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Solitary Intramuscular Cysticercosis, a Case Report from 47-year-old Man
Rasheed Mumini Wemimo,
Afolayan Enoch Abiodun,
Balogun Musbau Olusesan,
Folaranmi Olaleke Oluwasegun,
Abdullahi Kabiru,
Shuaibu Usman Yahaya,
Mohammed Umar,
Odebiyi Hassan Abiola
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 3, September 2020
Pages:
45-47
Received:
13 June 2020
Accepted:
28 June 2020
Published:
13 July 2020
Abstract: Cysticercosis is a common parasitic infection in developing countries involving the central nervous system (CNS), adnexal structures of the eye, skeletal muscle, and subcutaneous tissue. The principal mechanism of transmission is through ingestion of Taenia Solium eggs or contamination of fruits and vegetables fertilized with contaminated faecal materials. The eggs hatch within the small intestine and larvae travel to through blood vessels to the subcutaneous tissue, muscle, CNS, eye and other tissues where they eventually form cyst with host inflammatory response. The clinical features are variable from painful or painless swelling in the subcutaneous tissue to neurocysticercosis comprising of symptomatic headache, seizures and focal neurologic deficit. Solitary intramuscular cysticercosis without CNS involvement have also been reported, although it is rare. Thus, we present a case of solitary intramuscular cysticercosis involving bicep muscle in a 47-year-old engineer, a rare site without any neurologic or systemic manifestation.
Abstract: Cysticercosis is a common parasitic infection in developing countries involving the central nervous system (CNS), adnexal structures of the eye, skeletal muscle, and subcutaneous tissue. The principal mechanism of transmission is through ingestion of Taenia Solium eggs or contamination of fruits and vegetables fertilized with contaminated faecal ma...
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Disseminated Herpes Zoster Infection with Urinary Retention and Incontinence
Yuta Norimatsu,
Yuki Ohno
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 3, September 2020
Pages:
48-50
Received:
21 June 2020
Accepted:
9 July 2020
Published:
17 July 2020
Abstract: Herpes zoster is one of the most commonly encountered dermatological diseases. Disseminated herpes zoster is one of the severe forms of a herpes zoster infection. Patients with herpes zoster occasionally experience urinary retention and incontinence, which can greatly affect their quality of life. Urinary retention and incontinence appear to improve with or after the treatment of herpes zoster. There are some reports of urinary retention caused by herpes zoster, but case reports of incontinence are rare. Here a case of disseminated herpes zoster is reported that caused both urinary retention and incontinence. An 87-year-old woman visited the JR Tokyo General Hospital with complaints of erythema and headache in the right forehead, pain in the left buttock, and urinary retention that had started two days prior. Two days after the onset, the patient was hospitalized (Day 0) and treatment with acyclovir (750 mg/day) was initiated. For urinary retention, in addition to indwelling a urinary catheter, distigmine bromide at 5 mg/day was initiated. After admission, the patient experienced bowel incontinence on Day 1. Continued acyclovir treatment eliminated the blisters and alleviated pain, and incontinence did not reoccur after Day 2. At the end of the acyclovir administration, an attempt was made to remove the urinary tract catheter, but the catheter was reinserted the same day because urinary retention continued. The urinary tract catheter was ultimately removed on Day 36, after which urinary retention did not reoccur, even after distigmine bromide treatment was completed on Day 71. Similar to previous reports., it is thought that a skin rash on the head or buttocks or the onset of the disease in the elderly may be an indication for disease course with higher risk of incontinence. As the case described here was of an elderly woman with disseminated herpes zoster with skin eruptions on the face and left buttock, the combination of symptoms and the patient’s older age placed her at higher risk for incontinence. Patients with herpes zoster on the face who were previously reported with urinary retention also had a skin rash on the trunk. Urinary retention without a skin rash on the trunk is considered rare. Moreover, blood tests for this case did not indicate renal dysfunction. Urinary disorders due to herpes zoster and renal dysfunction identified by blood tests may not be related.
Abstract: Herpes zoster is one of the most commonly encountered dermatological diseases. Disseminated herpes zoster is one of the severe forms of a herpes zoster infection. Patients with herpes zoster occasionally experience urinary retention and incontinence, which can greatly affect their quality of life. Urinary retention and incontinence appear to improv...
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Clinical Presentation and Risk Factors for Orbital Infections in a Tertiary Hospital
Olusola Joseph Omotoye,
Iyiade Adeseye Ajayi,
Olanike Folashade Bodunde
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 3, September 2020
Pages:
51-55
Received:
26 June 2020
Accepted:
15 July 2020
Published:
23 July 2020
Abstract: Background: Orbital infections are common ophthalmic emergencies with sight and life threatening if not promptly and adequately managed. Purpose: To determine the incidence of orbital infections and the risk factors that predispose these patients to orbital infections in our tertiary health institution. Methods: Records of all patients with orbital infections who presented at the ophthalmic plastic clinic between January 2010 and December 2019 were retrieved. Demographic characteristics, duration of symptoms, presenting visual acuity, and oculoplastic procedures were obtained. Results: Sixty six patients presented with orbital infections which constituted (4.5%) of all ocular emergencies seen in this centre. There were 44 (66.7%) males and 22 (33.3%) females. Preseptal cellulitis was 49 (74.2%) while orbital cellulitis was 17 (25.8%). More than 9/10th of preseptal cellulitis were found in children of 5 years and below. The proportion of visual impairment and blindness was higher in orbital cellulitis than preseptal cellulitis. The most common risk factors for preseptal cellulitis was ocular allergy while sinus infection was commonest in orbital cellulitis. All patients with orbital cellulitis were admitted into the eye wards out of which 2 (11.8%) of these patients died of septiceamia. Conclusion: Orbital infection is a relatively common ophthalmic emergency which is a cause of visual impairment and blindness. The most common risk factor for preseptal cellulitis was ocular allergy while sinus infection was commonest in orbital cellulitis. Aggressive and goal oriented awareness campaign for early presentation of patients with these infections at eye care facility is advocated to prevent unnecessary death from this ophthalmic emergency.
Abstract: Background: Orbital infections are common ophthalmic emergencies with sight and life threatening if not promptly and adequately managed. Purpose: To determine the incidence of orbital infections and the risk factors that predispose these patients to orbital infections in our tertiary health institution. Methods: Records of all patients with orbital...
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The Rates of the Unnecessary Antimicrobial Use (UAU) and the Effect of the Infectious Disease Consultations: A Cross-Sectional Study
Jamal Wadi Al Ramahi,
Oday Abu Ajamieh,
Nadine Marrar,
Lana Alalamat,
Nour Hasan,
Alaa Elddin Jaber,
Lara Abdulhadi,
Omar Dodin,
Amal Matar
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 3, September 2020
Pages:
56-63
Received:
5 July 2020
Accepted:
17 July 2020
Published:
28 July 2020
Abstract: To measure the rate of unnecessary antimicrobials (UAU), and the effect of the infectious disease consultation. A 17-week multicenter study, patients’ records were reviewed for antimicrobials. A predefined UAU definition was developed. Excluded patients were those on prophylaxis and less than 1-year-old. The outcome is the UAU rate. Confounders were adjusted by Charlson index and APACHE 2 score. The analysis was by Χ2 and Fischer's Exact Tests and multivariate analysis as appropriate. 662 records were reviewed: 169 qualified the necessary antimicrobial use (NAU) and 493 in the UAU categories. The rate of the UAU was 74.5%. The age means differed (53.85 years for the NAU versus 46.48 years for the UAU, P<0.001) without gender difference (P=0.285). The patients in the UAU category were represented more in UTI, SSTI, BSI, and no infection (P<0.05). The commonest UAU subcategory were non-infectious non-febrile conditions 36.71%, influenza-like illnesses, and viral syndromes 20.08%, combination therapy 17.6%. An infectious disease consultation was significantly associated with less UAU (P ≤ 0.004), and less mortality (P<0.05). In conclusion: UAU rate was high, and an infectious disease consultation significantly reduced the UAU rate and mortality.
Abstract: To measure the rate of unnecessary antimicrobials (UAU), and the effect of the infectious disease consultation. A 17-week multicenter study, patients’ records were reviewed for antimicrobials. A predefined UAU definition was developed. Excluded patients were those on prophylaxis and less than 1-year-old. The outcome is the UAU rate. Confounders wer...
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Risk Factors of Chikungunya Outbreak in Mareka District, Southern Ethiopia, 2019: Unmatched Case Control Study
Tadesse Yalew Assefa,
Eyoel Berhan,
Fekadu Gemechu,
Neamin Tesfaye
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 3, September 2020
Pages:
64-69
Received:
22 May 2020
Accepted:
4 June 2020
Published:
13 August 2020
Abstract: Chikungunya is a Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) virus that belongs to the alpha virus genus of the Togaviridae family. Chikungunya is an emerging vector-borne disease of high public health significance in World Health Organization’s South-East Asia Region. Factors associated with Chikungunya were identified. Unmatched a 1:2 case control study was conducted from 26 June-17 July, 2019. We recruited participants from health facilities and the community by structured questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to control confounders and to identify factors associated with Chikungunya. Entomological investigation was conducted and forty households and ten containers were surveyed to determine house and breteau indices. Fourteen serum-samples were tested by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). A total of 94 cases were reported. Females accounted for (59.6%) of the cases and (52.1%) of the controls. Presence of Chikungunya case in the house hold (Adjusted odds ratio=6.7; 95%CI (3.42-13.03); P=<0.001); Water holding container (AOR=2.85, 95%CI (1.37-5.91); P=0.005), presence of larva (AOR=2.85; 95%CI (1.27-6.40); P=0.011) and Short and Long sleeves (AOR=2.2; 95%CI (1.144-4.267); P=0.018) were the independent risk factors. House and breteau indices were 100% and 20% respectively. Eight out of fourteen samples tested were positive. The presence of Chikungunya case in the household, water holding container in or around the house, larva around the villages in favorable mosquito breeding sites and in the containers and not using long sleeve clothes were risk factors for contracting the diseases.
Abstract: Chikungunya is a Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) virus that belongs to the alpha virus genus of the Togaviridae family. Chikungunya is an emerging vector-borne disease of high public health significance in World Health Organization’s South-East Asia Region. Factors associated with Chikungunya were identified. Unmatched a 1:2 case control study was conducted...
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Suspected Chicken Pox Outbreak Investigation and Response in Yirga Chefe Town, Ethiopia, August 2018
Habtamu Tilahun,
Mikias Alayu,
Mekdes Demssie,
Tadesse Yalew
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 3, September 2020
Pages:
70-73
Received:
23 July 2020
Accepted:
3 August 2020
Published:
18 August 2020
Abstract: Introduction: Chicken pox or varicella is an acute viral infectious disease of childhood caused by varicella-zoster virus. Humans are the only known hosts for this virus. The major route of transmission is airborne, however, transmissions via aerosols or direct contact with blister fluid have also been reported. The primary infection presents as fever and exanthematous rash. Clinically apparent infection usually provides lifelong immunity. The disease is usually acute and self-limiting but occasionally can lead to secondary infections like pneumonia, encephalitis, and secondary bacterial infections. Varicella is vaccine preventable disease. An estimated 4.2 million cases and 4200 deaths occur annually worldwide. This outbreak investigation was conducted to describe chicken pox cases in terms of person, place and time from 6th to 18th August 2018. Methods: We conducted a descriptive study in the Yirga cheffe town. We line listed all reported cases which contains sociodemographic characteristics and signs and symptoms of patients. We have also visited the reporting internally displaced population (IDP) sites during investigation. The line listed data were analyzed with person, place and time. Cases were treated symptomatically in mobile clinics. Results: A total of 25 suspected cases of chicken pox were reported between 6th and 18th of August 2018 from Yirga cheffe town IDP sites. The cases were reported from two IDP sites. Out of the total reported cases 14 (56%) were males while the remaining 11 (44%) were females with regard to sex. 88% of the total reported cases were children under the age of fifteen. Conclusion: The most affected age group in this outbreak was under the age of fifteen. Males were more affected than females in this outbreak. Unavailability of chicken pox vaccine in Ethiopia might be a risk for the occurrence of this outbreak. Strengthening routine surveillance in the IDP sites is recommended. Ministry of Health of Ethiopia should consider the introduction of chicken pox vaccine in the country. Ministry of Health should prepare guidelines and manuals for response of outbreaks.
Abstract: Introduction: Chicken pox or varicella is an acute viral infectious disease of childhood caused by varicella-zoster virus. Humans are the only known hosts for this virus. The major route of transmission is airborne, however, transmissions via aerosols or direct contact with blister fluid have also been reported. The primary infection presents as fe...
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Clinical Course of Five COVID-19 Patients and Treatment Updates
Mohsin Sheraz Mughal,
Ikwinder Preet Kaur,
Rameez Rehman,
Hasan Mahmood Mirza,
Harjot Singh Jagdey,
Chandler Patton,
Wael Ghali
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 3, September 2020
Pages:
74-80
Received:
10 July 2020
Accepted:
28 July 2020
Published:
20 August 2020
Abstract: Coronaviruses (CoVs) are enveloped, positive-sense RNA viruses. A novel coronavirus (nCoV) was discovered to be a cause of pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan, China in late 2019. The World Health Organization (WHO) named the disease as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and declared it as a pandemic in March 2020. Since the detection of the first case of COVID-19 in the United States on January 20th, 2020 in Washington State, the pandemic is still expanding. As of July 8th, the United States (U.S.) has the maximum number (3.1 million) of confirmed COVID-19 patients. In this case series, we are presenting the clinical course of the first five confirmed COVID-19 cases admitted to a community hospital in the U.S. in the beginning of March 2020. We analyzed their clinical characteristics, pre-existing comorbidities, laboratory and radiological findings. The clinical management and outcomes are discussed alongside the literature review about current management options. In conclusion, primary management is supportive care to improve oxygenation by various methods. Safety and efficacy of treatment options including ramdesevir, IL-6 inhibitors and convalescent plasma have not yet been established and none of these is FDA approved so far. Increased age (>80 years), hypoxia at the time of presentation and pre-existing co-morbidities are likely related with poor outcomes.
Abstract: Coronaviruses (CoVs) are enveloped, positive-sense RNA viruses. A novel coronavirus (nCoV) was discovered to be a cause of pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan, China in late 2019. The World Health Organization (WHO) named the disease as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and declared it as a pandemic in March 2020. Since the detection of the first case of...
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The Pattern of Use of Medical Masks Among Health Care Professionals During Covid 19 Pandemic in South East Nigeria University Teaching Hospitals
Uche Sebastine Ozioko,
Emmanuel Chino Iyidobi,
Onyinye Mary Ozioko,
Ignatius Ikemefuna Ozor,
Chisom Ogbonnaya Mbaeze,
Ifeanacho Ezeteonu Abireh
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 3, September 2020
Pages:
81-87
Received:
24 July 2020
Accepted:
10 August 2020
Published:
20 August 2020
Abstract: In history, pandemic outbreaks have wiped out populations as well as paved way for innovations and advances in Medicine and Public health. This study aims to ascertain the inherent knowledge gap and practice regarding the use of medical mask by healthcare workers during Covid-19 pandemic. Methods. This cross sectional survey was conducted at six tertiary hospitals within the south east Nigeria in April-June 2020 using convenient sampling method, a total of 273 respondents was enrolled in the study. A three components questionnaire comprising demographic inquiries, questions was designed to assess knowledge and practice of healthcare professionals regarding the use of medical mask. Collated data was analysed using SPSS software version 21. Result, 73.3% of the participant thought they knew the procedural steps in the use of medical mask however only 18.3% healthcare workers had good practice on the use of medical mask. Significant difference. (p<0.05) in total mean knowledge among different cadres of healthcare workers was observed and total percentage of participant with good knowledge and practice of the use of medical mask were 37% and 17.1% respectively. A weak positive correlation was also observed between knowledge and practice regarding the use of medical mask among health care professionals in south east Nigeria university teaching hospital. Conclusion: Findings from this study has reaffirmed the importance of continuous medical education thus knowledge and practice of the use of medical mask should be emphasized according to international standards to ensure they offer optimal product performance when used by healthcare professionals.
Abstract: In history, pandemic outbreaks have wiped out populations as well as paved way for innovations and advances in Medicine and Public health. This study aims to ascertain the inherent knowledge gap and practice regarding the use of medical mask by healthcare workers during Covid-19 pandemic. Methods. This cross sectional survey was conducted at six te...
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Seroprevalence of Chronic Viral Hepatitis B in School Children Aged Less Than 10 Years in the Region of Southern Cameroon
Noah Noah Dominique,
Eloumou Servais Albert Fiacre,
Nsenga Djapa Guy Roger,
Ze Meka Louis Philippe,
Tayou Tagny Claude
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 3, September 2020
Pages:
88-91
Received:
5 May 2020
Accepted:
19 June 2020
Published:
3 September 2020
Abstract: Introduction: Chronic viral hepatitis remain a public health problem worldwide. Being the seventh leading cause of the deaths, it accounts for 1.4 million deaths annually, with 47% related to hepatitis B and 48% to hepatitis C. In Cameroon, screening for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is mandatory by the sixth month of pregnancy. This study aimed at evaluating the carriage rate of HBsAg among pupils in the south region, 10 years after the introduction of the pentavalent vaccine in the expanded immunization programme. Material and methods: This study was conducted in schools in Ebolowa (and its neighborhoods), south of Cameroon, during the five months period from November 1st 2015 to March 17th 2016. Eight schools were randomly selected. All children less than 10 years old were enrolled in our study. Children not meeting our selection criteria, or whose data forms were appropriately filled were excluded. Sampling was done by a laboratory technician of the Ebolowa regional hospital and transferred to the laboratory of the Yaounde University Teaching Hospital for analysis. Data was analyzed using the Epi info software. Results: A total of 471 pupils met our selection criteria with a male to female ration of 0.94 (243 females against 228 males). Five children were HBsAg positive, giving an overall prevalence of 1.06%. Among the 471 pupils, only 166 were appropriately vaccinated as per the extended immunization programme, yielding 35.24% coverage. Conclusion: Despite the low immunization coverage rate, there is a positive impact on the prevalence of hepatitis B among children. Everything being equal, improving the immunization coverage as per the EPI will certainly yield lower rates of infection among children, and thus in the long run, within the general population.
Abstract: Introduction: Chronic viral hepatitis remain a public health problem worldwide. Being the seventh leading cause of the deaths, it accounts for 1.4 million deaths annually, with 47% related to hepatitis B and 48% to hepatitis C. In Cameroon, screening for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is mandatory by the sixth month of pregnancy. This study ai...
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Virulence Factors of Bacteria Related to Ocular Infections in Non Immunocompromised Patients: Review Article
Panagiota Xaplanteri,
Charalampos Potsios
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 3, September 2020
Pages:
92-98
Received:
22 August 2020
Accepted:
4 September 2020
Published:
10 September 2020
Abstract: The ocular surface is constantly exposed to pathogenic bacteria. Many Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria have been implicated in ocular infections, in non immunocompromised patients, causing severe vision impairment. These microorganisms have in their quiver a variety of arrows to cause infection. The aim of this study is to list the virulence factors of the main ocular pathogens. Data were extracted from PubMed and Google Scholar. S. aureus and Streptococci, Bacillus cereus and Corynebacterium (non-diphtheriae) are the main culprits as far as Gram positive bacteria are concerned. S. aureus causes infections of the lacrimal apparatus, cornea and eyelids, conjunctivitis, keratitis, and endophthalmitis. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterococcus and Streptococcus viridians are isolated from post injection endophthalmitis cases. S. pneumoniae is most involved in keratitis, conjunctivitis, and endophthalmitis. Streptococcus pyogenes is most involved in blepharitis and hospital acquired conjunctivitis in neonates in the intensive care unit. Enterococcus faecalis is implicated in postoperative endophthalmitis cases. Corynebacterium (non-diphtheriae) species are involved mainly in infections complicating cataract surgery, keratoplasty, and vitrectomy. Bacillus species provoke conjunctivitis, keratitis and post-traumatic endophthalmitis. Bacillus cereus can cause rapidly destructive endophthalmitis. Among Gram negative bacteria, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Bartonella species are major ocular pathogens, responsible for severe ocular damage. Gonococcal conjunctivitis (GC) is still a cause of blindness in some developing countries. When it occurs in neonates, it is called gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum. P. aeruginosa is related to contact lens-associated keratitis. Chlamydia trachomatis is the culprit of trachoma and inclusion conjunctivitis. Bartonella henselae causes bartonellosis or cat scratch disease, or cat scratch fever. Eye infection includes optic neuropathy and neuroretinitis. When the eye is the primary site of inoculation, the patients are diagnosed with Parinaud oculo-glandular syndrome (infection of the conjunctiva, eyelid and adjacent skin with regional lymphadenopathy). Chronic Bartonella infection provokes blurred vision, photophobia and eye irritation. Comprehension of the mechanism of infection, caused by these pathogens, is crucial in diagnosis and treatment.
Abstract: The ocular surface is constantly exposed to pathogenic bacteria. Many Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria have been implicated in ocular infections, in non immunocompromised patients, causing severe vision impairment. These microorganisms have in their quiver a variety of arrows to cause infection. The aim of this study is to list the virulenc...
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Evaluation of the Sensitivity of Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) of Malaria in Different Age and Sex Groups Using Microscopy as a Gold Standard
Muktari Isa Shago,
Markus Kirwe Jiyil,
Nazifi Alhaji Sani,
Garba Suleiman
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 3, September 2020
Pages:
99-105
Received:
18 February 2020
Accepted:
28 February 2020
Published:
16 September 2020
Abstract: Malaria remains a public health problem in over 90 countries worldwide, especially in Africa where it is the cause of morbidity and mortality. The aim of the study is to compare the sensitivity of two rapid diagnostic test kits in the diagnosis of malaria among patients attending Yobe State Specialist Hospital Damaturu. Patients were screened for malaria using blood samples collected in an EDTA container. Patients were tested with one Histidine rich protein-2(HRP-2) RDT (SD-Bioline) and a combination of Histidine rich protein-2(HRP-2) and Parasite lactose dehydrogenase enzyme (pLDH) RDT (CareStart). Microscopy was used as a gold standard. Out of 200 participants enrolled and screened for malaria, 200 (100%) tested positive by Microscopy, 159 (79.5%), tested positive by SD-Bioline (HRP 2 RDT) while 139 (69.5%), tested positive with the CareStart (pLDH RDT). Upon detection of the sensitivity by serially diluting the positive samples in other to decrease the parasite density; SD-Bioline was reactive at 1:4 dilution while CareStart was weekly reactive at this dilution. Although SD-Bioline showed to have a higher sensitivity than CareStart, both could be a suitable alternative to microscopy to screen endemic malaria in Nigeria.
Abstract: Malaria remains a public health problem in over 90 countries worldwide, especially in Africa where it is the cause of morbidity and mortality. The aim of the study is to compare the sensitivity of two rapid diagnostic test kits in the diagnosis of malaria among patients attending Yobe State Specialist Hospital Damaturu. Patients were screened for m...
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