Research Article
Investigation of Blood Flow in Capillaries Through Rheological Properties at Low Concentration Limit
Ramesh Yadav*
,
Pravin Kumar Srivastava,
Santosh Kumar Dixit,
Navneet Kumar Singh
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 2, June 2025
Pages:
43-50
Received:
7 March 2025
Accepted:
31 March 2025
Published:
22 April 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajese.20250902.11
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Abstract: In this study we investigate the blood flow in capillaries through rheological properties as small density limit of fluid. Here we know that blood viscosity is an important for flow of particle RBC, WBC and Platelets. The characteristics of blood flow exhibits shear thinning behavior of flow. It decreases exponentially with increasing shear rates. All these particles WBC, RBC and Platelets increases the viscosity of blood. The shear thinning property of blood is mainly attributed to red blood cell (RBC) rheological properties. RBC aggregation occurs at low shear rates with increase of these particles. Blood flow in human being artery and vein is highly dependent on the ability of RBC to deform, but deformability also affect on blood flow in the high and low concentration. When it is low concentration flow of blood is increases and rate of deformability is increased. The person with highest RBC deformability at steady–state has a higher risk of developing frequent painful. Moreover, regular physical exercise has been shown to decrease blood viscosity in sickle cell mice, which could be beneficial for adequate blood flow and tissue perfusion. The behavior of shear become less dense of blood in the low shear limit is analyses by assuming the approximate of the red blood cells (RBC). This is said to be the rouleaux form of blood. Here the fundamental equation blood flow in higher shear rate is obtained for the numerous flow positions by assuming the unique property of deformation of blood cells. In this study, the changes of the surface are conserving control. The tank treading flow of the blood cells on the rheological properties has been also investiged.
Abstract: In this study we investigate the blood flow in capillaries through rheological properties as small density limit of fluid. Here we know that blood viscosity is an important for flow of particle RBC, WBC and Platelets. The characteristics of blood flow exhibits shear thinning behavior of flow. It decreases exponentially with increasing shear rates. ...
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Research Article
Air Pollution and Health Effects in Developing Countries, Case Study: Serbia
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 2, June 2025
Pages:
51-58
Received:
14 March 2025
Accepted:
16 April 2025
Published:
29 April 2025
Abstract: The primary driver of atmospheric pollution is humanity's demand for energy. Consequently, traffic and industry—particularly the energy sector—are considered the dominant sources of air pollution. Intensive motorized traffic significantly contributes to increased vehicular emissions, negatively impacting the atmosphere and all the environment. A range of negative effects of air pollution is observed, particularly in the urban environment, where one of the most considerable is the impact on human health. Air pollution affects all living organisms, leading to various health issues, including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, allergic reactions, and even death. Due to urbanization, the prevalence of respiratory conditions, such as allergic asthma, chronic obstructive bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, is increasing. Literature data shows that the emission of air pollutants (e.g. particulate matter, sulfur or nitrogen oxides) in developing countries, like Serbia, is higher than in industrialized ones. The study deals with the analysis of the health data and air pollutants emission data related to the energy sector and road traffic in Serbia, establishing the dynamic change trend in the period 2012-2022. Trend change dynamics were followed for the main air pollutants like black carbon, particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, Sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, ammonia, and non-methane volatile organic compounds. The analysis showed the positive trend changes in the dominant air pollutants emission relevant for the observed industry sectors, during the 11 years. The emission rate of NO2 from road transport in the period 2012 - 2022 shows a positive trend of change, and the share of NO2 in total emission increased from 19.87% to 41.06%. Also, share of black carbon and various particulate matter in total national emission increased. Regarding the coal-power plant as a dominant energy source and a primary source of SO2 emissions in Serbia, its emission rate fluctuated during the observed period. Nevertheless, its contribution to the total national emissions increased from 90.30% in 2012 to 95.56% in 2022. Regarding the results, future monitoring of the air pollutants emission level and implementing measures to improve the air quality in Serbia should be of high importance. Therefore, investment towards green transition and traffic planning, including the number and types of vehicles within urban areas, as a critical factor in mitigating air pollution levels, should be a priority. Furthermore, policies related to reducing air pollution emission from diverse sources should be harmonized with the European Union's regulatory framework to ensure alignment with empirical outcomes.
Abstract: The primary driver of atmospheric pollution is humanity's demand for energy. Consequently, traffic and industry—particularly the energy sector—are considered the dominant sources of air pollution. Intensive motorized traffic significantly contributes to increased vehicular emissions, negatively impacting the atmosphere and all the environment. A ra...
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Research Article
Disaggregation of Climate-Projected Rainfall Using an Empirical Approach for Design Rainfall Estimation
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 2, June 2025
Pages:
59-67
Received:
19 March 2025
Accepted:
5 May 2025
Published:
14 May 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajese.20250902.13
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Abstract: The robust regional and seasonal variability exhibited in Australian rainfall patterns, superimposed by the large-scale-continental-climate-volatility, is expected to further intensify under climate change impacts, altering the recurrence and austerity of extreme rainfall intensity event(s) prevalence. This needs to be conscientiously addressed while developing Intensity-Frequency-Duration (IFD) curves for employment in the design of flood-mitigation-infrastructure. Current Australian IFD practices are developed based upon the temporal-stationarity-concept, thereby calling for updated IFD practices based upon non-stationarity approaches for future flood mitigation/planning. However, a major obstacle in the adaptation of this approach is centered around the unavailability of projected future rainfall data records at sub-hourly/sub-daily timescales, crucial for developing IFD curves of any sort. This has led to extensive research on various rainfall disaggregation techniques, using both statistical and empirical methods. This paper proposes the novel application of one such empirical method, a reduction formula used by the Ethiopian Road Authority, dubbed as the ERA Formula, for disaggregating projected daily rainfall data into sub-daily/sub-hourly timescales. The proposed method is attested on an Eastern Melbourne urban catchment, Gardiners Creek, with good-quality observed rainfall data. The original ERA equation, is calibrated to befit Australian climatic and geographical conditions, following which it is applied and evaluated. The results highlight that the application of the ERA approach exhibited supremacy in the accurate replication of the observed temporal variability in the annual maxima rainfall timeseries at the sub-daily/sub-hourly timesteps, with high estimation accuracy (R2 = 88-92% & NSE = 0.89-0.9) and minimum error magnitude (MAE = 0.85mm & RMSE =1.37 mm), thereby highlighting the efficacy of potentially adopting this approach for disaggregation of the projected rainfall.
Abstract: The robust regional and seasonal variability exhibited in Australian rainfall patterns, superimposed by the large-scale-continental-climate-volatility, is expected to further intensify under climate change impacts, altering the recurrence and austerity of extreme rainfall intensity event(s) prevalence. This needs to be conscientiously addressed whi...
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