Quantification of Pollutant Levels in Water, Sediment and Winkles in Akani Obio Uruan River, Nigeria

Emmanuel Isaac Uwah; Emem Michael Edem; Iboroakam Essien Udosen; Essien Daniel Udosen; Okon Monday Udoidiong

doi:doi:10.11648/j.sjac.20200802.12

| Peer-Reviewed

Quantification of Pollutant Levels in Water, Sediment and Winkles in Akani Obio Uruan River, Nigeria

Emmanuel Isaac Uwah, Emem Michael Edem, Iboroakam Essien Udosen, Essien Daniel Udosen, Okon Monday Udoidiong

Published in Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry (Volume 8, Issue 2)

Received: 19 March 2020 Accepted: 13 April 2020 Published: 29 April 2020

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

The levels of some trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn) were quantified in water, sediment and two species of winkles (Pachymelania bryonensis and Pachymelania fusca mutans) in Akani Obio Uruan River from August to September 2018 (wet season) and February to March 2019 (dry season), using Varian spectra 100 atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The levels of some physicochemical parameters (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solid (TDS), nitrate, sulphate and phosphate) were equally quantified in water. From the results, Cd level of 0.088 mg/l in water was higher than those of the other trace metals investigated. Accordingly, Cu level of 0.602 mg/kg in sediment was higher than 0.017 mg/kg in water and 0.077 mg/kg in one species of the winkles. Zn level of 0.141 mg/kg in one species of the winkles was higher than those of the other metals. In general, the levels of most of the metals were higher in all the samples during the wet season. This could be attributed to excessive water run-off during the wet season which could have resulted to the leaching of various kinds of wastes into the water bodies. Interestingly, the levels of all the trace metals investigated in all the samples were below the maximum acceptable limits stipulated by WHO and the US environmental protection agency (USEPA). Physicochemical examination revealed that the levels of pH, temperature, TDS, EC, nitrate and sulphate were below the maximum permissible limits set by WHO. The levels of DO and phosphate in the water were however higher. This may have deleterious effect on aquatic ecosystem and the health of the rural dwellers that consumed the winkles and use the river water directly for domestic purposes without treatment.

Published in	Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry (Volume 8, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.sjac.20200802.12
Page(s)	45-55
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Quantification, Trace Metals, Pollution, Water, Sediment, Winkles

References

[1]	Adefemi, S. O., Oyakhilome, G. I., Asaolu, S. S., and Aiyesanmi, A. F. (2013). Interrelationship of Heavy Metals Concentration in water, sediment and fish samples from Owena multi-purpose Dam, Ondo state, Southern Nigeria. Journal of Emerging Trend Engineering. Applied Science, 4 (2): 207-215.
[2]	Matsumoto, S. T., Janaina, R., Mario, S. M., and Maria, A. M. (2005). Evaluation of the Genotoxic Potential due to the action of an Effluent Contaminated with Chromium, by the Comet Assay in CHO-K1 cultures. Caryologia, 58 (1): 40 –46.
[3]	Li, Z., Mao, X. Z., Li, T. S., and Zhang, S. Y. (2016). Estimation of river pollution source using the space-time radial basis collocation method. Journal of Advanced Water Resource, 88: 68-79.
[4]	Duffus, H. J. (2002). Heavy metals A meaningless Term. (IUPAC Technical Report), Journal of pure and Applied Chemistry, 74 (5): 493 – 507.
[5]	James, C., and Ducan, M. (2002). Hand book of Green chemistry and Technology. Balwell publishing UK. 41-42.
[6]	Barrie, M., Peake, k., and Jeffery N. B. (2006). Sources of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban storm water runoff. Science of Total Environment, 359: 145-155.
[7]	Ekere, N. R., Ukoha, P. O., Udeogu, U. V., and Agbazue, V. E. (2014). Potential health risk assessment of heavy metals [Cd Cu and Fe] concentrations in some important frozen fish species consumed in Nigeria. International Journal of Chemical Science, 12 (2): 366-374.
[8]	Lindqvist, L., Block, M. (1995). Excretion of cadmium during moulting and metamorphosis in Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera; Tenebrionidae). Comp Biochemical and Physical Science, 111: 325-328.
[9]	Egborge, A. B. M. (1994). Water Pollution: Biodiversity and Chemistry of Warri River. Ben Miller Book Nig. Ltd Nigeria.
[10]	Dambo, W. B. (1992). Tolerance of the Periwinkles Pachymelania aurita (Muller) and Tympanotonus fuscastus (Linne) to Refined oils. Environmental Pollution, 79: 293-296.
[11]	Voogt, D. P., Feenstra, H. B., Copius, J. F., and Peerbom, J. W. (1980). Exposure and Health Effects of Cadmium. Toxicological and Environment Reviews, 3: 88 – 109.
[12]	Udosen, E. D. (2015). Concepts in Environmental Chemistry. Aniko Global Ventures.
[13]	Ademoroti, C. M. A. (1996). Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology. Foludex Press Ltd. Ibadan. 215p.
[14]	HACH, 1997. Water Analysis Handbook. 3rd Edition., HACH Company, Loveland, Colorado, USA.
[15]	Qu, L., Huang, H., Xia, F., Liu, Y., Dahlgren, R., Zhang, M. and Mei, K. (2018). Risk Analysis of Heavy Metal Concentration in Surface Waters Across the Rural – Urban interface of the Wen-Rui Tang River, China. Journal of Environmental Pollution, 237: 639 – 649.
[16]	Namrata, S. (2010). Physicochemical Properties of Polluted water of River Ganga at Varanasi. International Journal of Energy and Environment. 1 (5): 823-832.
[17]	Tubonimi, J. K., Omubo, A. and Herbert, O. S. (2010). Assessment of Water Quality along Amadi Creek in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Sceintia Africana, 9 (1): 153-165.
[18]	WHO (World Health Organisation) (2011). Children’s Health and Environment. WHO training package for the Health Sector.
[19]	Addo, M. A., Okley, G. M., Affum, H. A., Acquah S., Gbadageo, L. K. and Senu, J. K. (2011). Level of some Heavy Metals in Water and Sediments of Kpeshie Lagoon, La-Accra. Ghana. Research Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 3 (5): 487-497.
[20]	Akintoye, O. A., Obi, C. N., Etim, O. A., Olorundam, T., Ukata, S. U. and Harrison, U. (2014). Seasonal Variation in the Physicochemical Characteristics of Surface Water in Etche River, Niger Delta Area of Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Science, Technology and Food Technology, 8 (7): 1-7.
[21]	EPA (Environmental protection agency) (2003). Toxicological Profile for Zinc. Available at www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp60-c8pdf retrieved on 20^th February 2015.
[22]	Ugwu, A. L. and Wakama, R. J. (2012). A Study of Seasonal Physicochemical Parameters in River Usma. American Journal of Environmental Science, 8 (5): 569-576.
[23]	Dan, S. F., Umoh, U. U. and Osabor, V. N. (2014). Seasonal Variation of Enrichment and Contamination of Heavy Metals in the Surface Water of Qua Iboe River Estuary and Adjoining Creeks, South-South, Nigeria Journal of Oceanography and Marine science, 5 (6): 45-54.
[24]	Adebola, A., Seun, M. A. and Oladele, O. (2013). Water Quality Assessment of River Ogun using Multivariate Statistical Techniques. Journal of Environmental Protection, 4: 446-478.
[25]	Bhatti, M. T. and Latif, M. (2011). Assessment of Water Quality of a River using Indexing Approach During the Low Flow Season. Irrigation Drainage, 60: 103-114.
[26]	Abdo, M. H. and El-Nasharty, S. M. (2010). Physico-chemical Evaluations and Trace Metals Distribution in Water-surficial Sediment of Ismailia Canal, Egypt. Nature and Science, 8 (5): 1987-206.
[27]	Li, S. and Zhang, Y. (2011). Risk Assessment and Seasonal Variations of Dissolved Trace Metals and Heavy Metals in the Upper Han River. China. Journal of Hazardous materials, 7: 1051-1058.
[28]	Strachan, S. (2010). Trace Element. Current Anaesthesia Criteria care, 26: 44-48.
[29]	Aderinola, O. J., Kusemiju, V. and Clarke E. O. (2011). Trace Metal Distribution in Surface Water, Sediment and Tissues of Fresh Water (Cat fish) (Clarias gariepinus) from Oke-Ofa canal, Lagos, Nigeria. International Journal of Geography and Geology, 1 (1): 10-22.
[30]	Kumar, B. and Makherjec D. (2013). Assessment of Human Health Risk for Ar, Cu, Ni Hg and Zn in Fish Collected from Tropical Wetlands in India. Advances in the Science and Technology, 2: 13-23.
[31]	Ekeanyanwu, C. R., Ogbuinyi, C. A. and Etiengjirhevwe O. F. (2011). Trace Metals Distribution in Fish Tissue, Bottom Sediments and Water from Okuemeshi River in Delta State, Nigeria Environmental Research Journal, 5 (1): 6-10.
[32]	Deffew, l., Mair, J. and Guzman, H. (2004). An Assessment of Metal Contamination in Mangrove Sediments and Leaves from Puntamal Bay Pacific Panama. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50 (5): 547 – 552.
[33]	ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry) (2000). Toxicological profile for chromium. Department of Health and Human services.
[34]	Chong, Y., Xuan, X., Zhu, L., Wang, J; Goa, Y; Yang, K; Shen, X and Lou, B. (2013). Distribution of PAHs in Surface Water, Sediments and Soils of Hangzhou city, China, water Research, 38: 3558-3568.
[35]	Tiimub, B. M., Bia, A. and Awuah, R. T. (2012). Some Physicochemical and Heavy Metals Concentration in Surface Water Stream of Tutuka in the Kenyasi Mining Catachment Area. International Journal of Development And Sustainability, 1 (2): 212-224.
[36]	Desta, M. B., Asgedom, A. G. and Gebremedhim, Y. (2012). Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals Bioaccumulation in Water, Sedment and three Fish species (Labeobarbus spp. Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromus niliticus) of Tekeze River Dam, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Journal of Atmospheric and Earth Environment, 1 (1): 19-29.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Emmanuel Isaac Uwah, Emem Michael Edem, Iboroakam Essien Udosen, Essien Daniel Udosen, Okon Monday Udoidiong. (2020). Quantification of Pollutant Levels in Water, Sediment and Winkles in Akani Obio Uruan River, Nigeria. Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 8(2), 45-55. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20200802.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Emmanuel Isaac Uwah; Emem Michael Edem; Iboroakam Essien Udosen; Essien Daniel Udosen; Okon Monday Udoidiong. Quantification of Pollutant Levels in Water, Sediment and Winkles in Akani Obio Uruan River, Nigeria. Sci. J. Anal. Chem. 2020, 8(2), 45-55. doi: 10.11648/j.sjac.20200802.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Emmanuel Isaac Uwah, Emem Michael Edem, Iboroakam Essien Udosen, Essien Daniel Udosen, Okon Monday Udoidiong. Quantification of Pollutant Levels in Water, Sediment and Winkles in Akani Obio Uruan River, Nigeria. Sci J Anal Chem. 2020;8(2):45-55. doi: 10.11648/j.sjac.20200802.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.sjac.20200802.12,
  author = {Emmanuel Isaac Uwah and Emem Michael Edem and Iboroakam Essien Udosen and Essien Daniel Udosen and Okon Monday Udoidiong},
  title = {Quantification of Pollutant Levels in Water, Sediment and Winkles in Akani Obio Uruan River, Nigeria},
  journal = {Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry},
  volume = {8},
  number = {2},
  pages = {45-55},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sjac.20200802.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20200802.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjac.20200802.12},
  abstract = {The levels of some trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn) were quantified in water, sediment and two species of winkles (Pachymelania bryonensis and Pachymelania fusca mutans) in Akani Obio Uruan River from August to September 2018 (wet season) and February to March 2019 (dry season), using Varian spectra 100 atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The levels of some physicochemical parameters (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solid (TDS), nitrate, sulphate and phosphate) were equally quantified in water. From the results, Cd level of 0.088 mg/l in water was higher than those of the other trace metals investigated. Accordingly, Cu level of 0.602 mg/kg in sediment was higher than 0.017 mg/kg in water and 0.077 mg/kg in one species of the winkles. Zn level of 0.141 mg/kg in one species of the winkles was higher than those of the other metals. In general, the levels of most of the metals were higher in all the samples during the wet season. This could be attributed to excessive water run-off during the wet season which could have resulted to the leaching of various kinds of wastes into the water bodies. Interestingly, the levels of all the trace metals investigated in all the samples were below the maximum acceptable limits stipulated by WHO and the US environmental protection agency (USEPA). Physicochemical examination revealed that the levels of pH, temperature, TDS, EC, nitrate and sulphate were below the maximum permissible limits set by WHO. The levels of DO and phosphate in the water were however higher. This may have deleterious effect on aquatic ecosystem and the health of the rural dwellers that consumed the winkles and use the river water directly for domestic purposes without treatment.},
 year = {2020}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Quantification of Pollutant Levels in Water, Sediment and Winkles in Akani Obio Uruan River, Nigeria
AU  - Emmanuel Isaac Uwah
AU  - Emem Michael Edem
AU  - Iboroakam Essien Udosen
AU  - Essien Daniel Udosen
AU  - Okon Monday Udoidiong
Y1  - 2020/04/29
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20200802.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.sjac.20200802.12
T2  - Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
JF  - Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
JO  - Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
SP  - 45
EP  - 55
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2376-8053
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20200802.12
AB  - The levels of some trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn) were quantified in water, sediment and two species of winkles (Pachymelania bryonensis and Pachymelania fusca mutans) in Akani Obio Uruan River from August to September 2018 (wet season) and February to March 2019 (dry season), using Varian spectra 100 atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The levels of some physicochemical parameters (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solid (TDS), nitrate, sulphate and phosphate) were equally quantified in water. From the results, Cd level of 0.088 mg/l in water was higher than those of the other trace metals investigated. Accordingly, Cu level of 0.602 mg/kg in sediment was higher than 0.017 mg/kg in water and 0.077 mg/kg in one species of the winkles. Zn level of 0.141 mg/kg in one species of the winkles was higher than those of the other metals. In general, the levels of most of the metals were higher in all the samples during the wet season. This could be attributed to excessive water run-off during the wet season which could have resulted to the leaching of various kinds of wastes into the water bodies. Interestingly, the levels of all the trace metals investigated in all the samples were below the maximum acceptable limits stipulated by WHO and the US environmental protection agency (USEPA). Physicochemical examination revealed that the levels of pH, temperature, TDS, EC, nitrate and sulphate were below the maximum permissible limits set by WHO. The levels of DO and phosphate in the water were however higher. This may have deleterious effect on aquatic ecosystem and the health of the rural dwellers that consumed the winkles and use the river water directly for domestic purposes without treatment.
VL  - 8
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Emmanuel Isaac Uwah

Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
Emem Michael Edem

Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
Iboroakam Essien Udosen

Department of Zoology, Akwa Ibom State University, Ikot Akpaden, Nigeria
Essien Daniel Udosen

Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
Okon Monday Udoidiong

Department of Fisheries & Aquatic Environmental Management, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Emmanuel Isaac Uwah, Emem Michael Edem, Iboroakam Essien Udosen, Essien Daniel Udosen, Okon Monday Udoidiong. (2020). Quantification of Pollutant Levels in Water, Sediment and Winkles in Akani Obio Uruan River, Nigeria. Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 8(2), 45-55. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20200802.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Emmanuel Isaac Uwah; Emem Michael Edem; Iboroakam Essien Udosen; Essien Daniel Udosen; Okon Monday Udoidiong. Quantification of Pollutant Levels in Water, Sediment and Winkles in Akani Obio Uruan River, Nigeria. Sci. J. Anal. Chem. 2020, 8(2), 45-55. doi: 10.11648/j.sjac.20200802.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Emmanuel Isaac Uwah, Emem Michael Edem, Iboroakam Essien Udosen, Essien Daniel Udosen, Okon Monday Udoidiong. Quantification of Pollutant Levels in Water, Sediment and Winkles in Akani Obio Uruan River, Nigeria. Sci J Anal Chem. 2020;8(2):45-55. doi: 10.11648/j.sjac.20200802.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.sjac.20200802.12,
  author = {Emmanuel Isaac Uwah and Emem Michael Edem and Iboroakam Essien Udosen and Essien Daniel Udosen and Okon Monday Udoidiong},
  title = {Quantification of Pollutant Levels in Water, Sediment and Winkles in Akani Obio Uruan River, Nigeria},
  journal = {Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry},
  volume = {8},
  number = {2},
  pages = {45-55},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sjac.20200802.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20200802.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjac.20200802.12},
  abstract = {The levels of some trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn) were quantified in water, sediment and two species of winkles (Pachymelania bryonensis and Pachymelania fusca mutans) in Akani Obio Uruan River from August to September 2018 (wet season) and February to March 2019 (dry season), using Varian spectra 100 atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The levels of some physicochemical parameters (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solid (TDS), nitrate, sulphate and phosphate) were equally quantified in water. From the results, Cd level of 0.088 mg/l in water was higher than those of the other trace metals investigated. Accordingly, Cu level of 0.602 mg/kg in sediment was higher than 0.017 mg/kg in water and 0.077 mg/kg in one species of the winkles. Zn level of 0.141 mg/kg in one species of the winkles was higher than those of the other metals. In general, the levels of most of the metals were higher in all the samples during the wet season. This could be attributed to excessive water run-off during the wet season which could have resulted to the leaching of various kinds of wastes into the water bodies. Interestingly, the levels of all the trace metals investigated in all the samples were below the maximum acceptable limits stipulated by WHO and the US environmental protection agency (USEPA). Physicochemical examination revealed that the levels of pH, temperature, TDS, EC, nitrate and sulphate were below the maximum permissible limits set by WHO. The levels of DO and phosphate in the water were however higher. This may have deleterious effect on aquatic ecosystem and the health of the rural dwellers that consumed the winkles and use the river water directly for domestic purposes without treatment.},
 year = {2020}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Quantification of Pollutant Levels in Water, Sediment and Winkles in Akani Obio Uruan River, Nigeria
AU  - Emmanuel Isaac Uwah
AU  - Emem Michael Edem
AU  - Iboroakam Essien Udosen
AU  - Essien Daniel Udosen
AU  - Okon Monday Udoidiong
Y1  - 2020/04/29
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20200802.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.sjac.20200802.12
T2  - Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
JF  - Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
JO  - Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
SP  - 45
EP  - 55
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2376-8053
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20200802.12
AB  - The levels of some trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn) were quantified in water, sediment and two species of winkles (Pachymelania bryonensis and Pachymelania fusca mutans) in Akani Obio Uruan River from August to September 2018 (wet season) and February to March 2019 (dry season), using Varian spectra 100 atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The levels of some physicochemical parameters (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solid (TDS), nitrate, sulphate and phosphate) were equally quantified in water. From the results, Cd level of 0.088 mg/l in water was higher than those of the other trace metals investigated. Accordingly, Cu level of 0.602 mg/kg in sediment was higher than 0.017 mg/kg in water and 0.077 mg/kg in one species of the winkles. Zn level of 0.141 mg/kg in one species of the winkles was higher than those of the other metals. In general, the levels of most of the metals were higher in all the samples during the wet season. This could be attributed to excessive water run-off during the wet season which could have resulted to the leaching of various kinds of wastes into the water bodies. Interestingly, the levels of all the trace metals investigated in all the samples were below the maximum acceptable limits stipulated by WHO and the US environmental protection agency (USEPA). Physicochemical examination revealed that the levels of pH, temperature, TDS, EC, nitrate and sulphate were below the maximum permissible limits set by WHO. The levels of DO and phosphate in the water were however higher. This may have deleterious effect on aquatic ecosystem and the health of the rural dwellers that consumed the winkles and use the river water directly for domestic purposes without treatment.
VL  - 8
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download