The paper aimed to examine the impact of shared parental leave (SPL) on breastfeeding practices amongst women returning to work after taking SPL in the UK. Despite considerable evidence of its benefit, the UK has one of the lowest breastfeeding rates in the world. Drawing on survey data from 161 mothers that took SPL and breastfed, the paper argues that SPL has a negative impact on breastfeeding because of the lack of a national policy on breastfeeding. The lack of a national policy on breastfeeding is reflected in a lack of employer support for breastfeeding mothers in the workplace. Findings demonstrate that mothers can combine shared parental leave and breastfeeding if they are adequately supported in the workplace. Levels of workplace support can determine how long a mother may breastfeed when they return to work after birth and whether they take shared parental leave. The paper concludes that SPL negatively impacts breastfeeding due to the lack of a national policy and no legal obligation for employers to provide breastfeeding support for mothers. The article recommends a national policy on breastfeeding. While a national policy is pending, for employers to include breastfeeding as part of their equality, diversity, and inclusion agenda.
Published in | International Journal of Law and Society (Volume 6, Issue 1) |
DOI | 10.11648/j.ijls.20230601.19 |
Page(s) | 62-69 |
Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Shared Parental Leave, Breastfeeding, Employer, Employees, Workplace Culture
[1] | Shared Parental Leave Regulation 2014, No. 3050, Part 3. |
[2] | Hawkins S. S., Griffiths L. J., Dezateux C., & Law C. (2007) ‘Millennium Cohort Study Child Health Group. Maternal employment and breast-feeding initiation: findings from the Millennium Cohort Study’ Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol, 21 (3), 242-7. |
[3] | Steurer L. M. (2017) ‘Maternity Leave Length and Workplace Policies' Impact on the Sustainment of Breastfeeding: Global Perspectives’, Public Health Nurs. 34 (3), 286-294. |
[4] | Fredrickson M., Boyle J., Cober M. and King C., (2022) ‘A Call to Action for Lactation Support at Colleges of Pharmacy’ American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 86 (8), 926-930. |
[5] | Javornik J. and Oliver E. (2015). ‘Legal battles loom on shared parental leave from fathers not getting equal benefits,’ The Conversation (Available at: http://theconversation.com/legal-battles-loom-on-shared-parental-leave-from-fathers-not-getting-equal-benefits-51623, accessed: 23 October 2022). |
[6] | Busby N. and Weldon-Johns M. (2019) ‘Fathers as carers in UK law and policy: dominant ideologies and lived experience’ Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law, 41 (3), 280-301. |
[7] | Koslowski, A. and Kadar-Satat, G. (2019) ‘Fathers at work: explaining the gaps between entitlement to leave policies and uptake’, Community, Work & Family, 22 (2): 129-145. |
[8] | Goldman A. S. (2000) ‘Modulation of the gastrointestinal track of infants by human milk, interfaces and interactions: an evolutionary perspective’ Journal of Nutrition, 130, 426-431. |
[9] | Boswell- Penc M. and Boyer K. (2007) ‘Expressing anxiety? Breast pumps usage in American Wage workplaces’ Gender, Place and Culture, 14 (5), 151-167. |
[10] | Victora C., Bahl R., Barros A., França G., Horton S., Krasevec J., Murch S., Sankar M., Walker N., Rollins N. (2016) ‘Breastfeeding in the 21st century: Epidemiology, mechanisms’ The Lancet, 387 (10017), 475–490. |
[11] | Lodge C., Tan D. J., Lau M. X. Z., Dai X., Tham R., Lowe A. J., Bowatte G., Allen K. J. and Dharmage S. C. (2015) ‘Breastfeeding and asthma and allergies: A systematic review and meta-analysis’ Acta Paediatrica, 104, 38–53. |
[12] | Sankar M. J., Bireshwar S., Chowdhury R., Bhandari N., Taneja S., Martines, J. and Bahl R. (2015) ‘Optimal breastfeeding practices and infant and child mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis’ Acta Paediatrica, 104 (S467), 3–13. |
[13] | Boyer K. (2011) ‘The way to break the taboo is to do the taboo thing’ breastfeeding in public and citizen-activism in the UK’ Journal of Health and Place, 17 (2), 430-437. |
[14] | Brady J. P. (2012) ‘Marketing breast milk substitutes: problems and perils throughout the world’ Archives of Disease in Childhood, 97, 529-532. |
[15] | Grant A., Hunter B., Mcewan K., Tedstone S., Greene G., Copeland L., & Brown A. (2017) ‘Availability of breastfeeding peer support in the United Kingdom: A cross‐sectional study’ Maternal and Child Nutrition, 14, 1–10. |
[16] | Ladores S, Debiasi L, and Currie E. (2019) ‘Breastfeeding women in academia’ Clinical Lactation, 10 (1), 10. |
[17] | Desmond D. & Meaney S. (2016) ‘A qualitative study investigating the barriers to returning to work for breastfeeding mothers in Ireland’ Int Breastfeed J, 11, 16. |
[18] | Millennium Cohort Study Child Health Group. (2007) ‘The impact of maternal employment on breast-feeding duration in the UK Millennium Cohort Study’ Public Health Nutr. 10 (9), 891-6. |
[19] | Kosmola-Anderson J. and Wallace L. M. (2006) ‘Breastfeeding works: the role or employer in supporting women who wish to breastfeed and work in four organisations in England’ Journal of Public Health, 28 (3), 183-191. |
[20] | Kendall-Tackett k. (2007) ‘A new paradigm for depression in new mothers: the central role of inflammation and how breastfeeding and anti-inflammatory treatments protects maternal mental health’ Int. Breastfeeding Journal, 2 (1), 6. |
[21] | Gatrell C. (2007) ‘Secret and Lies: Breastfeeding and professional paid work’, Social Science and Medicine, 65 (2), 393-404. |
[22] | Kozhimannil k., Jou J., Gjerdingen D. and McGovern P. (2016) ‘Access to workplace Accommodations to support breastfeeding after passage of Affordable Care Act’ Women’s Health Issues, 26 (1), 6-13. |
[23] | Shildrick M. (1997) Leaky Bodies and Boundaries: Feminism, Postmodernism and (Bio) Ethics: London; Routledge. |
[24] | Javornik J. and Oliver E. (2017). ‘Critical Appraisal of the UK Shared Parental Leave: Reconceptualising parents' capabilities and gender equality,’ ESPAnet Annual Conference, Lisbon, 13-16 Sept. |
[25] | Norman H. and Fagan C. (2017) ‘Shared Parental Leave in the UK: Is It Working? Lessons from other Countries’, Working Families. (Available via https://workingfamilies.org.uk/workflex-blog/shared-parental-leave-in-the-uk-is-it-working-lessons-from-other-countries/ accessed 21 November 2022). |
[26] | Moss P., & O’Brien. (2019) ‘United Kingdom: Leave policy and an attempt to take a new path’ In P. Moss, A.-Z. Duvander, & A. Koslowski (Eds.), Parental leave and beyond: Recent international developments, current issues and future directions (57–73). |
[27] | Ndzi E. (2017) ‘Breastfeed for longer or Share Parental Leave? This shouldn’t be a choice couples have to make’, The Conversation (Available at: https://theconversation.com/breastfeed-for-longer-or-share-parental-leave-this-shouldnt-be-a-choice-couples-have-to-make-80431, accessed: 16 December 2022). |
[28] | Atkinson J. (2017) ‘Shared Parental Leave in the UK: can it Advance Gender Equality by Changing Fathers Into Co-Parents?’ International Journal of Law in Context 13 (3), 356–368. |
[29] | Ndzi E. (2017) ‘Shared parental leave: awareness is key’, International Journal of Law and Management, 59 (6), 1331-1336. |
[30] | Twamley K. and Schober P. (2019) ‘Shared Parental Leave: Exploring variations in attitudes, eligibility, knowledge and take up intentions of expectant mothers in London’ Journal of Social Policy, 48 (2), 387-407. |
[31] | Birkett H. and Forbes S. (2019) ‘Where’s dad? Exploring the low take-up of inclusive parenting policies in the UK’, Policy Studies, 40 (2), 205-224. |
[32] | Brandth B. and Kvande E. (2019) ‘Workplace support of fathers’ parental leave use in Norway’, Community, Work & Family, 22 (1), 43-57. |
[33] | Banister E. and Karrane B. (2015-2017) ‘Making Room for Dads’. Available at: http://www.research.mbs.ac.uk/makingroomfordad/ (Accessed: 19/11/2022). |
[34] | Keijer M. G. (2012), ‘Effects of social economic status and parenting values on adolescents’ expected field of study’ Humanit Soc Sci Commun 8, 303. |
[35] | Gheyoh Ndzi E. (2021) ‘The Devastating Impact of Gender Discrimination on Shared Parental Leave in the UK’ International Journal of Law and Society, 4 (4), 254-261. |
[36] | Department for Business Innovation and Skills. (2013) Modern Workplace: Shared Parental Leave and Pay Administration Consultation – Impact Assessment. edited by Department for Business Innovation and Skills. London: Crown. |
[37] | Gheyoh Ndzi E. & Westwood A. (2021) ‘The un-acknowledged relationship between shared parental leave, breastfeeding and workplace support in UK Universities’ International Journal of Business and Social Science Research, 2 (12), 1–7. |
APA Style
Ernestine Gheyoh Ndzi. (2023). Shared Parental Leave: A Key Barrier to Breastfeeding in the UK. International Journal of Law and Society, 6(1), 62-69. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijls.20230601.19
ACS Style
Ernestine Gheyoh Ndzi. Shared Parental Leave: A Key Barrier to Breastfeeding in the UK. Int. J. Law Soc. 2023, 6(1), 62-69. doi: 10.11648/j.ijls.20230601.19
AMA Style
Ernestine Gheyoh Ndzi. Shared Parental Leave: A Key Barrier to Breastfeeding in the UK. Int J Law Soc. 2023;6(1):62-69. doi: 10.11648/j.ijls.20230601.19
@article{10.11648/j.ijls.20230601.19, author = {Ernestine Gheyoh Ndzi}, title = {Shared Parental Leave: A Key Barrier to Breastfeeding in the UK}, journal = {International Journal of Law and Society}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {62-69}, doi = {10.11648/j.ijls.20230601.19}, url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijls.20230601.19}, eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijls.20230601.19}, abstract = {The paper aimed to examine the impact of shared parental leave (SPL) on breastfeeding practices amongst women returning to work after taking SPL in the UK. Despite considerable evidence of its benefit, the UK has one of the lowest breastfeeding rates in the world. Drawing on survey data from 161 mothers that took SPL and breastfed, the paper argues that SPL has a negative impact on breastfeeding because of the lack of a national policy on breastfeeding. The lack of a national policy on breastfeeding is reflected in a lack of employer support for breastfeeding mothers in the workplace. Findings demonstrate that mothers can combine shared parental leave and breastfeeding if they are adequately supported in the workplace. Levels of workplace support can determine how long a mother may breastfeed when they return to work after birth and whether they take shared parental leave. The paper concludes that SPL negatively impacts breastfeeding due to the lack of a national policy and no legal obligation for employers to provide breastfeeding support for mothers. The article recommends a national policy on breastfeeding. While a national policy is pending, for employers to include breastfeeding as part of their equality, diversity, and inclusion agenda.}, year = {2023} }
TY - JOUR T1 - Shared Parental Leave: A Key Barrier to Breastfeeding in the UK AU - Ernestine Gheyoh Ndzi Y1 - 2023/01/31 PY - 2023 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijls.20230601.19 DO - 10.11648/j.ijls.20230601.19 T2 - International Journal of Law and Society JF - International Journal of Law and Society JO - International Journal of Law and Society SP - 62 EP - 69 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2640-1908 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijls.20230601.19 AB - The paper aimed to examine the impact of shared parental leave (SPL) on breastfeeding practices amongst women returning to work after taking SPL in the UK. Despite considerable evidence of its benefit, the UK has one of the lowest breastfeeding rates in the world. Drawing on survey data from 161 mothers that took SPL and breastfed, the paper argues that SPL has a negative impact on breastfeeding because of the lack of a national policy on breastfeeding. The lack of a national policy on breastfeeding is reflected in a lack of employer support for breastfeeding mothers in the workplace. Findings demonstrate that mothers can combine shared parental leave and breastfeeding if they are adequately supported in the workplace. Levels of workplace support can determine how long a mother may breastfeed when they return to work after birth and whether they take shared parental leave. The paper concludes that SPL negatively impacts breastfeeding due to the lack of a national policy and no legal obligation for employers to provide breastfeeding support for mothers. The article recommends a national policy on breastfeeding. While a national policy is pending, for employers to include breastfeeding as part of their equality, diversity, and inclusion agenda. VL - 6 IS - 1 ER -