Research Article
Osidic Bridges of Amylose and Amylopectin Degradations by Water Molecules: Formulation of a Mechanism
N’Guessan Boka Robert,
Ablé Anoh Valentin,
Bamba El Hadji Sawaliho*
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 6, December 2023
Pages:
197-211
Received:
27 September 2023
Accepted:
26 October 2023
Published:
9 November 2023
Abstract: Rapid rot of plantain causes post-harvest loss of at least 30%. It can be a source of food insecurity for consuming populations. It is linked to its polysaccharide degradation. Proposed physicochemical solutions have still not made it possible to significantly reduce this risk. Its main origin isn’t considered. This compound is formed of amylose and amylopectin. Our previous works attempted to understand this process as a first step. This knowledge may facilitate the solutions to protect these polysaccharides. The mechanism of their degradation under the action of a single water molecule is simulated. Amylose with four (AM4G) or five (AM5G) building blocks is broken down into disaccharides; amylopectin with four synthons (AMP4G) into trisaccharides and with five (AMP5G) is transformed into tetra-saccharides. The destructive hydrogen bonds (HB) are located around the osidic bridge targeted by the H2O. Higher-order oxygen seems to participate. However, this work allowed us to partially understand this mechanism. The links underlying starch splitting are not shown. The modalities of its deterioration following the simultaneous attack of two H2O are unknown. This article aims to address these weaknesses. This research directs to establish the mechanism of starch degradation under the combined action of two H2O. It intends to explain the connections involved in these processes. To do this, its method relies on the resources of quantum chemistry. Interactions polysaccharide-water is assessed by ONIOM method [ONIOM (B3LYP/6-311++G(d, p): AM1)]. Their energies and the electronic charge transfer are provided by the Natural Bond Orbital calculations. The geometric, energetic, spectroscopic parameters of the molecules and the electron density are generated with Gaussian09. The preferred HB sites for AM4G or AMP4G are respectively O37 (O2sp3) and O63 (O'3sp3). Oxygen O37 (O2sp3) is an HB anchor for AM5G. O14 (O'1sp3) and O86 (O'4sp3) are for those of AMP5G. In addition, amylose is degraded before the latter. The division of the complexes into several bonds results from the interactions of the H2O on the different saccharide bridges of the synthons. Thus, the O14-C25, O37-C46 and O58-C67 are involved in the cleavage of AM4G. The O13-C21, O55-C65 and O63-C43 are in that of AMP4G. The O14-C25, O37-C46 and C50-O58 and O79-C107 are associated with that of AM5G. O14-C25, O35-C44, O78-C88 and C30-O86 are those connected to AMP5G.
Abstract: Rapid rot of plantain causes post-harvest loss of at least 30%. It can be a source of food insecurity for consuming populations. It is linked to its polysaccharide degradation. Proposed physicochemical solutions have still not made it possible to significantly reduce this risk. Its main origin isn’t considered. This compound is formed of amylose an...
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Research Article
Graph Flux Intensity and Electromagnetic Wave on 3-sphere Approach
Carmen-Irena Mitan*,
Emerich Bartha,
Petru Filip,
Miron-Teodor Caproiu,
Constantin Draghici,
Robert Michael Moriarty
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 6, December 2023
Pages:
212-225
Received:
26 October 2023
Accepted:
10 November 2023
Published:
21 November 2023
Abstract: 3-Sphere characteristic angles (θnN with n = 1-6, and ϕnN with n = 1, 2, N = A, B, C, CA, CB) are calculated from NMR data, the differences in chemical shifts between two atoms of carbon ΔδCnCn+1 [ppm] and vicinal coupling constant 3JHnHn+1 [Hz], using I. Graph-flux intensity, Golden ratio of pentagon, II. radio wave, III. Homotopic approach, exploring electromagnetic field of five membered iminocyclitols 1-3. Fibonacci’s numbers calculated with Plank constant h and h-bar are compared and used for determination of the tetrahedral angles. Attempts to obtain the best equation for calculation the energy from carbon chemical shift: the square EP2 = (Δδxω)2xhxNA[Jx10-3xrad/sxmoli] and the cube of frequency EP3 = (Δδxω)3xhxNA[Jxrad/s2xmoli = WattxHzxrad/moli] are compared with Plank-Einstain equation EP1 = ΔδxωxhxNA[Jx10-6xrad/moli]. Continues transformation from torus to rectangle (f), and from rectangle to torus (f-1), is a homotopic process, able to used polyhedron number in rad or radieni (π). The wave character of NMR data shown interesting relationship between angles on 3-Sphere units approach. Bond distances lCnCn+1[A0] of five membered ring iminocyclitols 1, 2 are calculated from dihedral angles θHnHn+1[deg]. Methods for calculation of the vicinal coupling constant 3JHH [Hz] with 3-Sphere – Polar equation – Conic section - Lie algebra - Hopf fibration, are disclosed from the mathematic point of view and in far field from physics electromagnetic radiation point of view.
Abstract: 3-Sphere characteristic angles (θnN with n = 1-6, and ϕnN with n = 1, 2, N = A, B, C, CA, CB) are calculated from NMR data, the differences in chemical shifts between two atoms of carbon ΔδCnCn+1 [ppm] and vicinal coupling constant 3JHnHn+1 [Hz], using I. Graph-flux intensity, Golden ratio of pentagon, II. radio wave, III. Homotopic approach, explo...
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