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Evaluation the Effects of Salicylic Acid and Methyl Jasmonate on the Scent of Purple Coneflower (Echinacea purpurea L. Moench) Flowers
Mahmood Mohebby,
Seyed Najmeddin Mortazavi,
Azizollah Kheiry,
Jalal Saba
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 6, December 2021
Pages:
129-134
Received:
17 May 2021
Accepted:
3 September 2021
Published:
19 November 2021
Abstract: Flowers of many plants emit scents, which are almost always a complex of small volatile organic compounds such as essential oils that they are the ones who give the fragrance of flowers and also have medicinal curative properties. So, the most common topic in the field of plant sciences, has been focused on improving flower’s quality and quantity by application of plant growth regulators (PGRs) to modify growth and flowering patterns. For this purpose, a research was conducted at the research field of agricultural faculty of Zanjan university on purple coneflower during farming years of 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 by application of salicylic-acid (0 (control), 50, 100 and 150 mM) and methyl-jasmonate (0 (control), 50, 100 and 200 μM). In the first year of experiment, treatments were sprayed on plants (four plants per plot) in two stages (20 days apart). In the second year, they were also sprayed on remaining plants as the first year. The results indicated that the highest percentage of essential oils in the flower heads of purple coneflower was related to treatment of 100 mM salicylic acid and 50 μmol methyl jasmonate in the first year and treatments of 100 mM salicylic acid and 50 and 100 μmol methyl jasmonate in the second year. The highest percentage of total compounds of essential oils in the first year was related to treatment of 50 mM salicylic acid and 50 μmol methyl jasmonate and in the second year was related to treatment of 100 mM salicylic acid and 100 μmol methyl jasmonate. The identified compounds in the essential oils of purple coneflower samples included hydrocarbon monoterpenes, oxygenated monoterpenes, hydrocarbon sesquiterpene, oxygenated sesquiterpenes and other compounds. The highest percentage of total compounds of essential oils in the first year was related to treatment of 50 mM salicylic acid and 50 μmol methyl jasmonate and in the second year was related to treatment of 100 mM salicylic acid and 100 μmol methyl jasmonate. Also, most of compounds increased in the second year compared to the first year.
Abstract: Flowers of many plants emit scents, which are almost always a complex of small volatile organic compounds such as essential oils that they are the ones who give the fragrance of flowers and also have medicinal curative properties. So, the most common topic in the field of plant sciences, has been focused on improving flower’s quality and quantity b...
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Progress in Raman Spectroscopy and Reduction of Carbon Dioxide
Adil Emin,
Tursunay Mamtimin
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 6, December 2021
Pages:
135-144
Received:
8 October 2021
Accepted:
25 October 2021
Published:
23 November 2021
Abstract: The metal catalyst has good electrical conductivity, is simple to prepare and easy to be applied in practice. It is currently the most in-depth researched catalyst for electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide. In recent decades, metals such as copper, cobalt, tin, and gold have been used as electrode catalysts for reducing carbon dioxide. From the perspective of the reduction mechanism of carbon dioxide, it is generally believed that the formation of C intermediate is the rate-determining step of the entire reduction reaction. One of the main functions of metal catalysts is to enable the corresponding reaction intermediates to exist stably, thereby improving the energy efficiency of the reaction. According to the combination with different intermediates and the different products obtained, the metal electrode catalysts can be divided into three categories. In this paper, the current research status of electrocatalytic and photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide under Raman spectroscopy are introduced. Also elaborate, the Raman spectroscopic characterization of carbon dioxide has been introduced in this paper with emphasis on the changes of Fermi resonance peaks of CO2 with temperature and pressure. The advantages and disadvantages of using metal and metal complexes, carbon materials, composite materials and MOF materials to reduce CO2 are introduced. The method was improved, and finally focused on the core issues of improving reactivity and product selectivity, and analyzed the shortcomings of current electrocatalytic processes extended to large-scale production applications from surface engineering, chemical modification, nano or composite materials. There are other ways to improve the activity of the catalyst from these aspects, as well as the prospects for future research.
Abstract: The metal catalyst has good electrical conductivity, is simple to prepare and easy to be applied in practice. It is currently the most in-depth researched catalyst for electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide. In recent decades, metals such as copper, cobalt, tin, and gold have been used as electrode catalysts for reducing carbon dioxide. From t...
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The Novel Cis- and Trans- Isomerism of α-Monosubstituted Cyclododecanone Derivatives
Mingyan Yang,
Daoquan Wang,
Mingan Wang
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 6, December 2021
Pages:
145-154
Received:
30 October 2021
Accepted:
23 November 2021
Published:
29 November 2021
Abstract: The [3333]-2-one conformation is the preferred conformation of cyclododecanone and carbonyl is vertical to the near ring plane. To explore the stereochemistry of substituted cyclododecanone is beneficial to understanding their stability, reactivity and structure-activity relationships of these compounds. The cis- and trans- isomerism of the macrocyclic ketones based on the carbonyl orientation was not reported up to now. In order to confirm this isomerism, the novel cis- and trans- isomerism were theoretically observed based on the carbonyl orientation analysis in the [3333]-2-one conformation of cyclododecanone, and the cis- and trans- isomers of the -monosubstituted cyclododecanones were practically synthesized, their structures were characterized by 1H, 13C NMR, HR-MS spectral data and X-ray diffraction analysis. This kind of cis- and trans- isomerism was first postulated and confirmed in the macrocyclic ketones using the -monosubstituted cyclododecanone derivatives as the representatives.
Abstract: The [3333]-2-one conformation is the preferred conformation of cyclododecanone and carbonyl is vertical to the near ring plane. To explore the stereochemistry of substituted cyclododecanone is beneficial to understanding their stability, reactivity and structure-activity relationships of these compounds. The cis- and trans- isomerism of the macrocy...
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New Bioactive Flavonoid Derivative from the Leaves of Caloncoba echinata
Charlemagne Ndoumbe Tamba,
Sergi Herve Akone,
Caroline Ngo Nyobe,
Claudia Stevine Popwo Tameye,
Jean Pierre Longue Ekon,
Jules Lobe Songue,
Jean Claude Ndom
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 6, December 2021
Pages:
155-159
Received:
15 October 2021
Accepted:
4 November 2021
Published:
9 December 2021
Abstract: Background: Caloncoba echinata is used in traditional medicine as vomiting, against lice and mange as well as in the treatment of dermal infection, leprosy, pustular eruption (small-pox) [1, 4]. It has been reported that the non-edible vegetable oil from Caloncoba echinata seeds possess potent antibacterial activity on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus [5]. Objective: This work addressed the phytochemical investigation of the methanolic extract of leaves of Caloncoba echinate. Both extracts and all the isolates were screened for the antibacterial activities. Method: All the compounds were characterized by spectroscopic and mass spectrometric methods, and by comparison with literature data. The antibacterial activity of both extract and some isolated compounds against bacteria was determined using broth microdilution method in 96-well microtitre sterile plates as previously described [11]. Results: From the methanolic crude extract of the leaves of Caloncoba echinate, a new derivative flavonol named Kaempferol-4',7-dimethoxy-3-O-(6"-O-acetyl)-β-NULL-glucopyranoside (1) together with nine known compounds namely ermanin-3-O-β-D glucopyranoside (2), Kaempferol-4′,7-dimethoxy-3-O-(3",4",6"-O-triacetyl)-β-NULL glucopyranoside (3), friedelan-3-one (4), 29-hydroxyfriedelan-3-one (5), mixture of β-sitosterol and stigmasterol (6-7), mixture of β-sitosterol and stigmasterol glucoside (8-9), Lupeol (10) were isolated. Furthermore, compounds (2) and (5) were reported here for the first time from the Caloncoba genus. Crude extract exhibited a significant activity against the five bacteria with the MIC = 62.5µg/mL for Salmonella typhi, Escherishia coli, Shigella flexineri and the MIC = 32.25µg/mL for Salmonella typhimurium, S. enteritidis. For the isolated compounds, the best activities were recorded by compound (1) showing a moderate activity against Salmonella typhi (MIC = 32.25µg/mL; MBC/MIC = 8), Salmonella typhimurium (62.5µg/mL; MBC/MIC = 4), Salmonella enteritidis (62.25 µg/mL; MBC/MIC = 2). Conclusion: These results showed that the antimicrobial activities could be mainly attributed to the constituents of flavonol glycoside (1). In addition, the antibacterial bioactivities and determined constituents support the use of this specie by traditional healers to treat a certain number of bacterial diseases.
Abstract: Background: Caloncoba echinata is used in traditional medicine as vomiting, against lice and mange as well as in the treatment of dermal infection, leprosy, pustular eruption (small-pox) [1, 4]. It has been reported that the non-edible vegetable oil from Caloncoba echinata seeds possess potent antibacterial activity on Escherichia coli and Staphylo...
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Development and Characterization of Geopolymers Based on a Kaolinitic Clay
Soungalo Ouattara,
Brahima Sorgho,
Moustapha Sawadogo,
Youssouf Sawadogo,
Mohamed Seynou,
Philippe Blanchart,
Moussa Gomina,
Lamine Zerbo
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 6, December 2021
Pages:
160-170
Received:
12 November 2021
Accepted:
9 December 2021
Published:
24 December 2021
Abstract: Geopolymers today constitute an alternative to be considered with the aim, not of completely replacing cement, but of widening the possibilities available at the time of decision-making because this type of clay-based binder has a low impact environmental and thermal compared to Portland cement. The methods used to obtain eco-friendly building units from waste materials can be separated into three general categories: firing, cementing and geo-polymerization. The reaction of solid aluminosilicate materials with a highly concentrated aqueous alkali hydroxide or silicate solution produces a synthetic alkali aluminosilicate material called a ‘geopolymer. Geopolymers based on clay materials from Burkina Faso were developed and then characterized for use in construction. The results of the characterization of the clay mineral material referenced TAN as well as its calcined forms TAN-700 and TAN-800 have shown by several analysis techniques (DRX, IR, ICP-AES) that TAN contains kaolinite (71%), quartz (20%), illite (4%) and goethite (2%). TAN-700 and TAN-800 are essentially made of quartz. These clays are each mixed with the alkaline solution (sodium hydroxide solution 8 mol.L-1) in a mass ratio (alkaline solution/clay) ranging from 0.33 to 0.36. The results of the mechanical and mineralogical tests of the geopolymers produced showed that the grade GP-MK0 produced had the best performance favorable for its use in construction. Indeed, its linear shrinkage (3.44%) is low and the compressive strength (22.50 MPa) is greater than 4 MPa. This performance of GP-MK0 is due to the formation of a phase rich in silica and in alumina (Na2(AlSiO4)6(OH)2·2H2O).
Abstract: Geopolymers today constitute an alternative to be considered with the aim, not of completely replacing cement, but of widening the possibilities available at the time of decision-making because this type of clay-based binder has a low impact environmental and thermal compared to Portland cement. The methods used to obtain eco-friendly building unit...
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Review on the Chemical Conversion of Carbon Dioxide with Aziridineby Using Catalyts: Environmentally Freiendly Accesses to Cyclic Carbamates
Teshome Mender,
Meselu Eskezia
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 6, December 2021
Pages:
171-179
Received:
21 October 2021
Accepted:
17 November 2021
Published:
31 December 2021
Abstract: Carbon dioxide produced by means of human matters to do is one of the essential contributions accountable for the greenhouse effect, which is enhancing the Earth’s climate. From the viewpoint of green chemistry and sustainable development, it is of exquisite magnitude to synthesize chemical substances from CO2 as C1 source with the aid of C-N bond formation. Therefore, post-combustion CO2 catch and its conversion into excessive value-added chemical substances are crucial components of today’s inexperienced industry. Chemical fixation of carbon dioxide (CO2), which is much less high-priced and renewable carbon source, is turning into greater and greater important. The improvement of each new reactions and new catalysts is wished to overcome the kinetic and thermodynamic balance of CO2. Organic and steel catalysts with unique and high-quality endeavor and selectivity have been developed for a wide variety chemical conversions of CO2. On the different hand, carbon dioxide is a ubiquitous, cheap, abundant, non-toxic, non-flammable and renewable C1 source. Among CO2 usages, this evaluate pursuits to summarize and discuss the advances in the response of CO2, in the synthesis of cyclic carbonates, carbamates, and urea.
Abstract: Carbon dioxide produced by means of human matters to do is one of the essential contributions accountable for the greenhouse effect, which is enhancing the Earth’s climate. From the viewpoint of green chemistry and sustainable development, it is of exquisite magnitude to synthesize chemical substances from CO2 as C1 source with the aid of C-N bond ...
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