Comparatively, GBG’s restoration model aligns with global urban conservation paradigms, demonstrating how botanical gardens can reconcile ecological and societal needs. By integrating scientific research, traditional knowledge, and participatory governance, GBG exemplifies urban green spaces as catalysts for biodiversity resilience. To sustain these gains, future efforts should prioritize long-term monitoring, climate-adaptive species selection, and policy support. Ultimately, GBG’s experience offers valuable insights for urban ecological restoration in Africa and beyond.

Published in International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy (Volume 13, Issue 3)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijepp.20251303.12
Page(s) 63-68
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group
Previous article
Keywords

Gullele Botanical Garden, Regeneration, Seedling, Biodiversity, Forest

1. Introduction
The accelerated loss of biodiversity, especially in urban environments, has become a defining environmental crisis of the 21st century
[1, 2, 5]
. Urbanization is a major driver of habitat destruction, contributing to deforestation, fragmentation, and soil degradation. However, urban green spaces such as botanical gardens offer a potential solution to these challenges
[2, 3]
. They act as refuges for native plant species, contribute to ecological research, and promote public engagement with sustainability practices. Gullele Botanical Garden (GBG) in Finfinnee, Ethiopia, is one such example, playing an indispensable role in preserving the rich flora of the Ethiopian highlands
[1, 3-5]
. Established in 2005 as a collaborative initiative between Addis Ababa University and the local government, GBG is situated in a transitional zone between the Afro-montane forests of the Ethiopian highlands and the arid lowland ecosystems
[1, 3, 4]
. Spanning over 705 hectares, the garden hosts a wide variety of plant species and is central to biodiversity conservation in the rapidly urbanizing Addis Ababa
[1-5]
. A key focus of GBG is seedling regeneration, a critical ecological process that sustains the health of forest ecosystems by ensuring the continued presence of native plant species. Seedling regeneration is integral to the restoration of degraded ecosystems, which is particularly important in areas impacted by the spread of invasive species, land use changes, and climate variability
[1, 3, 5, 43]
.
In this review, we explore GBG's floristic composition, with a particular focus on the different vegetation zones within the garden. We also discuss the regeneration dynamics of native and exotic plant species, examining the ecological processes and restoration strategies implemented in the garden. By synthesizing various scientific perspectives and case studies, this review highlights how GBG contributes to the broader goals of ecological restoration and biodiversity conservation in Ethiopia.
2. Floristic Composition and Vegetation Zones
The flora of Gullele Botanical Garden is highly diverse, shaped by a complex interplay of environmental factors such as elevation, soil type, rainfall patterns, and human influence
[6, 7]
. These factors create distinct vegetation zones within the garden, each supporting different plant communities. Understanding the floristic composition and the dynamics of each zone is crucial for evaluating the success of seedling regeneration and biodiversity conservation efforts.
Afro-montane Forest
The Afro-montane forests in GBG are characterized by high biodiversity, with species such as Juniperus procera, Podocarpus falcatus, and Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata forming the canopy of these forests
[1, 5, 6]
. These forests play a crucial role in the hydrological cycle, as they regulate water retention, prevent soil erosion, and support a rich community of wildlife
[5, 6]
. Furthermore, they serve as a genetic reservoir for numerous endemic species (Table 1). This zone is particularly important because it represents the natural vegetation of the Ethiopian highlands, which has been heavily altered by human activity in many other parts of the country.
Afro-montane forests are critical for seedling regeneration, as they provide ideal microhabitats for the establishment of new plants
[5-7]
. The dense canopy offers shade, reduces water evaporation, and protects seedlings from herbivory. Indigenous tree species, such as Prunus africana, benefit from this environment and can regenerate naturally (Table 1). Studies have shown that regeneration success in this zone is closely linked to the density of the canopy and the availability of organic matter on the forest floor, which provides nutrients and protection for young plants
[4-8]
.
Riverine Areas
The riverine zones within GBG are vital ecosystems, particularly for species that thrive in moist conditions
[1, 6, 8]
. Dominated by species such as Ficus sur, Syzygium guineense, and Acacia nilotica, these areas support dense vegetation that plays a crucial role in stabilizing riverbanks, regulating water flow, and providing habitat for aquatic species (Table 1). Seedling regeneration in these zones benefits from the constant availability of water and the rich alluvial soils deposited by periodic flooding
[3, 6, 7, 9]
. However, the regeneration process can be hindered by human interference, such as the construction of dams or irrigation systems, which can alter water availability and sediment deposition patterns.
Exotic Plantations
Historically, large portions of GBG were planted with exotic species, such as Eucalyptus globulus and Cupressus lusitanica, primarily for timber production and soil conservation (Table 1). These species were introduced to Ethiopia during the colonial era and have since become widespread
[1, 6, 8-10]
. While these species are fast-growing and can provide some ecological benefits, they also present several challenges for seedling regeneration. The dense canopy of exotic plantations limits the amount of light that reaches the forest floor, hindering the growth of understory plants (Table 1). Moreover, the allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus trees, which release chemicals that suppress the germination of other plants, further exacerbate the challenges for native plant regeneration
[7, 10, 11].
Grassland and Edge Zones
Herbaceous plants, shrubs, and small trees characterize the grassland and edge zones in GBG
[1, 11, 12]
. These areas are typically less biodiverse than the forested zones but are nonetheless important for maintaining ecological balance (Table 1). They provide habitats for a variety of species, including pollinators and herbivores. Grasslands also play a critical role in maintaining soil fertility and preventing erosion
[9, 11-13]
. However, the regeneration of native trees in these areas can be limited by the dominance of grasses and other pioneer species. Efforts to restore these zones often involve clearing invasive species and planting native trees to enhance biodiversity.
Table 1. Major Vegetation Zones and Dominant Species in GBG.

Vegetation Zone

Dominant Species

Characteristics

Afro-montane Forest

Juniperus procera, Podocarpus falcatus

Moist, shaded, high biodiversity

Riverine Areas

Ficus sur, Syzygium guineense

High water availability, dense canopy

Exotic Plantation

Eucalyptus globulus, Cupressus lusitanica

Monoculture, fast-growing, low diversity

Grassland/Edge Zones

Dodonaea angustifolia, Carissa spinarum

Open, dry, colonizing species
3. Seedling Regeneration: Patterns and Dynamics
Seedling regeneration is one of the key ecological processes that determines the future trajectory of a forest ecosystem
[9, 10, 14, 15]
. In GBG, regeneration dynamics are shaped by various biotic and abiotic factors, including soil fertility, water availability, herbivory, seed dispersal mechanisms, and human intervention
[16]
. The success or failure of seedling regeneration in different vegetation zones provides valuable insights into the health of the garden’s ecosystems.
Natural Regeneration in Indigenous Forest Zones
In the Afro-montane Forest zones, natural regeneration is relatively successful due to the favorable environmental conditions provided by the mature forest canopy
[16, 17]
. The shade provided by large trees, such as Juniperus procera, creates a humid microenvironment that promotes the germination and growth of native seedlings (Table 2). Furthermore, the rich organic layer on the forest floor acts as a nutrient reservoir that supports the establishment of young plants
[17, 18]
.
Seed dispersal plays a crucial role in the regeneration process in these zones. Birds and mammals are the primary dispersal agents, moving seeds from one area to another and facilitating gene flow across the forest. Additionally, some species, such as Prunus africana, exhibit adaptive strategies that allow their seeds to remain dormant in the soil until favorable conditions arise, increasing the chances of successful regeneration
[17-19]
.
Challenges in Exotic Plantations
In contrast to the Afro-montane forests, several factors hinder the regeneration of native plants in exotic plantations
[1, 19-21]
. The dense canopies of species like Eucalyptus create low-light conditions on the forest floor, making it difficult for native seedlings to establish (Table 2). Furthermore, the decomposition of Eucalyptus leaves alters soil chemistry, reducing nutrient availability and inhibiting the growth of understory plants
[22]
.
The allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus trees, which release chemicals that inhibit the germination of other plants, further limit the regeneration of native species (Table 2). Studies have shown that in areas dominated by exotic plantations, the natural regeneration of native species is significantly reduced, requiring active intervention to restore biodiversity
[16, 23, 24]
.
Assisted Regeneration and Enrichment Planting
To counteract the negative effects of exotic plantations, GBG has implemented a variety of restoration strategies, including assisted regeneration and enrichment planting
[1, 23, 43]
. Assisted regeneration involves modifying environmental conditions to facilitate the natural regeneration of native species (Table 2). This may include thinning the canopy of exotic plantations to increase light penetration or introducing native species to sites where the seed bank is depleted.
Enrichment planting, on the other hand, involves actively planting native seedlings in areas where natural regeneration is limited (Table 2). This approach is particularly useful in restoring degraded areas or where exotic species have outcompeted native plants
[19, 22-25]
. The success of these restoration strategies depends on various factors, including soil type, moisture availability, and the presence of suitable dispersal agents
[25, 26]
.
Seed Dispersal and Herbivory
Seed dispersal is a critical factor influencing the success of seedling regeneration in GBG
[22-24]
. In the indigenous forest zones, birds and mammals facilitate seed movement, ensuring that seeds are dispersed across a variety of microhabitats
[25]
. However, in areas where human activity is high or where exotic species dominate, seed dispersal can be limited, reducing the chances of successful regeneration (Table 2).
Herbivory is another significant challenge in seedling regeneration
[26]
. Grazing animals, such as goats and cattle, can damage or destroy young seedlings before they have a chance to establish. To mitigate this, GBG has implemented measures to protect seedlings, such as fencing off sensitive areas or using natural deterrents to reduce herbivore pressure
[24, 27]
.
Table 2. Seedling Density, Species Diversity, and Success Rate by Zone.

Zone Type

Avg. Seedling Density (seedlings/m²)

Regeneration Success (High/Medium/Low)

Indigenous Forest

6.8

High

Riverine Area

5.2

Medium-High

Exotic Plantation

1.5

Low

Grassland/Edges

2.3

Medium
4. Transition from Exotic to Indigenous Forests
In recent years, GBG has been concerted in shifting from monoculture exotic plantations to diverse Indigenous Forest ecosystems
[1, 22]
. This transition is driven by the need to restore ecological balance, increase biodiversity, and enhance the resilience of the garden’s ecosystems to environmental stressors such as climate change and invasive species.
Restoration Strategies
The restoration of indigenous forests at GBG involves both natural and assisted regeneration techniques
[26-28]
. Natural regeneration relies on the ability of native species to regenerate on their own, supported by favorable environmental conditions
[29-31]
. Assisted regeneration, on the other hand, involves human intervention, such as planting native species in degraded areas or modifying the environment to facilitate regeneration (Table 3).
Enrichment planting is one of the most common restoration strategies used at GBG
[1, 31]
. This method involves planting a variety of native species in areas where natural regeneration is insufficient
[32, 33]
. The selection of species is based on ecological suitability, considering factors such as soil type, moisture levels, and altitude (Table 3). The success of these restoration efforts is closely monitored to assess the effectiveness of the techniques used
[34-36]
.
Challenges in Restoration
Despite the positive results of restoration efforts, several challenges remain. One of the main obstacles is the continued presence of exotic species, which continue to compete with native seedlings for light, nutrients, and water (Table 3). The rapid growth of species such as Eucalyptus also limits the ability of native species to establish themselves in areas where these trees dominate
[24, 37]
.
In addition, invasive species present a significant challenge to restoration efforts
[38, 39]
. Species such as Lantana camara and Parthenium hysterophorus have become widespread in GBG and outcompete native plants, further hindering regeneration efforts (Table 3). Managing these invasive species requires an integrated approach involving manual removal, chemical control, and the introduction of natural predators
[2, 39]
.
Community Engagement
An essential aspect of the restoration process at GBG is community engagement. Local communities play a vital role in the success of conservation efforts, as they provide labor for planting and maintenance and knowledge about local ecosystems
[1, 36, 37, 43]
. GBG has actively involved local communities in restoration activities by organizing educational programs, workshops, and tree-planting initiatives (Table 3).
These efforts have not only helped restore degraded areas but also fostered a sense of ownership and stewardship among residents
[38-42]
. Community involvement has been particularly effective in creating awareness about the importance of indigenous species and the need to protect biodiversity (Table 3).
Table 3. Comparative Ecological Values of Exotic vs. Indigenous Forest Types.

Parameter

Exotic Forests

Indigenous Forests

Biodiversity Support

Low

High

Soil Fertility

Depleted

Improved

Water Retention

Moderate

High

Regeneration Potential

Poor

Strong

Faunal Associations

Limited

Rich
5. Conclusion
Seedling regeneration is a crucial component of biodiversity conservation and ecological restoration. At Gullele Botanical Garden, the ongoing efforts to enhance seedling regeneration and restore indigenous forests are key to preserving Ethiopia's rich floral heritage. Although challenges remain, including the continued presence of exotic species, invasive species, and climate change impacts, the garden’s restoration strategies offer valuable insights into successful conservation practices in urban areas. Future research and management practices should continue to focus on optimizing seedling regeneration techniques, engaging local communities, and addressing the challenges posed by climate change and invasive species. In doing so, GBG can continue to serve as a model for sustainable urban biodiversity conservation in Africa and beyond.
Abbreviations

GBG

Gullele Botanical Garden
Author Contributions
Gudeta Chalchisa Diribsa is the sole author. The author read and approved the final manuscript.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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    Diribsa, G. C. (2025). Seedling Regeneration and Biodiversity Conservation in Gullele Botanical Garden, Finfinnee, Ethiopia. International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy, 13(3), 63-68. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20251303.12

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    Diribsa, G. C. Seedling Regeneration and Biodiversity Conservation in Gullele Botanical Garden, Finfinnee, Ethiopia. Int. J. Environ. Prot. Policy 2025, 13(3), 63-68. doi: 10.11648/j.ijepp.20251303.12

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    Diribsa GC. Seedling Regeneration and Biodiversity Conservation in Gullele Botanical Garden, Finfinnee, Ethiopia. Int J Environ Prot Policy. 2025;13(3):63-68. doi: 10.11648/j.ijepp.20251303.12

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ijepp.20251303.12,
  author = {Gudeta Chalchisa Diribsa},
  title = {Seedling Regeneration and Biodiversity Conservation in Gullele Botanical Garden, Finfinnee, Ethiopia
},
  journal = {International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy},
  volume = {13},
  number = {3},
  pages = {63-68},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijepp.20251303.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20251303.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijepp.20251303.12},
  abstract = {Gullele Botanical Garden (GBG) plays a pivotal role in biodiversity conservation and ecological restoration in Ethiopia’s rapidly urbanizing capital, Finfinnee. The patterns and dynamics of seedling regeneration in GBG are critical for understanding forest recovery processes, particularly in transitioning from exotic monocultures (e.g., Eucalyptus) to indigenous ecosystems. This shift is vital for enhancing ecological resilience, supporting native flora and fauna, and mitigating climate change impacts. Ecologically, seedling regeneration in GBG is influenced by climatic variability, soil conditions, and interspecific competition. Native species such as Juniperus procera and Podocarpus falcatus exhibit varying recruitment success due to moisture availability, light penetration, and soil fertility. Anthropogenic factors, including invasive species encroachment and human disturbance, further complicate regeneration dynamics. Active restoration strategies, such as enrichment planting, invasive species removal, and assisted natural regeneration, have accelerated succession toward indigenous forests. From a socio-cultural perspective, GBG is an educational platform, fostering public awareness of native biodiversity and sustainable land-use practices. Community engagement in restoration initiatives enhances stewardship, ensuring long-term conservation success. However, balancing recreational use with ecological integrity remains challenging, necessitating adaptive management approaches. Comparatively, GBG’s restoration model aligns with global urban conservation paradigms, demonstrating how botanical gardens can reconcile ecological and societal needs. By integrating scientific research, traditional knowledge, and participatory governance, GBG exemplifies urban green spaces as catalysts for biodiversity resilience. To sustain these gains, future efforts should prioritize long-term monitoring, climate-adaptive species selection, and policy support. Ultimately, GBG’s experience offers valuable insights for urban ecological restoration in Africa and beyond.},
 year = {2025}
}

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  • TY  - JOUR
T1  - Seedling Regeneration and Biodiversity Conservation in Gullele Botanical Garden, Finfinnee, Ethiopia

AU  - Gudeta Chalchisa Diribsa
Y1  - 2025/07/19
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20251303.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijepp.20251303.12
T2  - International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy
JF  - International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy
JO  - International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy
SP  - 63
EP  - 68
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-7536
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20251303.12
AB  - Gullele Botanical Garden (GBG) plays a pivotal role in biodiversity conservation and ecological restoration in Ethiopia’s rapidly urbanizing capital, Finfinnee. The patterns and dynamics of seedling regeneration in GBG are critical for understanding forest recovery processes, particularly in transitioning from exotic monocultures (e.g., Eucalyptus) to indigenous ecosystems. This shift is vital for enhancing ecological resilience, supporting native flora and fauna, and mitigating climate change impacts. Ecologically, seedling regeneration in GBG is influenced by climatic variability, soil conditions, and interspecific competition. Native species such as Juniperus procera and Podocarpus falcatus exhibit varying recruitment success due to moisture availability, light penetration, and soil fertility. Anthropogenic factors, including invasive species encroachment and human disturbance, further complicate regeneration dynamics. Active restoration strategies, such as enrichment planting, invasive species removal, and assisted natural regeneration, have accelerated succession toward indigenous forests. From a socio-cultural perspective, GBG is an educational platform, fostering public awareness of native biodiversity and sustainable land-use practices. Community engagement in restoration initiatives enhances stewardship, ensuring long-term conservation success. However, balancing recreational use with ecological integrity remains challenging, necessitating adaptive management approaches. Comparatively, GBG’s restoration model aligns with global urban conservation paradigms, demonstrating how botanical gardens can reconcile ecological and societal needs. By integrating scientific research, traditional knowledge, and participatory governance, GBG exemplifies urban green spaces as catalysts for biodiversity resilience. To sustain these gains, future efforts should prioritize long-term monitoring, climate-adaptive species selection, and policy support. Ultimately, GBG’s experience offers valuable insights for urban ecological restoration in Africa and beyond.
VL  - 13
IS  - 3
ER  -

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