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Communication
Beyond Volume Conduction: The Encephalocutaneous Electrical Pathways (EEP) Hypothesis for Vascular-Aligned, Non-Neuronal EEG Genesis and Propagation
Oluwadare Ogunlade*
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 4, August 2025
Pages:
57-62
Received:
18 June 2025
Accepted:
30 June 2025
Published:
23 July 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.si.20251304.11
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Abstract: The traditional understanding of electroencephalogram (EEG) genesis and propagation center on the summation of neuronal field potentials transmitted to the scalp via passive volume conduction. While this neurocentric view has dominated EEG interpretation for decades, certain bioelectrical observations—such as the abrupt disappearance of EEG activity following cerebral circulatory arrest—suggest that a more nuanced mechanism may underlie the transmission of brain-derived electrical signals to the body surface. This paper introduces a novel vascular-electrical hypothesis termed Encephalocutaneous Electrical Pathways (EEP), which proposes that specialized, non-neuronal electrical conduits—distinct from classical axonal pathways—exist within both intracranial and extracranial compartments and serve to transmit bioelectrical activity from the brain to the skin surface. EEP comprises two structurally integrated components: an intracranial network of microscopic electrical pathways, hypothesized to propagate bioelectricity independently of synaptic transmission and aligned with perivascular microenvironments, and an extracranial extension of these pathways that follows vascular channels through the meninges and connective tissues to terminate in the skin. These encephalocutaneous terminations constitute the interface through which EEG signals emerge on the scalp. Although closely associated with vascular architecture, EEP structures are not vascular themselves, but anatomically distinct entities that utilize the vascular corridors for spatial orientation. This hypothesis accounts for EEG disappearance following loss of cerebral perfusion and posits a direct, vascular-aligned but non-vascular electrical continuum from brain to skin. If validated, the EEP model would challenge conventional views of EEG signal origin and propagation and establish a foundation for exploring extracranial bioelectric communication. It opens new directions for anatomical mapping, electrophysiological validation, and the development of novel EEG technologies that account for encephalocutaneous bioelectricity.
Abstract: The traditional understanding of electroencephalogram (EEG) genesis and propagation center on the summation of neuronal field potentials transmitted to the scalp via passive volume conduction. While this neurocentric view has dominated EEG interpretation for decades, certain bioelectrical observations—such as the abrupt disappearance of EEG activit...
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Research Article
A Practical Case of Teaching Evaluation Reform Based on the Concept of OBE -- Take the "Prison Informatization Project Management" as an Example
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 4, August 2025
Pages:
63-67
Received:
20 June 2025
Accepted:
8 July 2025
Published:
23 July 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.si.20251304.12
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Abstract: This teaching model centers on the OBE (Outcome-Based Education) concept, closely aligns with the practical needs of the Prison Science and Technology Department, and builds an "Internet + Curriculum Ideology and Politics" education system through in-depth collaboration with the prison industry. The team has conducted in-depth research on the entire workflow of prison science and technology work, decomposed the work tasks of the Science and Technology Department into 8 major modules such as intelligent security operation and maintenance and data research and analysis, and refined 23 core professional competence indicators, which serve as the framework for developing curriculum content featuring "simultaneous cultivation of morality and ability, integration of academic knowledge and technical skills". The curriculum emphasizes the integration of information police's political literacy and technical capabilities. It incorporates education on the spirit of the rule of law and sense of responsibility into teaching units such as network security and smart prison systems, and strengthens the cultivation of the "spirit of craftsmanship" through virtual simulation experiments and industry case databases. The teaching implementation adopts a hybrid model of "new-form textbooks + online platforms + digital resources", building online courses containing resources such as micro-lecture videos and practical operation demonstrations, combined with offline skill workshops, forming a teaching closed loop of "online independent study + offline practical training". The teaching evaluation implements a diversified system of "process-oriented assessment + industry certification + post simulation". It introduces backbone personnel from prison science and technology to participate in scoring, focusing on examining students' comprehensive performance in scenarios such as emergency response and system operation and maintenance. This promotes the precise alignment between teaching reform and job requirements, and continuously improves the talent's job competence.
Abstract: This teaching model centers on the OBE (Outcome-Based Education) concept, closely aligns with the practical needs of the Prison Science and Technology Department, and builds an "Internet + Curriculum Ideology and Politics" education system through in-depth collaboration with the prison industry. The team has conducted in-depth research on the entir...
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Research Article
Research on Multidimensional Evaluation of College Student Party Members' Team Building -- Based on the Perspective of 5P Model of Human Resource Management
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 4, August 2025
Pages:
68-74
Received:
4 June 2025
Accepted:
10 July 2025
Published:
23 July 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.si.20251304.13
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Abstract: Colleges and universities shoulder the significant mission of cultivating successors for the socialist cause. It is an important political task to build a strong contingent of Party members. Therefore, Party building workers should not only identify the motives for joining the Party and the Party spirit awareness of potential members at the initial stage of development but also persist in the assessment and continuous education of Party members after their admission. After summarizing the existing problems in the current situation of Party building and education in colleges and universities, this paper, based on the 5P human resource theory, uses the entropy method to construct a performance evaluation system and index system for college Party members from five aspects: ideological and moral quality, vanguard model, talent cultivation, organizational construction, and brand radiation. Furthermore, it selects internal samples from the Party branch for case analysis and ultimately puts forward targeted suggestions for optimizing the construction of the contingent of college student Party members. This paper aims to provide references for the construction of a training system and assessment mechanism for college student Party members by optimizing the selection and cultivation mechanism, thereby strengthening the construction of the contingent of college student Party members and cultivating high-quality "reserve forces" for social construction and development.
Abstract: Colleges and universities shoulder the significant mission of cultivating successors for the socialist cause. It is an important political task to build a strong contingent of Party members. Therefore, Party building workers should not only identify the motives for joining the Party and the Party spirit awareness of potential members at the initial...
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Research Article
An Exploration of the Integration and Development Pathways of Online Games and Traditional Chinese Opera: A Case Study of Justice Online
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 4, August 2025
Pages:
75-79
Received:
18 June 2025
Accepted:
17 July 2025
Published:
23 July 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.si.20251304.14
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Abstract: With the rapid development of China’s gaming industry, issues such as a lack of cultural value and insufficient innovation have become increasingly apparent. Traditional Chinese opera, as a national treasure, also faces the dual challenges of inheritance and development.In recent years, the cross-border integration between popular online games such as Honor of Kings, Genshin Impact, and Justice Online and Chinese opera has achieved remarkable results.Online games and traditional Chinese opera share commonalities and compatibility in aspects such as virtuality, narrative, and emotional resonance. The target audiences for traditional Chinese opera promotion and online gaming largely overlap, while the “going global” of games and opera mutually reinforce each other. Their cross-sector integration is gradually revealing strong potential for mutual empowerment. This paper takes the online game Justice Online as a case study. By examining the specific representation and dissemination effects of traditional Chinese opera within the game, as well as its empowerment of game operations, the study explores the integrated development of online games and traditional Chinese opera in the digital age. The research aims to establish a new paradigm for the collaborative development of the digital entertainment industry and traditional Chinese opera art, providing theoretical and practical insights for the creative transformation and innovative evolution of traditional Chinese opera in the digital era.
Abstract: With the rapid development of China’s gaming industry, issues such as a lack of cultural value and insufficient innovation have become increasingly apparent. Traditional Chinese opera, as a national treasure, also faces the dual challenges of inheritance and development.In recent years, the cross-border integration between popular online games such...
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Research Article
Research on the Construction of Ideological and Political Teaching Resources for Higher Vocational Information Technology Courses Based on Knowledge Graph
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 4, August 2025
Pages:
80-85
Received:
20 June 2025
Accepted:
8 July 2025
Published:
23 July 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.si.20251304.15
Downloads:
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Abstract: This study focuses on the development of ideological and political teaching resources for higher vocational information technology courses. By applying knowledge graph construction technology, through steps such as entity extraction and relationship modeling, it identifies hidden ideological and political elements in 12 core courses including programming and network technology, and establishes a three-dimensional correlation graph of "technical knowledge points - ideological and political elements - professional literacy". Based on this graph, the team has designed a structured curriculum system: integrating C language programming with the spirit of striving for excellence, and incorporating data security ethics into database teaching, forming 8 "technology + ideological and political" integration modules; developing refined teaching material resource packages containing industry model cases and the history of red technology development, supplemented by digital materials such as micro-lecture videos and virtual simulation scenarios. Meanwhile, a "planning - development - application - monitoring" closed-loop logic chain has been built: conducting integrated planning through school-enterprise collaboration, constructing the curriculum framework according to "basic level - advanced level - practical level", implementing diversified applications in classroom teaching, skill training, competition activities and other scenarios, and carrying out comprehensive quality monitoring through indicators such as the integration degree of ideological and political elements and students' professional identity. Practice shows that this system has increased the utilization rate of teaching resources by 40%, significantly enhanced students' sense of responsibility in technical application, and provided a replicable methodology for the development of ideological and political resources in higher vocational information technology courses.
Abstract: This study focuses on the development of ideological and political teaching resources for higher vocational information technology courses. By applying knowledge graph construction technology, through steps such as entity extraction and relationship modeling, it identifies hidden ideological and political elements in 12 core courses including progr...
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