Effects of Rhizobium, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers on Growth, Nodulation, Yield and Yield Attributes of Soybean at Pawe Northwestern Ethiopia

Masresha Abitew Tarekegn; Kibebew Kibret

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijmb.20170201.17

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Effects of Rhizobium, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers on Growth, Nodulation, Yield and Yield Attributes of Soybean at Pawe Northwestern Ethiopia

Masresha Abitew Tarekegn, Kibebew Kibret

Published in International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology (Volume 2, Issue 1)

Received: 11 November 2016 Accepted: 28 December 2016 Published: 14 January 2017

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Abstract

Owing to the rising costs of chemical fertilizers and the growing environmental concerns, there is an ever increasing interest in the role of soil microorganisms in crop nutrition and soil fertility restoration. A field study was therefore conducted to determine the influence of Bradyrhizobium inoculation, N and P fertilizers application on nodulation, yield and yield attributes of soybean at Pawe. Three levels of N (0, 11.5 and 23 kg N ha-1); three levels of P (0, 23 and 46 kg P₂O₅ ha-1) with two levels of Bradyrhizobium were arranged in RCBD in factorial combinations with three replications. Nodule number, nodule weights, plant height, number of pods and number of seeds, 100 seeds weight and grain yield responded significantly to the interaction effects of B. japonicum with N and P fertilizers. Seed yield, biomass yield, and harvest index were significantly affected by the main effects of any one or more of the factors and interaction of any two of the factors. The maximum numbers of nodules of 80.26, fresh and dry weights of 3.77 and 0.99 gm/plant respectively; 100-seed weight of 16.96 gm, number of pods of 80.66 and grain yield of 3151.88 kg/ha were measured by combined effect of 11.5 kg N/ha, 46 kg P₂O₅/ha and B. japonicum. The highest plant heights of 79.26 cm, and 100.60 numbers of seeds were measured after applications of 46 kg P₂O₅/ha with B. japonicum. Each nodule attributes were significantly and positively correlated each other and with each yield and yield attributes. The results showed that growth and yield potential of soybean and an increase N₂ fixing can be achieved by using inoculation of B. japonicum and P application alone or in combination with B. japonicum, or P with small dose of N fertilizer. The results obtained in this work might have potential applications for increasing the productivity of soybean and enriching the soil with N.

Published in International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology (Volume 2, Issue 1)

DOI 10.11648/j.ijmb.20170201.17

Page(s) 34-42

Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

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Keywords

Rhizobium Bacteria, Inoculation, Nitrogen Fixation, Soil Fertility

References

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[2] Kihanda, F. M., 1996. The role of farmyard manure in improvement of maize production in the sub-humid highlands of central Kenya. Ph. D Thesis, Reading University, United Kingdom.

[3] Laszlo, M. and E. M. Jose, 2001. Effects of Erotalaria juncea L. and Erotalaria spectabilis ROTH on soil fertility and soil conservation in Hungary. Acta Agronomica Óváriensis. 43: 1-8.

[4] Asgelil Dibabe, 2000. Effect of fertilizer on the yield and nodulation pattern of faba bean on a Nitosol of Adet, North Western Ethiopia. Ethio. J. Nat. Res. 2: 237-244.

[5] Yohanes Uloro and Richer, 1999. Phosphorus efficiency of different variety of Phaseolus vulgaris and Sorgum bicolor (L). Moend on an Altisols in Eastern Ethiopia Highlands. Ethio. J. Nat. Res. 1: 187-200.

[6] Brady, N. C., 2002. Phosphorus and potassium. In: The nature and properties of soils. Prentice Hall of India, Delhi. 352p.

[7] Schulze, J., G. Temple, S. J. Temple, H. Beschow and C. P. Vance, 2006. Nitrogen fixation by white lupin under phosphorus deficiency. Ann. Bot. 98: 731-740.

[8] Plaxton, W. C., 2004. Plant response to stress, biochemical adaptations to phosphate deficiency. Pp. 976-980. In: R. Goodman (ed.). Encyclopedia of Plant and Crop Science. Marcel Dekker, New York.

[9] Sinclair, T. R. and V. Vadez, 2002. Physiological traits for crop yield improvement in low N and P environments. Plant and Soil. 245: 1-15.

[10] Rathke, G. W., O. Christen and W. Diepenbrock, 2005. Effects of nitrogen source and rate on productivity and quality of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) grown in different crop rotations. Field Crop Res. 94: 103-113.

[11] Zuberer, D. A., 1998. Biological di-nitrogen fixation: Introduction and Non-symbiotic. In: Principles and Applications of Soil Microbiology. Prentice Hall, Inc. Simon & Schuster. A Viacom Company, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, America.

[12] Behailu Kebede, 2006. Land cover, land use changes and agroforestry practices at Pawe resettlement district, northwestern Ethiopia. An MSc Thesis, Hawassa University, Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources, Ethiopia.

[13] Rice, W. A., G. W. Clayton, N. Z. Lupwayi and P. E. Olsen, 2001. Evaluation of coated seeds as a Rhizobium delivery system for field pea. Can. J. Plant Science. 81: 248-249.

[14] Subba Rao, N. S., 1988. Rhizobium inoculants: Biofertilizer in agriculture and forestry, second ed. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, India. 16-76p.

[15] Somasegaran and Hoben, 1985. Methods in legume-Rhizobium technology. University of Hawaii Niftal Project and MIRCEM. Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii.

[16] Sahlemedhin Sertsue and Taye Bekele, 2000. Procedures for soil and plant analysis. National Soil Research Center, Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 110p.

[17] Day, P. R.., 1965. Hydrometer method of particle size analysis. pp. 562-563. In: C. A. Black (eds.). Methods of Soil Analysis. Agronomy Part II, No. 9. Amer. Soc. Agron. Madison, Wisconsin, USA.

[18] Van Reeuuwijk, L. P., 1992. Procedure for soil analysis, 4th ed, international soil reference and information center (ISRIC), Wageningen, Netherlands.

[19] Walkley, A. and C. A. Black, 1934. An examination of different methods for determining soil organic matter and the proposed modification by the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci. 37: 29-38.

[20] Jackson, M. L., 1958. Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersy. pp 183-204.

[21] Bray R. H. and L. T. Kurtz, 1954. Determination of total organic and available forms of phosphorous in soil. J. Soil Sci. 59: 39-45.

[22] Bremner, J. M. and C. S. Mulvaney, 1982. Total nitrogen. pp. 595-624. In: A. L Page (eds.). Method of Soil Analysis. Agron. No. 9. Amer. Soc. Agron. Madison, WI, USA.

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[28] Revellin, C., G. Meunier, J. J. Giraud, G. Sommer, P. Wadoux, G. Catroux, 2000. Changes in the physiological and agricultural characteristics of peat-based Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculants after long term storage. Appl. Microbiol. Biotech. 54: 206-211.

[29] Abbasi, M. K., A. Majeed., A. Sadiq, and S. R. Khan, 2008. Application of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and phosphorus fertilization improved growth, yield and nodulation of soybean in the sub-humid hilly region of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Pak. J. Plant Prod. Sci. 58: 368-376.

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[41] Egamberdiyeva, D., D. Qarshieva, K. Davranov, 2004. The use of Bradyrhizobium to enhance growth and yield of soybean in calcarious soil in Uzbekistan. J. Plant Growth Regul. 23: 54-57.

[42] Dubey, S. K., 1998. Response of soybean to biofertilizers with and without nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on swell-shrink soil. Ind. J. Agron. 43: 546-549.

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Masresha Abitew Tarekegn, Kibebew Kibret. (2017). Effects of Rhizobium, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers on Growth, Nodulation, Yield and Yield Attributes of Soybean at Pawe Northwestern Ethiopia. International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2(1), 34-42. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20170201.17

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Masresha Abitew Tarekegn; Kibebew Kibret. Effects of Rhizobium, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers on Growth, Nodulation, Yield and Yield Attributes of Soybean at Pawe Northwestern Ethiopia. Int. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2017, 2(1), 34-42. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmb.20170201.17

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Masresha Abitew Tarekegn, Kibebew Kibret. Effects of Rhizobium, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers on Growth, Nodulation, Yield and Yield Attributes of Soybean at Pawe Northwestern Ethiopia. Int J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2017;2(1):34-42. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmb.20170201.17

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@article{10.11648/j.ijmb.20170201.17, author = {Masresha Abitew Tarekegn and Kibebew Kibret}, title = {Effects of Rhizobium, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers on Growth, Nodulation, Yield and Yield Attributes of Soybean at Pawe Northwestern Ethiopia}, journal = {International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, pages = {34-42}, doi = {10.11648/j.ijmb.20170201.17}, url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20170201.17}, eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmb.20170201.17}, abstract = {Owing to the rising costs of chemical fertilizers and the growing environmental concerns, there is an ever increasing interest in the role of soil microorganisms in crop nutrition and soil fertility restoration. A field study was therefore conducted to determine the influence of Bradyrhizobium inoculation, N and P fertilizers application on nodulation, yield and yield attributes of soybean at Pawe. Three levels of N (0, 11.5 and 23 kg N ha-1); three levels of P (0, 23 and 46 kg P2O5 ha-1) with two levels of Bradyrhizobium were arranged in RCBD in factorial combinations with three replications. Nodule number, nodule weights, plant height, number of pods and number of seeds, 100 seeds weight and grain yield responded significantly to the interaction effects of B. japonicum with N and P fertilizers. Seed yield, biomass yield, and harvest index were significantly affected by the main effects of any one or more of the factors and interaction of any two of the factors. The maximum numbers of nodules of 80.26, fresh and dry weights of 3.77 and 0.99 gm/plant respectively; 100-seed weight of 16.96 gm, number of pods of 80.66 and grain yield of 3151.88 kg/ha were measured by combined effect of 11.5 kg N/ha, 46 kg P2O5/ha and B. japonicum. The highest plant heights of 79.26 cm, and 100.60 numbers of seeds were measured after applications of 46 kg P2O5/ha with B. japonicum. Each nodule attributes were significantly and positively correlated each other and with each yield and yield attributes. The results showed that growth and yield potential of soybean and an increase N2 fixing can be achieved by using inoculation of B. japonicum and P application alone or in combination with B. japonicum, or P with small dose of N fertilizer. The results obtained in this work might have potential applications for increasing the productivity of soybean and enriching the soil with N.}, year = {2017} }

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TY - JOUR T1 - Effects of Rhizobium, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers on Growth, Nodulation, Yield and Yield Attributes of Soybean at Pawe Northwestern Ethiopia AU - Masresha Abitew Tarekegn AU - Kibebew Kibret Y1 - 2017/01/14 PY - 2017 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20170201.17 DO - 10.11648/j.ijmb.20170201.17 T2 - International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology JF - International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology JO - International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology SP - 34 EP - 42 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2578-9686 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20170201.17 AB - Owing to the rising costs of chemical fertilizers and the growing environmental concerns, there is an ever increasing interest in the role of soil microorganisms in crop nutrition and soil fertility restoration. A field study was therefore conducted to determine the influence of Bradyrhizobium inoculation, N and P fertilizers application on nodulation, yield and yield attributes of soybean at Pawe. Three levels of N (0, 11.5 and 23 kg N ha-1); three levels of P (0, 23 and 46 kg P2O5 ha-1) with two levels of Bradyrhizobium were arranged in RCBD in factorial combinations with three replications. Nodule number, nodule weights, plant height, number of pods and number of seeds, 100 seeds weight and grain yield responded significantly to the interaction effects of B. japonicum with N and P fertilizers. Seed yield, biomass yield, and harvest index were significantly affected by the main effects of any one or more of the factors and interaction of any two of the factors. The maximum numbers of nodules of 80.26, fresh and dry weights of 3.77 and 0.99 gm/plant respectively; 100-seed weight of 16.96 gm, number of pods of 80.66 and grain yield of 3151.88 kg/ha were measured by combined effect of 11.5 kg N/ha, 46 kg P2O5/ha and B. japonicum. The highest plant heights of 79.26 cm, and 100.60 numbers of seeds were measured after applications of 46 kg P2O5/ha with B. japonicum. Each nodule attributes were significantly and positively correlated each other and with each yield and yield attributes. The results showed that growth and yield potential of soybean and an increase N2 fixing can be achieved by using inoculation of B. japonicum and P application alone or in combination with B. japonicum, or P with small dose of N fertilizer. The results obtained in this work might have potential applications for increasing the productivity of soybean and enriching the soil with N. VL - 2 IS - 1 ER -

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Masresha Abitew Tarekegn

Horticulture Department, Debremarkos University, Debremarkos, Ethiopia

Kibebew Kibret

School of Natural Resource Management and Environmental Science, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia

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Masresha Abitew Tarekegn, Kibebew Kibret. (2017). Effects of Rhizobium, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers on Growth, Nodulation, Yield and Yield Attributes of Soybean at Pawe Northwestern Ethiopia. International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2(1), 34-42. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20170201.17

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Masresha Abitew Tarekegn; Kibebew Kibret. Effects of Rhizobium, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers on Growth, Nodulation, Yield and Yield Attributes of Soybean at Pawe Northwestern Ethiopia. Int. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2017, 2(1), 34-42. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmb.20170201.17

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Masresha Abitew Tarekegn, Kibebew Kibret. Effects of Rhizobium, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers on Growth, Nodulation, Yield and Yield Attributes of Soybean at Pawe Northwestern Ethiopia. Int J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2017;2(1):34-42. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmb.20170201.17

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@article{10.11648/j.ijmb.20170201.17, author = {Masresha Abitew Tarekegn and Kibebew Kibret}, title = {Effects of Rhizobium, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers on Growth, Nodulation, Yield and Yield Attributes of Soybean at Pawe Northwestern Ethiopia}, journal = {International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology}, volume = {2}, number = {1}, pages = {34-42}, doi = {10.11648/j.ijmb.20170201.17}, url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20170201.17}, eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmb.20170201.17}, abstract = {Owing to the rising costs of chemical fertilizers and the growing environmental concerns, there is an ever increasing interest in the role of soil microorganisms in crop nutrition and soil fertility restoration. A field study was therefore conducted to determine the influence of Bradyrhizobium inoculation, N and P fertilizers application on nodulation, yield and yield attributes of soybean at Pawe. Three levels of N (0, 11.5 and 23 kg N ha-1); three levels of P (0, 23 and 46 kg P2O5 ha-1) with two levels of Bradyrhizobium were arranged in RCBD in factorial combinations with three replications. Nodule number, nodule weights, plant height, number of pods and number of seeds, 100 seeds weight and grain yield responded significantly to the interaction effects of B. japonicum with N and P fertilizers. Seed yield, biomass yield, and harvest index were significantly affected by the main effects of any one or more of the factors and interaction of any two of the factors. The maximum numbers of nodules of 80.26, fresh and dry weights of 3.77 and 0.99 gm/plant respectively; 100-seed weight of 16.96 gm, number of pods of 80.66 and grain yield of 3151.88 kg/ha were measured by combined effect of 11.5 kg N/ha, 46 kg P2O5/ha and B. japonicum. The highest plant heights of 79.26 cm, and 100.60 numbers of seeds were measured after applications of 46 kg P2O5/ha with B. japonicum. Each nodule attributes were significantly and positively correlated each other and with each yield and yield attributes. The results showed that growth and yield potential of soybean and an increase N2 fixing can be achieved by using inoculation of B. japonicum and P application alone or in combination with B. japonicum, or P with small dose of N fertilizer. The results obtained in this work might have potential applications for increasing the productivity of soybean and enriching the soil with N.}, year = {2017} }

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TY - JOUR T1 - Effects of Rhizobium, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers on Growth, Nodulation, Yield and Yield Attributes of Soybean at Pawe Northwestern Ethiopia AU - Masresha Abitew Tarekegn AU - Kibebew Kibret Y1 - 2017/01/14 PY - 2017 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20170201.17 DO - 10.11648/j.ijmb.20170201.17 T2 - International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology JF - International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology JO - International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology SP - 34 EP - 42 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2578-9686 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20170201.17 AB - Owing to the rising costs of chemical fertilizers and the growing environmental concerns, there is an ever increasing interest in the role of soil microorganisms in crop nutrition and soil fertility restoration. A field study was therefore conducted to determine the influence of Bradyrhizobium inoculation, N and P fertilizers application on nodulation, yield and yield attributes of soybean at Pawe. Three levels of N (0, 11.5 and 23 kg N ha-1); three levels of P (0, 23 and 46 kg P2O5 ha-1) with two levels of Bradyrhizobium were arranged in RCBD in factorial combinations with three replications. Nodule number, nodule weights, plant height, number of pods and number of seeds, 100 seeds weight and grain yield responded significantly to the interaction effects of B. japonicum with N and P fertilizers. Seed yield, biomass yield, and harvest index were significantly affected by the main effects of any one or more of the factors and interaction of any two of the factors. The maximum numbers of nodules of 80.26, fresh and dry weights of 3.77 and 0.99 gm/plant respectively; 100-seed weight of 16.96 gm, number of pods of 80.66 and grain yield of 3151.88 kg/ha were measured by combined effect of 11.5 kg N/ha, 46 kg P2O5/ha and B. japonicum. The highest plant heights of 79.26 cm, and 100.60 numbers of seeds were measured after applications of 46 kg P2O5/ha with B. japonicum. Each nodule attributes were significantly and positively correlated each other and with each yield and yield attributes. The results showed that growth and yield potential of soybean and an increase N2 fixing can be achieved by using inoculation of B. japonicum and P application alone or in combination with B. japonicum, or P with small dose of N fertilizer. The results obtained in this work might have potential applications for increasing the productivity of soybean and enriching the soil with N. VL - 2 IS - 1 ER -

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Published in	International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology (Volume 2, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijmb.20170201.17
Page(s)	34-42
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

[1]	Kovats, A., L. Marton and L. Szabo, 1985. Analysis of the relation between humus and pH on the ground of results of soil investigations on farm-scale plots. Plant Prod. 34: 507-512.
[2]	Kihanda, F. M., 1996. The role of farmyard manure in improvement of maize production in the sub-humid highlands of central Kenya. Ph. D Thesis, Reading University, United Kingdom.
[3]	Laszlo, M. and E. M. Jose, 2001. Effects of Erotalaria juncea L. and Erotalaria spectabilis ROTH on soil fertility and soil conservation in Hungary. Acta Agronomica Óváriensis. 43: 1-8.
[4]	Asgelil Dibabe, 2000. Effect of fertilizer on the yield and nodulation pattern of faba bean on a Nitosol of Adet, North Western Ethiopia. Ethio. J. Nat. Res. 2: 237-244.
[5]	Yohanes Uloro and Richer, 1999. Phosphorus efficiency of different variety of Phaseolus vulgaris and Sorgum bicolor (L). Moend on an Altisols in Eastern Ethiopia Highlands. Ethio. J. Nat. Res. 1: 187-200.
[6]	Brady, N. C., 2002. Phosphorus and potassium. In: The nature and properties of soils. Prentice Hall of India, Delhi. 352p.
[7]	Schulze, J., G. Temple, S. J. Temple, H. Beschow and C. P. Vance, 2006. Nitrogen fixation by white lupin under phosphorus deficiency. Ann. Bot. 98: 731-740.
[8]	Plaxton, W. C., 2004. Plant response to stress, biochemical adaptations to phosphate deficiency. Pp. 976-980. In: R. Goodman (ed.). Encyclopedia of Plant and Crop Science. Marcel Dekker, New York.
[9]	Sinclair, T. R. and V. Vadez, 2002. Physiological traits for crop yield improvement in low N and P environments. Plant and Soil. 245: 1-15.
[10]	Rathke, G. W., O. Christen and W. Diepenbrock, 2005. Effects of nitrogen source and rate on productivity and quality of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) grown in different crop rotations. Field Crop Res. 94: 103-113.
[11]	Zuberer, D. A., 1998. Biological di-nitrogen fixation: Introduction and Non-symbiotic. In: Principles and Applications of Soil Microbiology. Prentice Hall, Inc. Simon & Schuster. A Viacom Company, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, America.
[12]	Behailu Kebede, 2006. Land cover, land use changes and agroforestry practices at Pawe resettlement district, northwestern Ethiopia. An MSc Thesis, Hawassa University, Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources, Ethiopia.
[13]	Rice, W. A., G. W. Clayton, N. Z. Lupwayi and P. E. Olsen, 2001. Evaluation of coated seeds as a Rhizobium delivery system for field pea. Can. J. Plant Science. 81: 248-249.
[14]	Subba Rao, N. S., 1988. Rhizobium inoculants: Biofertilizer in agriculture and forestry, second ed. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, India. 16-76p.
[15]	Somasegaran and Hoben, 1985. Methods in legume-Rhizobium technology. University of Hawaii Niftal Project and MIRCEM. Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii.
[16]	Sahlemedhin Sertsue and Taye Bekele, 2000. Procedures for soil and plant analysis. National Soil Research Center, Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 110p.
[17]	Day, P. R.., 1965. Hydrometer method of particle size analysis. pp. 562-563. In: C. A. Black (eds.). Methods of Soil Analysis. Agronomy Part II, No. 9. Amer. Soc. Agron. Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
[18]	Van Reeuuwijk, L. P., 1992. Procedure for soil analysis, 4th ed, international soil reference and information center (ISRIC), Wageningen, Netherlands.
[19]	Walkley, A. and C. A. Black, 1934. An examination of different methods for determining soil organic matter and the proposed modification by the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci. 37: 29-38.
[20]	Jackson, M. L., 1958. Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersy. pp 183-204.
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