-
Comparison on the Effect of Freezing Period Between the Protein Content of Cow, Goat, Ram Meat from Tilapia and Catfish from Kaduna State, Nigeria
Jamila Yakasai,
Fatima Abubakar,
Hafsat Tukur Rumah
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 2, June 2020
Pages:
41-44
Received:
14 February 2020
Accepted:
27 February 2020
Published:
17 March 2020
Abstract: This study was aimed at the evaluation of the influence of freezing on the meat/fish storage of cow, ram, goat, tilapia and catfish within a period of thirty (30) days. Samples were obtained from Kaduna North and South Local Government, Kaduna State, Nigeria. The protein content of all the meat samples were analysed using kjehdahl method and values was recorded before slaughter and the observed storage period. Among the meat category, the goat meat had the highest protein content at 46.37%, while the tilapia had the highest protein content of 45.50% in the fish category. The research showed that goat meat had more protein content than all the analysed samples, followed by tilapia and ram meat had the least protein content. After the thirty (30) days freezing and storage period, the protein content of both the goat and tilapia had dropped to 38.93% and 37.62%. Amongst all the samples, ram meat had the slowest protein content diminishing effect as storage period increased. The research also showed that as storage time increases via freezing, the protein content of the analysed samples also reduces with time. The protein content in all the meat and fish samples did not meet the benchmark for protein content values but were enough for consumption.
Abstract: This study was aimed at the evaluation of the influence of freezing on the meat/fish storage of cow, ram, goat, tilapia and catfish within a period of thirty (30) days. Samples were obtained from Kaduna North and South Local Government, Kaduna State, Nigeria. The protein content of all the meat samples were analysed using kjehdahl method and values...
Show More
-
Quantification of Pollutant Levels in Water, Sediment and Winkles in Akani Obio Uruan River, Nigeria
Emmanuel Isaac Uwah,
Emem Michael Edem,
Iboroakam Essien Udosen,
Essien Daniel Udosen,
Okon Monday Udoidiong
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 2, June 2020
Pages:
45-55
Received:
19 March 2020
Accepted:
13 April 2020
Published:
29 April 2020
Abstract: The levels of some trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn) were quantified in water, sediment and two species of winkles (Pachymelania bryonensis and Pachymelania fusca mutans) in Akani Obio Uruan River from August to September 2018 (wet season) and February to March 2019 (dry season), using Varian spectra 100 atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The levels of some physicochemical parameters (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solid (TDS), nitrate, sulphate and phosphate) were equally quantified in water. From the results, Cd level of 0.088 mg/l in water was higher than those of the other trace metals investigated. Accordingly, Cu level of 0.602 mg/kg in sediment was higher than 0.017 mg/kg in water and 0.077 mg/kg in one species of the winkles. Zn level of 0.141 mg/kg in one species of the winkles was higher than those of the other metals. In general, the levels of most of the metals were higher in all the samples during the wet season. This could be attributed to excessive water run-off during the wet season which could have resulted to the leaching of various kinds of wastes into the water bodies. Interestingly, the levels of all the trace metals investigated in all the samples were below the maximum acceptable limits stipulated by WHO and the US environmental protection agency (USEPA). Physicochemical examination revealed that the levels of pH, temperature, TDS, EC, nitrate and sulphate were below the maximum permissible limits set by WHO. The levels of DO and phosphate in the water were however higher. This may have deleterious effect on aquatic ecosystem and the health of the rural dwellers that consumed the winkles and use the river water directly for domestic purposes without treatment.
Abstract: The levels of some trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn) were quantified in water, sediment and two species of winkles (Pachymelania bryonensis and Pachymelania fusca mutans) in Akani Obio Uruan River from August to September 2018 (wet season) and February to March 2019 (dry season), using Varian spectra 100 atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The ...
Show More
-
Heavy Metals in Keana Salt Lake and Some Sources of Drinking Water Within the Keana Salt Lake Community, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 2, June 2020
Pages:
56-59
Received:
2 April 2020
Accepted:
26 April 2020
Published:
14 May 2020
Abstract: Utilization of Salt Lake may portend risk in terms of environmental and human health. The study aimed at analyzing for selected metallic ions in Keana Salt Lake and sources of drinking water in Keana Salt Lake Community, so as to identify and determine the amount of heavy metals in comparison with WHO (World Health Organization) permissible limits. Heavy metals analyzed in the study includes Lead (mg/L), Cadmium (mg/L), Copper (mg/L), Iron (mg/L), Nickel (mg/L), Manganese (mg/L), Aluminum (mg/L), Zinc (mg/L), Cobalt (mg/L), Arsenic (mg/L) and Chromium (mg/L). Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) was used to analyze five samples collected in triplicates from well water (WW), Salt Lake water (SLW) Filtrate from salt lake water (FSLW), non-motorized borehole (BH1) and motorized borehole (BH2) located within Keana community, Nasarawa state, Nigeria. Study findings indicate that while Cobalt was not detected in any of the water samples, mean concentration values for Zinc, Copper and Alumunium were within permissible limits set by WHO. Furthermore, mean concentration values for Manganese, Chromium, Iron, Nickel, Cadmium, Lead and Arsenic exceeded WHO permissible limits. Mean concentration levels of some heavy metals analyzed in the study shows that utilizing water in the study area may be hazardous to environmental health. The study recommends regular treatment of water from the study area before utilization by the populace.
Abstract: Utilization of Salt Lake may portend risk in terms of environmental and human health. The study aimed at analyzing for selected metallic ions in Keana Salt Lake and sources of drinking water in Keana Salt Lake Community, so as to identify and determine the amount of heavy metals in comparison with WHO (World Health Organization) permissible limits....
Show More
-
Physico-Chemical and Bacteriological Characterization of an Ouéga-Fandji’s Drilling Water in Benin
Virginie Gbohaida,
Buscotin Horax Beakou,
Yaya Alain Koudoro,
Cokou Pascal Agbangnan Dossa,
Felicien Avlessi,
Dominique Codjo Koko Sohounhloue
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 2, June 2020
Pages:
60-64
Received:
13 March 2020
Accepted:
2 April 2020
Published:
27 May 2020
Abstract: Water, potential source of life, must undergo various physico-chemical and bacteriological analyzes that will define its quality for human consumption in order to avoid the risk of water-borne diseases to consumers. Physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of an Ouega-Fandji’s drilling water, use as drinking water, were investigated. Two (02) samples are constituted for the two analyzes’ types. Twenty physico-chemical parameters (pH, Temperature, Electrical conductivity, Colour, Turbidity, Nitrites, Nitrates, Ammonium, Calcium, Magnesium, Total iron, Bicarbonates, Alcalinity, Chlorides, Sulphates, Fluorides, Iodides, Total hardness, Total Dissolved Solids) and three bacteriological parameters (Fecal coliforms, Total coliforms, Fecal streptococci) are evalued on samples. Some physical parameters (temperature, pH, turbidity and conductivity) able to change during transport have been determined "in situ" using a portable multimeter (HANNA, HI 991300). The results obtained showed that unwanted substances (nitrites, nitrates, ammonium, fluorides, sulfates and iron) were almost absent. The physico-chemical parameters measured in this water sample comply with the quality standards for drinking water in Benin Republic. The conclusion is the same for bacteriological parameters, although the number of total coliforms (13 CFU) present in 100 mL of this water sample exceeds that recommended in Benin Republic. Therefore, disinfection of this water by the usual disinfection methods like chlorination with calcium hypochlorite is mandatory.
Abstract: Water, potential source of life, must undergo various physico-chemical and bacteriological analyzes that will define its quality for human consumption in order to avoid the risk of water-borne diseases to consumers. Physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of an Ouega-Fandji’s drilling water, use as drinking water, were investigated. Two (02) s...
Show More
-
Analysis of Mercury Levels in Agricultural Soils and Citrus Varieties from Benue State, Nigeria
Shaapera Ugbidye,
Ishaq Shaibu Eneji,
Raymond Wuana,
Rufus Sha’ Ato
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 2, June 2020
Pages:
65-71
Received:
17 December 2019
Accepted:
3 February 2020
Published:
28 May 2020
Abstract: Mercury levels in agricultural soils and three citrus varieties (Washington, Ibadan Sweet and Valencia) in seven (7) local government areas of Benue State were determined using standard techniques. The mean physico-chemical parameters of the soils ranges from: pH (5.20 – 6.10); CEC (10.5 – 12.9 cmolkg-1); organic carbon (2.35 – 3.39%) and organic matter (6.17 – 7.37%). The mean Hg levels in the soils ranges from 20.5 – 21.2 µgkg-1. The mean proximate parameters are: fat in Valencia (0.330%); fibre in Valencia (0.490%); moisture in Valencia (87.4%); ash in Valencia (1.80%) and carbohydrate in Ibadan sweet (17.7%). The mean Hg concentration in the citrus juice ranges from: Washington (0.770 – 6.35 µgkg-1); Ibadan sweet (0.770 – 6.53 µgkg-1) and in Valencia (0.770 – 5.22 µgkg-1). The order of accumulation of Hg in the citrus varieties is Ibadan sweet > Washington > Valencia. The concentrations of Hg in the three citrus fruit juice and soil do not exceed the WHO/FAO permissible limits of 100 and 1000 µgkg-1 for foods and agricultural soils respectively. However, continues monitoring is hereby recommended.
Abstract: Mercury levels in agricultural soils and three citrus varieties (Washington, Ibadan Sweet and Valencia) in seven (7) local government areas of Benue State were determined using standard techniques. The mean physico-chemical parameters of the soils ranges from: pH (5.20 – 6.10); CEC (10.5 – 12.9 cmolkg-1); organic carbon (2.35 – 3.39%) and organic m...
Show More
-
Determination of Vitamin C Content and Mineral Elements in Fruits Samples in Karu Metropolis, North Central Nigeria
Stephen Inegedu Audu,
Efi Uwhe Joshua,
Ibrahim Silas,
Alheri Stephen,
Augustine Sanamo
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 2, June 2020
Pages:
72-77
Received:
18 February 2020
Accepted:
9 March 2020
Published:
17 June 2020
Abstract: Adequate consumption of fruits, vegetables and their juices with high vitamin C content and antioxidant capacity result in improved health, reduced risk of chronic diseases, optimal nutrition and general well-being. This study was to determine the vitamin C content of fresh fruits juices extracted from Mango, Orange, Banana and Water melon and some Mineral elements content levels in the same samples. Fruits were purchased from Masaka local markets and its metropolis in Karu, Nasarawa State. Titration method was employed to determine the vitamin C content of test sample juices, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric method as described by AOAC was used for the elemental analysis. Results showed that the amount of vitamin C in the sample was Orange>Mango>Water melon> Banana. The mineral contents determined include: Potassium, Calcium, Sodium, Iron and Magnesium. It was observed from the result obtained that the fruits showed varying degree of concentrations of the mineral elements analyzed using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Orange was found to contain the following levels of minerals in the descending order: Potassium 374.2Mg/Kg followed by Magnesium 29.30Mg/Kg followed by Calcium 12.89Mg/Kg, Sodium 11.45Mg/Kg, and Iron 4.76Mg/Kg. Watermelon was found to contain Sodium 7.09Mg/Kg, Magnesium 7.97Mg/Kg, Calcium 8.39Mg/Kg Iron 3.08Mg/Kg and Potassium -2.63Mg/Kg in the descending order. Banana’s levels of minerals stood as Potassium 438.10 Mg/Kg a value even higher than that of orange which was followed by Magnesium 47.40Mg/Kg, Sodium 16.35Mg/Kg, Iron 7.69Mg/Kg, and Calcium-18.20Mg/Kg in the descending order. Analysis of variance ANOVA (P < 0.05) reveals a statistically significance difference among the fruit samples studied. All the fruits samples were found to be within the international standards and consumers of these fruits can use them as good supplements as the case may be depending on their daily requirements.
Abstract: Adequate consumption of fruits, vegetables and their juices with high vitamin C content and antioxidant capacity result in improved health, reduced risk of chronic diseases, optimal nutrition and general well-being. This study was to determine the vitamin C content of fresh fruits juices extracted from Mango, Orange, Banana and Water melon and some...
Show More
-
Development and Validation of Method for Determination of Chloride in Surfactant Sample Using Auto-Titrator
Mahani Mamat,
Salwani Abdullah,
Sara Shahruddin,
Noor Haida Sebran
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 2, June 2020
Pages:
78-85
Received:
18 May 2020
Accepted:
3 June 2020
Published:
17 June 2020
Abstract: The chloride content for the newly developed surfactant is critical to ensure reaction completion and to minimize irritation issues that may be associated with having high chloride content. There are several methods used to determine the chloride content such as UV-visible and ion chromatography; however, both are known to have low accuracy and are less precise. Considering other factors such as skill, expertise, cost and time required, titration is the most suitable method for chloride determination because it is a simple, fast and relatively cheap method as compared to other methods. However, the precision achieved by manual titration is very much dependent on the operator’s skill and ability to detect the color change accurately. To increase the precision and accuracy of the results generated, an auto-titrator that employs potentiometric sensors to determine the endpoint has been used to determine the chloride content. An improved method to determine the presence of chloride in surfactant solution is hereby illustrated, in which a commercial surfactant has been analyzed using the auto-titrator. A commercial surfactant known as Cola Teric CBS with a sodium chloride content of 5.7% as stated in the Certificate of Assurance (COA) was analyzed using this method. Fifteen replicate titrations of the sample giving the average chloride content of 3.5%. The precision for both method and system was found to be 0.28% and 2.22% respectively, which is within the acceptable limit. The good precision achieved by this method concludes the intention of the work to develop a method that ensures the endpoint can be determined accurately with better reproducibility, reduced titrant, sample and not operator dependent.
Abstract: The chloride content for the newly developed surfactant is critical to ensure reaction completion and to minimize irritation issues that may be associated with having high chloride content. There are several methods used to determine the chloride content such as UV-visible and ion chromatography; however, both are known to have low accuracy and are...
Show More
-
Corrosion Inhibition and Adsorption Properties of Commelina benghalensis Leaves Extract on Mild Steel in 1M H2SO4 Solution
Collins Chibuzor Odidika,
Vincent Ishmael Egbulefu Ajiwe,
Charity Nkiruka Eboagu,
Chiagozie Michael Ekwunife,
Chioma Irene Awuzie
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 2, June 2020
Pages:
86-92
Received:
30 April 2020
Accepted:
15 June 2020
Published:
28 June 2020
Abstract: The corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 1M sulphuric acid solution by the ethanol extract of Commelina benghalensis (C. B) leaves was determined using gravimetric technique. Phytochemical analysis was carried out on the extract and the effect of extract concentration, temperature, immersion time and acid concentration on the corrosion process was determined. The corrosion inhibition efficiency of the extract increased with increase in the concentration of the extract and decreased with increase in temperature. Increase in temperature also increased the corrosion rate of mild steel in 1M sulphuric acid in the absence and presence of different concentrations of the extract. The adsorption of the plant extract obeyed Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. The process of physical adsorption was proposed for the extract from the trends of inhibition efficiency with temperature and from calculated values of Gibbs free energy, activation energy and enthalpy of adsorption. Gibbs free energy values for the reactions were less than 20kJ/mol, indicating physical adsorption process and were also found to be negative, indicating that the adsorption process was spontaneous. The corrosion inhibition efficiency (% IE) of the plant extract was attributed to the phytochemical constituents (alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phenolics, steroids and cardiac glycosides) present in them. The results showed that Commelina benghalensis can serve as a good corrosion inhibitor of mild steel in acid medium, since it reached a corrosion inhibition efficiency (% IE) of 91.91% at 2.0g/L extract concentration.
Abstract: The corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 1M sulphuric acid solution by the ethanol extract of Commelina benghalensis (C. B) leaves was determined using gravimetric technique. Phytochemical analysis was carried out on the extract and the effect of extract concentration, temperature, immersion time and acid concentration on the corrosion process was...
Show More
