Bacteriological Analysis of Drinking Water in Port Sudan City, Red Sea State, Sudan

Abd Elrahman Mustafa Abd Elrahman Osman; Shingray Osman Hashim; Mohammed Abdall Musa; Omer Mohammed Tahir; Ahmed Abd Alla Mohamedani

doi:doi:10.11648/j.wjfst.20170103.15

Bacteriological Analysis of Drinking Water in Port Sudan City, Red Sea State, Sudan

Abd Elrahman Mustafa Abd Elrahman Osman, Shingray Osman Hashim, Mohammed Abdall Musa, Omer Mohammed Tahir, Ahmed Abd Alla Mohamedani

Published in World Journal of Food Science and Technology (Volume 1, Issue 3)

Received: 22 November 2017 Accepted: 4 December 2017 Published: 17 January 2018

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Abstract

This study was a descriptive study to assess the bacteriological quality of Port Sudan drinking water sources and its subsidiary network until it reaches the consumers; in the period October 2005 and April 2007. Ten samples as negative control, and ninety samples were collected from seven different sources and examined bacteriologically to detect the possible bacterial contamination according to the detection of indicator organisms (total coliform, faecal coliform and Escherichia Coli) and their count. Analysis was done by two methods including multiple tube method (also named most probable number (MPN)) and membrane filtration method (MF). Results obtained revealed the analysis of negative control showed no bacterial detection. The analysis of surface water (fresh water) indicated the presence of the indicator organisms (all three types) with the highest average concentrations 1800+org/100 ml by MPN and (1567 org/ 100 ml by MF. Tubes from wells at the water source were contaminated with total coliform only and with low average concentration of 10.6 org/100ml by MPN and 9.8 org/100ml by MF. Drinking water samples, after treatment also indicated presence of contamination due to the presence of three types of indicator organisms with figures 793 org /100ml by MPN and 542 org/100ml by MF (average). This may indicate that the chemical used in treatment or methods of application are questionable. Desalination water, on the other hand, showed minimal contamination at the site of desalination plant. However, the same water was found to be contaminated during distribution (tankers & jericans). Samples taken from the drinking water network (houses, reservoirs) were highly contaminated by the three groups of indicator organisms. Therefore, it was not suitable for human consumption. Also the study has shown the following grade, 24.4% of all tested samples were excellent, 5.6% of all tested samples were satisfactory, 12.2% of all tested samples were suspicious, 57.8% of all tested samples were unsatisfactory.

Published in	World Journal of Food Science and Technology (Volume 1, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.wjfst.20170103.15
Page(s)	115-123
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2018. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

MPN, MF, Escherichia Coli, Port Sudan

References

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[2]	Bukhari, F. A (2004). Bacteriological Examination of Ground water in Omdurman, El thawra locality. M. Sc. Thesis, faculty of science and technology. Unv. Of Sudan.
[3]	Burrow William (1959). Text book of microbiology 17^th Edition London.
[4]	Cheese Brought, M. (1994). Medical Laboratory Manual for Tropical Countries 11: Microbiology. Cambridge. UK
[5]	Clesceri, Green berg and Eaton (ed.) 1998. Standard methods for the Examination of water and waste Water, 20^th ed. American Public Health Association, Washington, D. C.
[6]	Collee, J. G; Morinon, B. P.; Fraser, A. G. Simmons, A. (1996). Maki and McCartney Practical Medical Microbiology (14^th edition). Churchill Livingstone New York.
[7]	Elnaw, A. H. (Dec. 1984). A study on Port Sudan water supply. M. Sc. Institute of Environmental Studies. U.K. Sudan.
[8]	Eltom, A. M. (1997). Microbiology of Port Sudan supply water Ph.D. Thesis. faculty of Agric. U of K. Sudan.
[9]	Gibb, A. and Partners (1978). Feasibility study for water supply to Port Sudan. Unpublished report, vol. 11. Public Electriccity and Water Corporation, Sudan.
[10]	Hebbert, H. (1935), the Port Sudan water supply, Sudan notes and Records vol. 18 pt. 1.
[11]	McCarthy, Delong and Grasso. 1961. Water sewage works 108-238.
[12]	Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, (MFEP) (1983). Urban and Regional Environment, General synthesis Report, NO. 111, BCEOM.
[13]	Nasir. M. M. A (2003). Port-Sudan madiente organization, J. Port-Sudan medienty, 4:4-9.
[14]	Peter Feng; Stephen D. Weaganatand Michael A. Gran (2002). Bacteriological analytical manual online. USFDA. j, Enumeration of Escherichia coli and the coliform bacteria, 4; 1-15.
[15]	Robert. B.; Bordner; Jon. A. W; Pasquale S. (1995). Standard method for the examination of water and waste water (19^th Ed). Microbiological methods for monitoring the environment. Water and wastes. APHA Inc., Washington, D. C.
[16]	Tandon. P.; Chhibber. S. And Reed. R. H. (2005). Inactivation of Escherichia coli and coliform bacteria in traditional brass and earthern ware water storage vessels. Antonie Van Leeuwen hoek, 1:35—48.
[17]	WHO (1993). Guide lines for drinking water quality: Recommendations. Printed in France. 2^nd edition vol 1. WHO, Geneva.

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Abd Elrahman Mustafa Abd Elrahman Osman, Shingray Osman Hashim, Mohammed Abdall Musa, Omer Mohammed Tahir, Ahmed Abd Alla Mohamedani. (2018). Bacteriological Analysis of Drinking Water in Port Sudan City, Red Sea State, Sudan. World Journal of Food Science and Technology, 1(3), 115-123. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjfst.20170103.15

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ACS Style

Abd Elrahman Mustafa Abd Elrahman Osman; Shingray Osman Hashim; Mohammed Abdall Musa; Omer Mohammed Tahir; Ahmed Abd Alla Mohamedani. Bacteriological Analysis of Drinking Water in Port Sudan City, Red Sea State, Sudan. World J. Food Sci. Technol. 2018, 1(3), 115-123. doi: 10.11648/j.wjfst.20170103.15

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AMA Style

Abd Elrahman Mustafa Abd Elrahman Osman, Shingray Osman Hashim, Mohammed Abdall Musa, Omer Mohammed Tahir, Ahmed Abd Alla Mohamedani. Bacteriological Analysis of Drinking Water in Port Sudan City, Red Sea State, Sudan. World J Food Sci Technol. 2018;1(3):115-123. doi: 10.11648/j.wjfst.20170103.15

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@article{10.11648/j.wjfst.20170103.15,
  author = {Abd Elrahman Mustafa Abd Elrahman Osman and Shingray Osman Hashim and Mohammed Abdall Musa and Omer Mohammed Tahir and Ahmed Abd Alla Mohamedani},
  title = {Bacteriological Analysis of Drinking Water in Port Sudan City, Red Sea State, Sudan},
  journal = {World Journal of Food Science and Technology},
  volume = {1},
  number = {3},
  pages = {115-123},
  doi = {10.11648/j.wjfst.20170103.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjfst.20170103.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wjfst.20170103.15},
  abstract = {This study was a descriptive study to assess the bacteriological quality of Port Sudan drinking water sources and its subsidiary network until it reaches the consumers; in the period October 2005 and April 2007. Ten samples as negative control, and ninety samples were collected from seven different sources and examined bacteriologically to detect the possible bacterial contamination according to the detection of indicator organisms (total coliform, faecal coliform and Escherichia Coli)  and their count. Analysis was done by two methods including multiple tube method (also named most probable number (MPN)) and membrane filtration method (MF). Results obtained revealed the analysis of negative control showed no bacterial detection. The analysis of surface water (fresh water) indicated the presence of the indicator organisms (all three types) with the highest average concentrations 1800+org/100 ml by MPN and (1567 org/ 100 ml by MF. Tubes from wells at the water source were contaminated with total coliform only and with low average concentration of 10.6 org/100ml by MPN and 9.8 org/100ml by MF. Drinking water samples, after treatment also indicated presence of contamination due to the presence of three types of indicator organisms with figures 793 org /100ml by MPN and 542 org/100ml by MF (average). This may indicate that the chemical used in treatment or methods of application are questionable. Desalination water, on the other hand, showed minimal contamination at the site of desalination plant. However, the same water was found to be contaminated during distribution (tankers & jericans). Samples taken from the drinking water network (houses, reservoirs) were highly contaminated by the three groups of indicator organisms. Therefore, it was not suitable for human consumption. Also the study has shown the following grade, 24.4% of all tested samples were excellent, 5.6% of all tested samples were satisfactory, 12.2% of all tested samples were suspicious, 57.8% of all tested samples were unsatisfactory.},
 year = {2018}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Bacteriological Analysis of Drinking Water in Port Sudan City, Red Sea State, Sudan
AU  - Abd Elrahman Mustafa Abd Elrahman Osman
AU  - Shingray Osman Hashim
AU  - Mohammed Abdall Musa
AU  - Omer Mohammed Tahir
AU  - Ahmed Abd Alla Mohamedani
Y1  - 2018/01/17
PY  - 2018
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjfst.20170103.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.wjfst.20170103.15
T2  - World Journal of Food Science and Technology
JF  - World Journal of Food Science and Technology
JO  - World Journal of Food Science and Technology
SP  - 115
EP  - 123
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2637-6024
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjfst.20170103.15
AB  - This study was a descriptive study to assess the bacteriological quality of Port Sudan drinking water sources and its subsidiary network until it reaches the consumers; in the period October 2005 and April 2007. Ten samples as negative control, and ninety samples were collected from seven different sources and examined bacteriologically to detect the possible bacterial contamination according to the detection of indicator organisms (total coliform, faecal coliform and Escherichia Coli)  and their count. Analysis was done by two methods including multiple tube method (also named most probable number (MPN)) and membrane filtration method (MF). Results obtained revealed the analysis of negative control showed no bacterial detection. The analysis of surface water (fresh water) indicated the presence of the indicator organisms (all three types) with the highest average concentrations 1800+org/100 ml by MPN and (1567 org/ 100 ml by MF. Tubes from wells at the water source were contaminated with total coliform only and with low average concentration of 10.6 org/100ml by MPN and 9.8 org/100ml by MF. Drinking water samples, after treatment also indicated presence of contamination due to the presence of three types of indicator organisms with figures 793 org /100ml by MPN and 542 org/100ml by MF (average). This may indicate that the chemical used in treatment or methods of application are questionable. Desalination water, on the other hand, showed minimal contamination at the site of desalination plant. However, the same water was found to be contaminated during distribution (tankers & jericans). Samples taken from the drinking water network (houses, reservoirs) were highly contaminated by the three groups of indicator organisms. Therefore, it was not suitable for human consumption. Also the study has shown the following grade, 24.4% of all tested samples were excellent, 5.6% of all tested samples were satisfactory, 12.2% of all tested samples were suspicious, 57.8% of all tested samples were unsatisfactory.
VL  - 1
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Author Information

Abd Elrahman Mustafa Abd Elrahman Osman

Medical Laboratory Sciences Division, Port Sudan Ahlia College, Port Sudan, Sudan
Shingray Osman Hashim

Medical Laboratory Sciences Division, Port Sudan Ahlia College, Port Sudan, Sudan
Mohammed Abdall Musa

Medical Laboratory Sciences Division, Port Sudan Ahlia College, Port Sudan, Sudan
Omer Mohammed Tahir

Medical Laboratory Sciences Division, Port Sudan Ahlia College, Port Sudan, Sudan
Ahmed Abd Alla Mohamedani

Faculty of Medicine, University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan

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APA Style

Abd Elrahman Mustafa Abd Elrahman Osman, Shingray Osman Hashim, Mohammed Abdall Musa, Omer Mohammed Tahir, Ahmed Abd Alla Mohamedani. (2018). Bacteriological Analysis of Drinking Water in Port Sudan City, Red Sea State, Sudan. World Journal of Food Science and Technology, 1(3), 115-123. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjfst.20170103.15

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ACS Style

Abd Elrahman Mustafa Abd Elrahman Osman; Shingray Osman Hashim; Mohammed Abdall Musa; Omer Mohammed Tahir; Ahmed Abd Alla Mohamedani. Bacteriological Analysis of Drinking Water in Port Sudan City, Red Sea State, Sudan. World J. Food Sci. Technol. 2018, 1(3), 115-123. doi: 10.11648/j.wjfst.20170103.15

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AMA Style

Abd Elrahman Mustafa Abd Elrahman Osman, Shingray Osman Hashim, Mohammed Abdall Musa, Omer Mohammed Tahir, Ahmed Abd Alla Mohamedani. Bacteriological Analysis of Drinking Water in Port Sudan City, Red Sea State, Sudan. World J Food Sci Technol. 2018;1(3):115-123. doi: 10.11648/j.wjfst.20170103.15

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@article{10.11648/j.wjfst.20170103.15,
  author = {Abd Elrahman Mustafa Abd Elrahman Osman and Shingray Osman Hashim and Mohammed Abdall Musa and Omer Mohammed Tahir and Ahmed Abd Alla Mohamedani},
  title = {Bacteriological Analysis of Drinking Water in Port Sudan City, Red Sea State, Sudan},
  journal = {World Journal of Food Science and Technology},
  volume = {1},
  number = {3},
  pages = {115-123},
  doi = {10.11648/j.wjfst.20170103.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjfst.20170103.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wjfst.20170103.15},
  abstract = {This study was a descriptive study to assess the bacteriological quality of Port Sudan drinking water sources and its subsidiary network until it reaches the consumers; in the period October 2005 and April 2007. Ten samples as negative control, and ninety samples were collected from seven different sources and examined bacteriologically to detect the possible bacterial contamination according to the detection of indicator organisms (total coliform, faecal coliform and Escherichia Coli)  and their count. Analysis was done by two methods including multiple tube method (also named most probable number (MPN)) and membrane filtration method (MF). Results obtained revealed the analysis of negative control showed no bacterial detection. The analysis of surface water (fresh water) indicated the presence of the indicator organisms (all three types) with the highest average concentrations 1800+org/100 ml by MPN and (1567 org/ 100 ml by MF. Tubes from wells at the water source were contaminated with total coliform only and with low average concentration of 10.6 org/100ml by MPN and 9.8 org/100ml by MF. Drinking water samples, after treatment also indicated presence of contamination due to the presence of three types of indicator organisms with figures 793 org /100ml by MPN and 542 org/100ml by MF (average). This may indicate that the chemical used in treatment or methods of application are questionable. Desalination water, on the other hand, showed minimal contamination at the site of desalination plant. However, the same water was found to be contaminated during distribution (tankers & jericans). Samples taken from the drinking water network (houses, reservoirs) were highly contaminated by the three groups of indicator organisms. Therefore, it was not suitable for human consumption. Also the study has shown the following grade, 24.4% of all tested samples were excellent, 5.6% of all tested samples were satisfactory, 12.2% of all tested samples were suspicious, 57.8% of all tested samples were unsatisfactory.},
 year = {2018}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Bacteriological Analysis of Drinking Water in Port Sudan City, Red Sea State, Sudan
AU  - Abd Elrahman Mustafa Abd Elrahman Osman
AU  - Shingray Osman Hashim
AU  - Mohammed Abdall Musa
AU  - Omer Mohammed Tahir
AU  - Ahmed Abd Alla Mohamedani
Y1  - 2018/01/17
PY  - 2018
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjfst.20170103.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.wjfst.20170103.15
T2  - World Journal of Food Science and Technology
JF  - World Journal of Food Science and Technology
JO  - World Journal of Food Science and Technology
SP  - 115
EP  - 123
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2637-6024
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjfst.20170103.15
AB  - This study was a descriptive study to assess the bacteriological quality of Port Sudan drinking water sources and its subsidiary network until it reaches the consumers; in the period October 2005 and April 2007. Ten samples as negative control, and ninety samples were collected from seven different sources and examined bacteriologically to detect the possible bacterial contamination according to the detection of indicator organisms (total coliform, faecal coliform and Escherichia Coli)  and their count. Analysis was done by two methods including multiple tube method (also named most probable number (MPN)) and membrane filtration method (MF). Results obtained revealed the analysis of negative control showed no bacterial detection. The analysis of surface water (fresh water) indicated the presence of the indicator organisms (all three types) with the highest average concentrations 1800+org/100 ml by MPN and (1567 org/ 100 ml by MF. Tubes from wells at the water source were contaminated with total coliform only and with low average concentration of 10.6 org/100ml by MPN and 9.8 org/100ml by MF. Drinking water samples, after treatment also indicated presence of contamination due to the presence of three types of indicator organisms with figures 793 org /100ml by MPN and 542 org/100ml by MF (average). This may indicate that the chemical used in treatment or methods of application are questionable. Desalination water, on the other hand, showed minimal contamination at the site of desalination plant. However, the same water was found to be contaminated during distribution (tankers & jericans). Samples taken from the drinking water network (houses, reservoirs) were highly contaminated by the three groups of indicator organisms. Therefore, it was not suitable for human consumption. Also the study has shown the following grade, 24.4% of all tested samples were excellent, 5.6% of all tested samples were satisfactory, 12.2% of all tested samples were suspicious, 57.8% of all tested samples were unsatisfactory.
VL  - 1
IS  - 3
ER  -

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