Risk Factors of Chikungunya Outbreak in Mareka District, Southern Ethiopia, 2019: Unmatched Case Control Study

Tadesse Yalew Assefa; Eyoel Berhan; Fekadu Gemechu; Neamin Tesfaye

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijidt.20200503.15

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Risk Factors of Chikungunya Outbreak in Mareka District, Southern Ethiopia, 2019: Unmatched Case Control Study

Tadesse Yalew Assefa, Eyoel Berhan, Fekadu Gemechu, Neamin Tesfaye

Published in International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy (Volume 5, Issue 3)

Received: 22 May 2020 Accepted: 4 June 2020 Published: 13 August 2020

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Abstract

Chikungunya is a Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) virus that belongs to the alpha virus genus of the Togaviridae family. Chikungunya is an emerging vector-borne disease of high public health significance in World Health Organization’s South-East Asia Region. Factors associated with Chikungunya were identified. Unmatched a 1:2 case control study was conducted from 26 June-17 July, 2019. We recruited participants from health facilities and the community by structured questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to control confounders and to identify factors associated with Chikungunya. Entomological investigation was conducted and forty households and ten containers were surveyed to determine house and breteau indices. Fourteen serum-samples were tested by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). A total of 94 cases were reported. Females accounted for (59.6%) of the cases and (52.1%) of the controls. Presence of Chikungunya case in the house hold (Adjusted odds ratio=6.7; 95%CI (3.42-13.03); P=<0.001); Water holding container (AOR=2.85, 95%CI (1.37-5.91); P=0.005), presence of larva (AOR=2.85; 95%CI (1.27-6.40); P=0.011) and Short and Long sleeves (AOR=2.2; 95%CI (1.144-4.267); P=0.018) were the independent risk factors. House and breteau indices were 100% and 20% respectively. Eight out of fourteen samples tested were positive. The presence of Chikungunya case in the household, water holding container in or around the house, larva around the villages in favorable mosquito breeding sites and in the containers and not using long sleeve clothes were risk factors for contracting the diseases.

Published in	International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy (Volume 5, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijidt.20200503.15
Page(s)	64-69
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Chikungunya, Mareka District, Outbreak, Risk Factors

References

[1]	Guidelines for Prevention & Control of Chikungunya Fever.
[2]	Asia S, America C. Chikungunya Virus : What you need to know. 2015.
[3]	Report S. Chikungunya virus disease Annual Epidemiological Report for 2017 Key facts. 2019;(April).
[4]	Guidelines on Clinical Management of Chikungunya Fever.
[5]	Chikungunya fever.
[6]	For C, Control D. Chikungunya: Vector Surveillance and Control in the United States.
[7]	Mnzava A, Pinzon MQ. Entomological surveillance for Aedes spp. in the context of Zika virus Interim guidance for entomologists.
[8]	Sow A, Faye O, Diallo M, Diallo D, Chen R, Faye O, et al. Chikungunya Outbreak in Kedougou, Southeastern Senegal in 2009 – 2010. 2010.
[9]	Dinkar A, Singh J, Prakash P, Das A, Nath G. Journal of Infection and Public Health Hidden burden of chikungunya in North India ; A prospective study in a tertiary care centre. J Infect Public Health [Internet]. 2018; 11 (4): 586–91. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2017.09.008.
[10]	Ramachandran V, Manickam P, Kaur P, Murhekar M V, Kanagasabai K, Jeyakumar A, et al. iMedPub Journals Behavioural Determinants Associated with CHIKV Outbreak in Gouriepet, Avadi, Chennai, South India Abstract Study setting. 2015; 1–6.
[11]	Report OI. Investigation of chikungunya fever outbreak in Laguna, Philippines, 2012. 2015; 6 (3): 8–11.

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APA Style

Tadesse Yalew Assefa, Eyoel Berhan, Fekadu Gemechu, Neamin Tesfaye. (2020). Risk Factors of Chikungunya Outbreak in Mareka District, Southern Ethiopia, 2019: Unmatched Case Control Study. International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy, 5(3), 64-69. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20200503.15

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ACS Style

Tadesse Yalew Assefa; Eyoel Berhan; Fekadu Gemechu; Neamin Tesfaye. Risk Factors of Chikungunya Outbreak in Mareka District, Southern Ethiopia, 2019: Unmatched Case Control Study. Int. J. Infect. Dis. Ther. 2020, 5(3), 64-69. doi: 10.11648/j.ijidt.20200503.15

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AMA Style

Tadesse Yalew Assefa, Eyoel Berhan, Fekadu Gemechu, Neamin Tesfaye. Risk Factors of Chikungunya Outbreak in Mareka District, Southern Ethiopia, 2019: Unmatched Case Control Study. Int J Infect Dis Ther. 2020;5(3):64-69. doi: 10.11648/j.ijidt.20200503.15

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@article{10.11648/j.ijidt.20200503.15,
  author = {Tadesse Yalew Assefa and Eyoel Berhan and Fekadu Gemechu and Neamin Tesfaye},
  title = {Risk Factors of Chikungunya Outbreak in Mareka District, Southern Ethiopia, 2019: Unmatched Case Control Study},
  journal = {International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy},
  volume = {5},
  number = {3},
  pages = {64-69},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijidt.20200503.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20200503.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijidt.20200503.15},
  abstract = {Chikungunya is a Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) virus that belongs to the alpha virus genus of the Togaviridae family. Chikungunya is an emerging vector-borne disease of high public health significance in World Health Organization’s South-East Asia Region. Factors associated with Chikungunya were identified. Unmatched a 1:2 case control study was conducted from 26 June-17 July, 2019. We recruited participants from health facilities and the community by structured questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to control confounders and to identify factors associated with Chikungunya. Entomological investigation was conducted and forty households and ten containers were surveyed to determine house and breteau indices. Fourteen serum-samples were tested by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). A total of 94 cases were reported. Females accounted for (59.6%) of the cases and (52.1%) of the controls. Presence of Chikungunya case in the house hold (Adjusted odds ratio=6.7; 95%CI (3.42-13.03); P=<0.001); Water holding container (AOR=2.85, 95%CI (1.37-5.91); P=0.005), presence of larva (AOR=2.85; 95%CI (1.27-6.40); P=0.011) and Short and Long sleeves (AOR=2.2; 95%CI (1.144-4.267); P=0.018) were the independent risk factors. House and breteau indices were 100% and 20% respectively. Eight out of fourteen samples tested were positive. The presence of Chikungunya case in the household, water holding container in or around the house, larva around the villages in favorable mosquito breeding sites and in the containers and not using long sleeve clothes were risk factors for contracting the diseases.},
 year = {2020}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Risk Factors of Chikungunya Outbreak in Mareka District, Southern Ethiopia, 2019: Unmatched Case Control Study
AU  - Tadesse Yalew Assefa
AU  - Eyoel Berhan
AU  - Fekadu Gemechu
AU  - Neamin Tesfaye
Y1  - 2020/08/13
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20200503.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijidt.20200503.15
T2  - International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy
JF  - International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy
JO  - International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy
SP  - 64
EP  - 69
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-966X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20200503.15
AB  - Chikungunya is a Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) virus that belongs to the alpha virus genus of the Togaviridae family. Chikungunya is an emerging vector-borne disease of high public health significance in World Health Organization’s South-East Asia Region. Factors associated with Chikungunya were identified. Unmatched a 1:2 case control study was conducted from 26 June-17 July, 2019. We recruited participants from health facilities and the community by structured questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to control confounders and to identify factors associated with Chikungunya. Entomological investigation was conducted and forty households and ten containers were surveyed to determine house and breteau indices. Fourteen serum-samples were tested by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). A total of 94 cases were reported. Females accounted for (59.6%) of the cases and (52.1%) of the controls. Presence of Chikungunya case in the house hold (Adjusted odds ratio=6.7; 95%CI (3.42-13.03); P=<0.001); Water holding container (AOR=2.85, 95%CI (1.37-5.91); P=0.005), presence of larva (AOR=2.85; 95%CI (1.27-6.40); P=0.011) and Short and Long sleeves (AOR=2.2; 95%CI (1.144-4.267); P=0.018) were the independent risk factors. House and breteau indices were 100% and 20% respectively. Eight out of fourteen samples tested were positive. The presence of Chikungunya case in the household, water holding container in or around the house, larva around the villages in favorable mosquito breeding sites and in the containers and not using long sleeve clothes were risk factors for contracting the diseases.
VL  - 5
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Author Information

Tadesse Yalew Assefa

Public Health Emergency Management Center, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Eyoel Berhan

Department of Public Health, Saint Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Fekadu Gemechu

Public Health Emergency Management Center, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Neamin Tesfaye

Public Health Emergency Management Center, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

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APA Style

Tadesse Yalew Assefa, Eyoel Berhan, Fekadu Gemechu, Neamin Tesfaye. (2020). Risk Factors of Chikungunya Outbreak in Mareka District, Southern Ethiopia, 2019: Unmatched Case Control Study. International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy, 5(3), 64-69. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20200503.15

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ACS Style

Tadesse Yalew Assefa; Eyoel Berhan; Fekadu Gemechu; Neamin Tesfaye. Risk Factors of Chikungunya Outbreak in Mareka District, Southern Ethiopia, 2019: Unmatched Case Control Study. Int. J. Infect. Dis. Ther. 2020, 5(3), 64-69. doi: 10.11648/j.ijidt.20200503.15

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AMA Style

Tadesse Yalew Assefa, Eyoel Berhan, Fekadu Gemechu, Neamin Tesfaye. Risk Factors of Chikungunya Outbreak in Mareka District, Southern Ethiopia, 2019: Unmatched Case Control Study. Int J Infect Dis Ther. 2020;5(3):64-69. doi: 10.11648/j.ijidt.20200503.15

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijidt.20200503.15,
  author = {Tadesse Yalew Assefa and Eyoel Berhan and Fekadu Gemechu and Neamin Tesfaye},
  title = {Risk Factors of Chikungunya Outbreak in Mareka District, Southern Ethiopia, 2019: Unmatched Case Control Study},
  journal = {International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy},
  volume = {5},
  number = {3},
  pages = {64-69},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijidt.20200503.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20200503.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijidt.20200503.15},
  abstract = {Chikungunya is a Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) virus that belongs to the alpha virus genus of the Togaviridae family. Chikungunya is an emerging vector-borne disease of high public health significance in World Health Organization’s South-East Asia Region. Factors associated with Chikungunya were identified. Unmatched a 1:2 case control study was conducted from 26 June-17 July, 2019. We recruited participants from health facilities and the community by structured questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to control confounders and to identify factors associated with Chikungunya. Entomological investigation was conducted and forty households and ten containers were surveyed to determine house and breteau indices. Fourteen serum-samples were tested by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). A total of 94 cases were reported. Females accounted for (59.6%) of the cases and (52.1%) of the controls. Presence of Chikungunya case in the house hold (Adjusted odds ratio=6.7; 95%CI (3.42-13.03); P=<0.001); Water holding container (AOR=2.85, 95%CI (1.37-5.91); P=0.005), presence of larva (AOR=2.85; 95%CI (1.27-6.40); P=0.011) and Short and Long sleeves (AOR=2.2; 95%CI (1.144-4.267); P=0.018) were the independent risk factors. House and breteau indices were 100% and 20% respectively. Eight out of fourteen samples tested were positive. The presence of Chikungunya case in the household, water holding container in or around the house, larva around the villages in favorable mosquito breeding sites and in the containers and not using long sleeve clothes were risk factors for contracting the diseases.},
 year = {2020}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Risk Factors of Chikungunya Outbreak in Mareka District, Southern Ethiopia, 2019: Unmatched Case Control Study
AU  - Tadesse Yalew Assefa
AU  - Eyoel Berhan
AU  - Fekadu Gemechu
AU  - Neamin Tesfaye
Y1  - 2020/08/13
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20200503.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijidt.20200503.15
T2  - International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy
JF  - International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy
JO  - International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy
SP  - 64
EP  - 69
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-966X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20200503.15
AB  - Chikungunya is a Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) virus that belongs to the alpha virus genus of the Togaviridae family. Chikungunya is an emerging vector-borne disease of high public health significance in World Health Organization’s South-East Asia Region. Factors associated with Chikungunya were identified. Unmatched a 1:2 case control study was conducted from 26 June-17 July, 2019. We recruited participants from health facilities and the community by structured questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to control confounders and to identify factors associated with Chikungunya. Entomological investigation was conducted and forty households and ten containers were surveyed to determine house and breteau indices. Fourteen serum-samples were tested by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). A total of 94 cases were reported. Females accounted for (59.6%) of the cases and (52.1%) of the controls. Presence of Chikungunya case in the house hold (Adjusted odds ratio=6.7; 95%CI (3.42-13.03); P=<0.001); Water holding container (AOR=2.85, 95%CI (1.37-5.91); P=0.005), presence of larva (AOR=2.85; 95%CI (1.27-6.40); P=0.011) and Short and Long sleeves (AOR=2.2; 95%CI (1.144-4.267); P=0.018) were the independent risk factors. House and breteau indices were 100% and 20% respectively. Eight out of fourteen samples tested were positive. The presence of Chikungunya case in the household, water holding container in or around the house, larva around the villages in favorable mosquito breeding sites and in the containers and not using long sleeve clothes were risk factors for contracting the diseases.
VL  - 5
IS  - 3
ER  -

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