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On the Perturbation Theory in Quantum Electrodynamics Using the Wave Functions of the Dressed States
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, October 2016
Pages:
28-30
Received:
4 August 2016
Accepted:
15 August 2016
Published:
6 September 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijamtp.20160204.11
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Abstract: The paper considers the possibility of constructing a perturbation theory for problems of quantum electrodynamics, which is based on the wave functions of so-called "dressed" electron, unlike traditional perturbation theory, which uses the wave functions of the "bare" electrons. To investigate the wave functions of the "dressed" electron a numerical investigation of associated Dirac-Maxwell equations was performed in the approximation of small electron pulses. An expression for the energy eigenvalues of the considered self-consistent problem was found in a quasi-classical approximation as well as an estimation of the lifetime of the "dressed" electron and the effective value of the electron charge.
Abstract: The paper considers the possibility of constructing a perturbation theory for problems of quantum electrodynamics, which is based on the wave functions of so-called "dressed" electron, unlike traditional perturbation theory, which uses the wave functions of the "bare" electrons. To investigate the wave functions of the "dressed" electron a numerica...
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Timing in Simultaneity, Einstein’s Test Scenario, and Precise Clock Synchronization
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, October 2016
Pages:
31-40
Received:
21 August 2016
Accepted:
25 August 2016
Published:
26 September 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijamtp.20160204.12
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Abstract: Although seemingly different, these topics are all related to timing events. Einstein gave examples of simultaneous events as witnessed by one inertial observer may not be simultaneous for other inertial observers. This paper eliminates a common misconception. Simultaneous events are confused with separated events occurring at the same coordinate time. Simultaneous events are witnessed by all observers, whether inertial or accelerated, because simultaneous events occur when phenomena collide, merge, overlap, or superimpose into one point at the same instant of time. Chronometric events occur at the same coordinate time of a reference frame, but at separate locations. Simultaneous events are perceived as simultaneous by all observers, because a point defines an observer’s location at some instantaneous time. Chronometric events occur at identical coordinate times, but are usually not simultaneous, because the distances to convey the information to an observer are usually unequal arrival times. Einstein’s train scenario involving dual lightning strikes is explained by Newtonian physics without relativity. The mathematics concerning an embellished version of Einstein’s train scenario is derived in this paper. Synchronizing coordinate clocks to less than 1 ns is difficult. Unless the observer precisely compensates for the whole velocity between the transmitted time from some point and the observer’s local frame, synchronizing coordinate clocks far apart is surprisingly impossible by electronic transmission through free space. An experiment is suggested to obtain the effective velocity using one-way measurements for the speed of light to improve clock synchronization by several orders.
Abstract: Although seemingly different, these topics are all related to timing events. Einstein gave examples of simultaneous events as witnessed by one inertial observer may not be simultaneous for other inertial observers. This paper eliminates a common misconception. Simultaneous events are confused with separated events occurring at the same coordinate t...
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Blow-up of Solutions for Semilinear Timoshenko System with Damping and Source Terms
Jian Dang,
Qingying Hu,
Hongwei Zhang
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, October 2016
Pages:
41-45
Received:
21 August 2016
Accepted:
29 August 2016
Published:
14 October 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijamtp.20160204.13
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Abstract: In this paper, we are concerned with one-dimensional Timoshenko model for a beam with nonlinear damping and source terms. We establish a blow-up result when the initial energy is positive and the initial data is not in a potential well. Under arbitrary positive initial energy, we also prove a finite-time blow-up result for a special case.
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Generalized Equations for the Collinear Doppler Effect
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, October 2016
Pages:
46-51
Received:
6 August 2016
Accepted:
23 September 2016
Published:
19 October 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijamtp.20160204.14
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Abstract: Some physics textbooks state that the equation for the collinear Doppler effect applies only to a reference frame fixed on the medium, while several textbooks ignore this limitation. The wavelength recorded by a moving observer can be transformed by the textbook Doppler equation in terms of only the source’s frequency and velocity, which demonstrates the textbook equation is inaccurate with a stationary source. The equation for the Doppler effect in textbooks approximates the observer’s frequency, even when the observer’s velocity is much less than the propagation velocity through the medium. The generalized Doppler equations for an observer are derived using infinite series for the moving observer in any inertial frame. The inaccuracy of the textbook equation is due to the false assumption that the observed wavelength in the observer’s frame is the same transmitted wavelength in the frame of the medium. It is also shown for sound that a moving source and moving observer with identical velocities through still air is the equivalent of having a stationary source and stationary observer with a wind of opposite velocity. This particular example also demonstrates that moving interferometers preserve wavelengths. These newly derived Doppler equations for the observer will add more precision with wave phenomena.
Abstract: Some physics textbooks state that the equation for the collinear Doppler effect applies only to a reference frame fixed on the medium, while several textbooks ignore this limitation. The wavelength recorded by a moving observer can be transformed by the textbook Doppler equation in terms of only the source’s frequency and velocity, which demonstrat...
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Classical Derivation of the Total Solar Deflection of Light
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, October 2016
Pages:
52-56
Received:
7 August 2016
Accepted:
23 September 2016
Published:
19 October 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijamtp.20160204.15
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Abstract: It has been held that the total solar deflection of light could only be derived correctly by Einstein’s general theory of relativity. This paper provides a new classical derivation for the total gravitational deflection of light as a photon passes by the Sun. Newton, Cavendish, Einstein and others discussed or calculated how gravity may bend the paths of light. In particular, von Soldner published an incomplete classical derivation to predict a solar deflection that was half of the later observed value, since he assumed a light wave was deflected by a stationary Sun. Einstein’s earliest derivation used his equivalence principle of a homogeneous gravity field and a constant dynamical acceleration, which predicted half of the observed solar deflection angle, because he was then unaware of all the first-order space-time contributions. Einstein’s general relativity theory predicted the full solar deflection. Assuming the photon has a mass via Einstein’s mass-energy equation, this classical derivation uses Newton’s mechanical laws and his law of gravitation for the photon’s and the Sun’s hyperbolic paths about their mutual barycenter. Both the Sun and photon deflect each other about their barycenter with an infinite lever. This Newtonian derivation obtains the prediction of 1.75 against the celestial sphere for the full gravitational deflection of light relative to the Sun.
Abstract: It has been held that the total solar deflection of light could only be derived correctly by Einstein’s general theory of relativity. This paper provides a new classical derivation for the total gravitational deflection of light as a photon passes by the Sun. Newton, Cavendish, Einstein and others discussed or calculated how gravity may bend the pa...
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Functional Basic Units of Physics and Reference Frames That Preserve Maxwell’s Equations
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, October 2016
Pages:
57-63
Received:
12 August 2016
Accepted:
9 November 2016
Published:
12 December 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijamtp.20160204.16
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Abstract: This paper briefly highlights that the basic time unit as the International System second is shorter than the original Universal Time second, which causes the International Atomic Time to run faster than Universal Time. This paper also discusses that the mole, candela, and ampere are functional definitions due to their dependence on other basic physical quantities in the internationally accepted list of fundamental quantities of physics. Particularly, electrical current in amperes is not fundamental concerning charge of electrons or protons. The ampere combines charge and time units, which makes it a functional quantity—not fundamental. Also, the definition of the ampere underscores a paradox with inertial frames. The expected forces between current-carrying wires that are moving can be explained only by an absolutely stationary frame. Maxwell’s electromagnetic equations are based on empirical results over the past two centuries. The Lorentz force, which is velocity dependent, violates Newton’s second law and the Equivalence Principle concerning inertial frames. If a Newtonian force, such as gravity, accelerates all points parallel and equally at each instant of time within the domain of a reference frame, then that frame is mathematically equivalent to an absolutely stationary frame. The speed of light is guaranteed to be a universal constant as well as all other electromagnetic constants within an absolutely stationary frame, which is mathematically equivalent for laboratories. Any slight variation of Newtonian forces within a laboratory is virtually undetectable with electromagnetic phenomena. Thus, Maxwell’s equations are valid only within an absolutely stationary reference frame.
Abstract: This paper briefly highlights that the basic time unit as the International System second is shorter than the original Universal Time second, which causes the International Atomic Time to run faster than Universal Time. This paper also discusses that the mole, candela, and ampere are functional definitions due to their dependence on other basic phy...
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