Treatment of Faecal Sludge by Two Biochemical Processes

Ogouvide Akpaki; Nitale M’Balikine Krou; Sassou Megnassan

doi:doi:10.11648/j.sjc.20221006.15

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Treatment of Faecal Sludge by Two Biochemical Processes

Ogouvide Akpaki, Nitale M’Balikine Krou, Sassou Megnassan

Published in Science Journal of Chemistry (Volume 10, Issue 6)

Received: 17 September 2022 Accepted: 10 October 2022 Published: 23 December 2022

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Abstract

Untreated raw faecal sludge is generally reused as fertilizer by some farmers and market gardeners to improve their production areas. However, untreated sludge contains pathogenic germs which, via the faecal-oral route, can present a microbial risk for consumers of fertilized products. To reduce this risk, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of their hygienization by two chemical processes: the use of urea (H₂CONH₂) and ammonium sulphate ((NH₄)₂SO₄). The results obtained showed that the addition of 2% (w/w) of urea in the sludge increased the pH around 9 and was sufficient to increase the inactivation of the pathogenic germs sought (Thermotolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli, Fecal streptococci, Sulphite-reducer anaerobes). The ammonium sulphate amendment had no appreciable effect on the reduction of the concentrations of these microbiological germs. However, treatment with these two additives reduced the levels of metallic trace elements (Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd and Cr) in the treated sludge. Then, the settling test made it possible to optimize the drying time of the sludge treated with sludge index values less than 100 mLg^-1. Urea treatment is therefore a simple and reliable approach to obtain hygienic and agronomically ready sludge. Subsequent work will concern agronomic trials of treated sludge.

Published in	Science Journal of Chemistry (Volume 10, Issue 6)
DOI	10.11648/j.sjc.20221006.15
Page(s)	225-231
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Faecal Sludge, Urea, Ammonium Sulphate, Inactivation of Pathogenic Germs, Agronomic Uses

References

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[2]	Kehrein, P., Loosdrecht, V. M., Osseweijer, P., Garfí, M., Dewulf, J., and Posada, J., (2020). A critical review of resource recovery from municipal wastewater treatment plants–market supply potentials, technologies and bottlenecks. Environ. Sci. Water Res. Technol., 6 (4): 877-910.
[3]	Mawi, P. M., Hooijmans, C. M., Garcia, H. A., and Brdjanovic, D., (2016). Microwave treatment of faecal sludge from intensively used toilets in the slums of Nairobi, Kenya. Journal of Environmental Management, 184: 575-584.
[4]	Mamera, M., Tol, J. J. v., and Aghoghovwia, M. P., (2022). Treatment of faecal sludge and sewage effluent by pinewood biochar to reduce wastewater bacteria and inorganic contaminants leaching. Water Research, 221: 118775.
[5]	Recalde, M., Woudstra, T., and Aravind, P. V., (2018). Renewed sanitation technology: A highly efficient faecal-sludge gasification–solid oxide fuel cell power plant. Applied Energy 222 (2018) 515–529.
[6]	Kocbek, E., Garcia, H. A., Hooijmans, C. M., Mijatović, I., Kržišnik, D., Humar, M., and Brdjanovic, D., (2022). Effects of the sludge physical-chemical properties on its microwave drying performance. Science of the Total Environment, 838: 1-14.
[7]	Pérez, M. E. G., (2014). Sanitising faecal sludge with ammonia (from urea) in the context of emergency situations. Master of Science Thesis, in Department of Environmenttal Engineering and Water technology, UNESCO-IHE.
[8]	Strandea, L., Schoebitza, L., Bischoffa, F., Ddibab, D., and Okellob, F., (2018). Methods to reliably estimate faecal sludge quantities and qualities for the design of treatment technologies and management solutions. Journal of Environmental Management 223 (2018) 898–907.
[9]	Akpaki, O., Segbeaya, K. N., Koledzi, K. E., and Baba, G., (2021). Faecal sludge stabilization by two chemical processes. International Journal of Current Research, (IJCR), 13 (04): 16857-16861.
[10]	CEAEQ and MAPAQs, (2003). Determination of organic matter by incineration: fire loss method, MA. 1010 – PAF 1.0, Quebec Ministry of Environment. MA. 1010 – PAF 1.0 ed. 9.
[11]	Canler, J. P., (2005). Dysfonctionnements biologiques des station d'épuration: origines et solutions. Document technique FNDAE n°33. http://www.eaufndae.fr.
[12]	Akpaki, O., (2015). Physico-chemical characterization of Attidjin faecale sludge (Gulf of Togo Prefecture), Department of Chemistry. Thesis, University of Lomé.
[13]	Barty, K., (2007). Determination of heavy metals in soils, sludge and sediments. Intersol, Paris.
[14]	Senecal, J. and Vinnerås, B., (2017). Urea stabilisation and concentration for urine-diverting dry toilets: Urine dehydration in ash. Science of The Total Environment, 586: 650-657.
[15]	Romuald, B. B. K., (2014). Removal of ammonium ions from aqueous solutions by mesoporous silicon (SBA-15) functionalized with acid organic groups. Thesis, PhD in soil and environment. Université LAVAL. Québec, Canada.
[16]	García, M. A., Chimenos, J. M., Fernández, A. I., Miralles, L., Segarra, M., and Espeill, F., (2004). Low-grade MgO used stabilize heavy metals in highly contaminated soils. Chemosphere, 56: 481-491.
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APA Style

Ogouvide Akpaki, Nitale M’Balikine Krou, Sassou Megnassan. (2022). Treatment of Faecal Sludge by Two Biochemical Processes. Science Journal of Chemistry, 10(6), 225-231. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20221006.15

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ACS Style

Ogouvide Akpaki; Nitale M’Balikine Krou; Sassou Megnassan. Treatment of Faecal Sludge by Two Biochemical Processes. Sci. J. Chem. 2022, 10(6), 225-231. doi: 10.11648/j.sjc.20221006.15

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AMA Style

Ogouvide Akpaki, Nitale M’Balikine Krou, Sassou Megnassan. Treatment of Faecal Sludge by Two Biochemical Processes. Sci J Chem. 2022;10(6):225-231. doi: 10.11648/j.sjc.20221006.15

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@article{10.11648/j.sjc.20221006.15,
  author = {Ogouvide Akpaki and Nitale M’Balikine Krou and Sassou Megnassan},
  title = {Treatment of Faecal Sludge by Two Biochemical Processes},
  journal = {Science Journal of Chemistry},
  volume = {10},
  number = {6},
  pages = {225-231},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sjc.20221006.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20221006.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjc.20221006.15},
  abstract = {Untreated raw faecal sludge is generally reused as fertilizer by some farmers and market gardeners to improve their production areas. However, untreated sludge contains pathogenic germs which, via the faecal-oral route, can present a microbial risk for consumers of fertilized products. To reduce this risk, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of their hygienization by two chemical processes: the use of urea (H2CONH2) and ammonium sulphate ((NH4)2SO4). The results obtained showed that the addition of 2% (w/w) of urea in the sludge increased the pH around 9 and was sufficient to increase the inactivation of the pathogenic germs sought (Thermotolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli, Fecal streptococci, Sulphite-reducer anaerobes). The ammonium sulphate amendment had no appreciable effect on the reduction of the concentrations of these microbiological germs. However, treatment with these two additives reduced the levels of metallic trace elements (Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd and Cr) in the treated sludge. Then, the settling test made it possible to optimize the drying time of the sludge treated with sludge index values less than 100 mLg-1. Urea treatment is therefore a simple and reliable approach to obtain hygienic and agronomically ready sludge. Subsequent work will concern agronomic trials of treated sludge.},
 year = {2022}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Treatment of Faecal Sludge by Two Biochemical Processes
AU  - Ogouvide Akpaki
AU  - Nitale M’Balikine Krou
AU  - Sassou Megnassan
Y1  - 2022/12/23
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20221006.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.sjc.20221006.15
T2  - Science Journal of Chemistry
JF  - Science Journal of Chemistry
JO  - Science Journal of Chemistry
SP  - 225
EP  - 231
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-099X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20221006.15
AB  - Untreated raw faecal sludge is generally reused as fertilizer by some farmers and market gardeners to improve their production areas. However, untreated sludge contains pathogenic germs which, via the faecal-oral route, can present a microbial risk for consumers of fertilized products. To reduce this risk, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of their hygienization by two chemical processes: the use of urea (H2CONH2) and ammonium sulphate ((NH4)2SO4). The results obtained showed that the addition of 2% (w/w) of urea in the sludge increased the pH around 9 and was sufficient to increase the inactivation of the pathogenic germs sought (Thermotolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli, Fecal streptococci, Sulphite-reducer anaerobes). The ammonium sulphate amendment had no appreciable effect on the reduction of the concentrations of these microbiological germs. However, treatment with these two additives reduced the levels of metallic trace elements (Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd and Cr) in the treated sludge. Then, the settling test made it possible to optimize the drying time of the sludge treated with sludge index values less than 100 mLg-1. Urea treatment is therefore a simple and reliable approach to obtain hygienic and agronomically ready sludge. Subsequent work will concern agronomic trials of treated sludge.
VL  - 10
IS  - 6
ER  -

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Author Information

Ogouvide Akpaki

Organic Chemistry and Environmental Sciences Laboratory (OCESL), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Kara, Kara, Togo
Nitale M’Balikine Krou

Organic Chemistry and Environmental Sciences Laboratory (OCESL), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Kara, Kara, Togo
Sassou Megnassan

Organic Chemistry and Environmental Sciences Laboratory (OCESL), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Kara, Kara, Togo

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APA Style

Ogouvide Akpaki, Nitale M’Balikine Krou, Sassou Megnassan. (2022). Treatment of Faecal Sludge by Two Biochemical Processes. Science Journal of Chemistry, 10(6), 225-231. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20221006.15

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ACS Style

Ogouvide Akpaki; Nitale M’Balikine Krou; Sassou Megnassan. Treatment of Faecal Sludge by Two Biochemical Processes. Sci. J. Chem. 2022, 10(6), 225-231. doi: 10.11648/j.sjc.20221006.15

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AMA Style

Ogouvide Akpaki, Nitale M’Balikine Krou, Sassou Megnassan. Treatment of Faecal Sludge by Two Biochemical Processes. Sci J Chem. 2022;10(6):225-231. doi: 10.11648/j.sjc.20221006.15

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.sjc.20221006.15,
  author = {Ogouvide Akpaki and Nitale M’Balikine Krou and Sassou Megnassan},
  title = {Treatment of Faecal Sludge by Two Biochemical Processes},
  journal = {Science Journal of Chemistry},
  volume = {10},
  number = {6},
  pages = {225-231},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sjc.20221006.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20221006.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjc.20221006.15},
  abstract = {Untreated raw faecal sludge is generally reused as fertilizer by some farmers and market gardeners to improve their production areas. However, untreated sludge contains pathogenic germs which, via the faecal-oral route, can present a microbial risk for consumers of fertilized products. To reduce this risk, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of their hygienization by two chemical processes: the use of urea (H2CONH2) and ammonium sulphate ((NH4)2SO4). The results obtained showed that the addition of 2% (w/w) of urea in the sludge increased the pH around 9 and was sufficient to increase the inactivation of the pathogenic germs sought (Thermotolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli, Fecal streptococci, Sulphite-reducer anaerobes). The ammonium sulphate amendment had no appreciable effect on the reduction of the concentrations of these microbiological germs. However, treatment with these two additives reduced the levels of metallic trace elements (Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd and Cr) in the treated sludge. Then, the settling test made it possible to optimize the drying time of the sludge treated with sludge index values less than 100 mLg-1. Urea treatment is therefore a simple and reliable approach to obtain hygienic and agronomically ready sludge. Subsequent work will concern agronomic trials of treated sludge.},
 year = {2022}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Treatment of Faecal Sludge by Two Biochemical Processes
AU  - Ogouvide Akpaki
AU  - Nitale M’Balikine Krou
AU  - Sassou Megnassan
Y1  - 2022/12/23
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20221006.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.sjc.20221006.15
T2  - Science Journal of Chemistry
JF  - Science Journal of Chemistry
JO  - Science Journal of Chemistry
SP  - 225
EP  - 231
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-099X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20221006.15
AB  - Untreated raw faecal sludge is generally reused as fertilizer by some farmers and market gardeners to improve their production areas. However, untreated sludge contains pathogenic germs which, via the faecal-oral route, can present a microbial risk for consumers of fertilized products. To reduce this risk, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of their hygienization by two chemical processes: the use of urea (H2CONH2) and ammonium sulphate ((NH4)2SO4). The results obtained showed that the addition of 2% (w/w) of urea in the sludge increased the pH around 9 and was sufficient to increase the inactivation of the pathogenic germs sought (Thermotolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli, Fecal streptococci, Sulphite-reducer anaerobes). The ammonium sulphate amendment had no appreciable effect on the reduction of the concentrations of these microbiological germs. However, treatment with these two additives reduced the levels of metallic trace elements (Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd and Cr) in the treated sludge. Then, the settling test made it possible to optimize the drying time of the sludge treated with sludge index values less than 100 mLg-1. Urea treatment is therefore a simple and reliable approach to obtain hygienic and agronomically ready sludge. Subsequent work will concern agronomic trials of treated sludge.
VL  - 10
IS  - 6
ER  -

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