Further Thoughts on the Self-image of the Hungarian Attorneys
István H. Szilágyi,
Andrea Jankó-Badó
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 4, December 2018
Pages:
137-149
Received:
1 October 2018
Accepted:
8 November 2018
Published:
26 December 2018
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijls.20180104.11
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Abstract: By analysing focus group and directed deep interviews, this paper highlights the professional self-image of Hungarian attorneys. A summary of legal historical, sociological and legal sociological findings on the current social position of this profession is found in the introduction. It further describes how the profession gained and lost its autonomy in the second part of the 19th and early 20th century, and regained it following the 1989 democratic transition. Relying mainly on a longitudinal comprehensive study of a research group led by Ágnes Utasi, the paper summarizes the changes in the profession in recent decades: tendencies in the social stratification within and in the recruiting background of the profession, and its overall decreasing social and political capital. This is followed by a theoretical discussion of the notion of “self-image” exposing its nature and content. The self-image of the profession is understood here as a tapestry of values, norms, descriptive cultural patterns, narratives and symbols, while sociological patterns can be discerned from the conduct of the members of the profession. Having presented the applied research method, the circumstances of the two focus group interviews and the directed deep interviews taken from the research group material recorded in the same year, the authors assess the attorneys’ ideas concerning their relationship to judges, clients, forensic experts and mediators. In the reflections, contradictions and divisions can be detected in three out of the four discussed topics. As for judges, while competition and criticism concerning professional competence on the attorneys’ side seemingly run parallel to the need for communication and cooperation, they are also on a collision course with it. Similar ambivalence can be experienced in the client/attorney relation. The reasons underlying this ambivalence were observed in the deficient and inconsistent market conditions of legal services and the lack of clarity in the professional self-image. With the transforming market constraints of legal services the latter may play a role in attorneys’ divided ideas of, and critical attitude towards, each other’s work and the internal relations of the profession. The only aspect where perceptions and opinions achieved a high degree of harmony was the relation to forensic experts and mediators, showing an unequivocally critical and dismissive attitude. The paper concludes by reflecting on the social factors underlying the perceived contradictions in the professional self-image.
Abstract: By analysing focus group and directed deep interviews, this paper highlights the professional self-image of Hungarian attorneys. A summary of legal historical, sociological and legal sociological findings on the current social position of this profession is found in the introduction. It further describes how the profession gained and lost its auton...
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The Research on the Patent Transfer of Universities of China Mainland
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 4, December 2018
Pages:
150-156
Received:
15 November 2018
Accepted:
17 December 2018
Published:
29 January 2019
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijls.20180104.12
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Abstract: China accounted for 98% of the total growth of global patent applications in 2016. The rapid growth has been arousing great controversies and doubts about Chinese current patent policies around the world. Chinese universities are making the second largest contribution to patent filing growth. However, a survey of top 10 universities in mainland China suggests that the university sector has not performed as well in patent use as it has in patent filings. This paper talked about the patent quality from purposes for filing patents of university inventors and analyze the non-market factors behind it including many preferential policies. By empirical study, some alienations of patent application were found that most inventors filed patent not for the commercial use but for other purposes such as for personal promotion in academic field, or for the project requirement and for meeting the needs of workload. It comes to the conclusion that the influence of the planned economy is fundamental reasons for the patent surge and the low transfer rate, also the ranking of the Ministry of Education and the preferential financial policies on patent application of Chinese universities play a key role for the low patent transfer. Finally, a few ways towards a better balance between patent quantity and quality are suggested from an institutional perspective.
Abstract: China accounted for 98% of the total growth of global patent applications in 2016. The rapid growth has been arousing great controversies and doubts about Chinese current patent policies around the world. Chinese universities are making the second largest contribution to patent filing growth. However, a survey of top 10 universities in mainland Chi...
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Significance of Billion Tree Tsunami Afforestation Project and Legal Developments in Forest Sector of Pakistan
Asif Kamal,
Ma Yingjie,
Ahmad Ali
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 4, December 2018
Pages:
157-165
Received:
27 November 2018
Accepted:
25 December 2018
Published:
29 January 2019
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijls.20180104.13
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Abstract: The impact of ‘Billion Trees Tsunami Afforestation Project’ (launched by Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) led Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan 2014) on climate change and accordingly the rules, laws and by laws are discussed and evaluated in this paper. The development of immense organic system of the earth, industrialization and deforestation has a fundamental effect on climate which in turn influences the Socio-Economic life of world population. Plantation and forestation has a significant role in controlling the effect of toxic gases which ultimately contribute in controlling global warming. Additionally, laws and bylaws are mandatory for sustainable forestation. The billion tree tsunami afforestation project (BTTAP) is designed in all ecological zones of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province under the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA) 1997 and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Environmental Protection Act 2014. The present study is designed to evaluate the national and International efforts for countering the rapidly growing threat of climate change, legal obligations and development in forest sector. This study reveals that BBTAP has a considerable contribution to the Bonn challenge with a pledge of 348,400 hectares with an addition of 252,000 totaling 0.6 million hectares forest cover. After successful maturity, the BBTAP is going to sequester 0.04 Gigatonnes of carbon dioxide by 2020 with an economic benefit of 120 million USD.
Abstract: The impact of ‘Billion Trees Tsunami Afforestation Project’ (launched by Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) led Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan 2014) on climate change and accordingly the rules, laws and by laws are discussed and evaluated in this paper. The development of immense organic system of the earth, industrialization and deforestat...
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