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Energy Efficient Biomass Cookstoves: Performance Evaluation, Quality Assurance and Certification
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 4, December 2019
Pages:
54-62
Received:
28 January 2019
Accepted:
19 March 2019
Published:
25 October 2019
Abstract: This study investigated the thermal and emissions performance characteristics of biomass cookstoves developed by the National Center for Energy Research and Development (NCERD) as well as other biomass cookstoves received by the Centre from stove designers and manufactures to ensure conformity with stipulated standard. The Center has acquired a Laboratory emissions monitoring system (LEMS) domicile at its National Stove Eligibility Laboratory (NSEL) for comprehensive biomass cookstoves performance evaluations. Water boiling test (WBT) and food cooking (rice and beans) tests were conducted with at the NSEL with LEMS for firewood and charcoal cookstoves to determine their thermal and emissions performance characteristics. Out of 15 sample charcoal stoves tested, 62% satisfied the minimum standard of tier 2, while 51% of 10 sample of firewood stoves tested satisfied the minimum standard of tier 2. The star rating of a biomass cookstove is determined from the thermal efficiency tier value of the stove. The available cookstoves in the local markets in Nigeria do not display any star rating. It was also found that nearly all the biomass cookstoves available in the local markets in Nigeria have not been tested and few tested ones at NSEL, NCERD were inconclusive. This could be attributed to non-enforcement of the standard and possibly lack of fund and incentives to enable the stove producers to undertake for full testing of the required sample test number of the stoves by Standard to attain full certifications.
Abstract: This study investigated the thermal and emissions performance characteristics of biomass cookstoves developed by the National Center for Energy Research and Development (NCERD) as well as other biomass cookstoves received by the Centre from stove designers and manufactures to ensure conformity with stipulated standard. The Center has acquired a Lab...
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Effect of Di-ammonium Hydrogen Phosphate on Jute Fabric for Fire Resistance
Ayesha Khatton,
Mubarak Hossen,
Nayer Sultana,
Mohammad Lutful Ahsan
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 4, December 2019
Pages:
63-66
Received:
15 September 2019
Accepted:
15 October 2019
Published:
25 October 2019
Abstract: Over the years, technologies have been used for the development of various textile products to meet the consumer demands in different fields as per their end-use specifications. The market sustainability of each new product mainly depends on the raw material as well as its functionality. A functional finishing dictates the end-use of the products as well as enhances the life of the products. There are important historical and economic reasons for the fact that, the science and technology of flame retardant for cellulose fibres are more advanced than for other fibres and polymers. Until perhaps 25 years ago, an overwhelming proportion of all textiles used were made of cellulose fibres. Jute is one of the important natural cellulosic fibers and used for diversified product. Similar to cotton, jute fiber has the potential to impart different functionality by different chemical finishing for its diversification. This project has been taken to improve the flameproof property of jute fabrics. Jute fabrics were treated with Di-Ammonium Hydrogen Phosphate by various concentrations under certain condition. The study was conducted at the Industrial Chemistry Department, Chemistry Division, Textile Physics Division and Pilot Plant and Processing Division of Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh during 2017-2019. It was found that desized jute fabric gives the best flame proofed (Completely resistance to both after flaming and after glowing) than the sized jute fabrics without undesirable loss of the tensile strength.
Abstract: Over the years, technologies have been used for the development of various textile products to meet the consumer demands in different fields as per their end-use specifications. The market sustainability of each new product mainly depends on the raw material as well as its functionality. A functional finishing dictates the end-use of the products a...
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Influence of Geometric Parameters on the Thermal Performances of a Double Air Pass Solar Collector
Abraham Tetang Fokone,
Adrian-Gabriel Ghiaus
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 4, December 2019
Pages:
67-76
Received:
20 September 2019
Accepted:
17 October 2019
Published:
28 October 2019
Abstract: This work focused on the numerical study of the thermal performance of a solar collector in order to improve the indirect solar drying of fruit in an environment with high solar potential. It aims to contribute to the reduction of post-harvest losses observed during periods of high production. From the retained physical model, an equivalent electrical scheme has been established and energy balance was applied to each slice of the model using the nodal method. The obtained different equations were discretized using the implicit method of finite differences, and solved by the iterative Gaussian Pivot method written in FORTRAN program. The obtained results showed that, from April to June (mangoes harvest period in Ngaoundere city) the raining period in Adamawa Region, the solar air collector that length to width ratio is between 2 and 3, is sufficient to carry out indirect solar drying of fruits with forced convection. The outlet air temperature of the solar collector was between 45 and 60°C with an average value of 50°C, and the thermal efficiency was between 65 and 95% with an average value of 80%. Double glazing improves efficiency of the solar air collector for a small footprint.
Abstract: This work focused on the numerical study of the thermal performance of a solar collector in order to improve the indirect solar drying of fruit in an environment with high solar potential. It aims to contribute to the reduction of post-harvest losses observed during periods of high production. From the retained physical model, an equivalent electri...
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Recent Progressive Status of Materials for Solar Photovoltaic Cell: A Comprehensive Review
Jamilu Ya’u Muhammad,
Abudharr Bello Waziri,
Abubakar Muhammad Shitu,
Umar Muhammad Ahmad,
Musa Hassan Muhammad,
Yusuf Alhaji,
Audu Taofeek Olaniyi,
Auwal Abdulkadir Bala
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 4, December 2019
Pages:
77-89
Received:
10 September 2019
Accepted:
8 October 2019
Published:
30 October 2019
Abstract: Due to increase in demand of electricity and high environment hazard cause by fossil fuel in generation electricity, renewable energy (such as solar energy, wind energy and so on) researches are becoming mandatory to researchers especially scientists and engineers and in solar energy generation an electronic device is used to convert energy from sun into electricity which is known as solar photovoltaic cell and the efficiency of this device is improving by improving the materials used in manufacturing it. This paper was aimed to review the status of these materials for solar photovoltaic cell up to date, from the review it was discovered that the materials are classified based on the generations whereby their efficiencies are increasing from first generation to third generation. And the current market is mainly covered by the first two generations. The first generation comprises well-known medium/low cost technologies that lead to moderate yields. The second generation (thin-film technologies) includes devices that have lower efficiency albeit are cheaper to manufacture. The third generation presents the use of novel materials, as well as a great variability of designs, and comprises expensive but very efficient cells. Although there is fourth generation which their performance and stability was yet to be found as the review disclosed.
Abstract: Due to increase in demand of electricity and high environment hazard cause by fossil fuel in generation electricity, renewable energy (such as solar energy, wind energy and so on) researches are becoming mandatory to researchers especially scientists and engineers and in solar energy generation an electronic device is used to convert energy from su...
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Effect of Biochar of Grass, Chat and Inorganic Fertilizer on the Growth and Yield of Garden Vegetable at Benishangulgumze Region, Ethiopia
Abrham Bert,
Tekilil Wolde
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 4, December 2019
Pages:
90-97
Received:
19 September 2019
Accepted:
28 October 2019
Published:
9 November 2019
Abstract: Biochar is a relatively recent term used to denote charcoal used as an agricultural input into soils. The idea comes from the use of charcoal in the Amazon on deep, highly leached, and infertile soils by Amazonian peoples in pre-Columbian times. Biochar differs most significantly from charcoal in its primary use; rather than fuel, it is primarily used for the amendment of soils (enhancing their fertility) and sequestration of carbon. One of the distinguishing properties of biochar that allows it to be a long-term carbon sink is its high stability in the environment relative to other types of organic carbon substances. Currently, however, very little or no biochar is utilized in Ethiopia particularly at Benishangulgumze Region for agriculture, in part because of its agronomic value in terms of crop response and soil health benefits have yet to be quantified, and because of the mechanisms by which it improves soil fertility are poorly understood. Therefore, the research is focused on converting the biomass of grasses and chat in to biochar in the process of pyrolysis for yield improvement, soil amendment and environmental pollution reduction. Findings of this research shows environmental pollution that regenerating from chat waste around the town, CO2 gas emission from grass when it is burning become reduced, soil physiochemical properties make improvements by using these waste as biochar instead of throwing everywhere and farmer’s cost of buying inorganic fertilizer by using biochar of grass and chat waste as organic fertilizer have significant reduction. Biochar of grass and inorganic fertilizer was required to realize significant increases in fresh marketable bulb yield of onion on the experimental soil. Environmental pollution can reduced through making biochar from the polutants. Chat and grass biochar should used for briquette energy source to save the environment from pollution beside use as fertilizer. Modern technologies are required during preparation of biochar because during making biochar there are gas emit to the atmosphere but can used as ethanol or syngagass for substitute fuels determination of methane formed through decomposing waste of grass and chat is required.
Abstract: Biochar is a relatively recent term used to denote charcoal used as an agricultural input into soils. The idea comes from the use of charcoal in the Amazon on deep, highly leached, and infertile soils by Amazonian peoples in pre-Columbian times. Biochar differs most significantly from charcoal in its primary use; rather than fuel, it is primarily u...
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High Performance Water-based Drilling Fluids—A High Efficiency Muds Achieving Superior Shale Stability While Drilling Deepwater Well with HPHT in South China Sea
Li Huaike,
Geng Tie,
Guo Lei,
Luo Jiansheng
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 4, December 2019
Pages:
98-103
Received:
18 September 2019
Accepted:
5 November 2019
Published:
13 November 2019
Abstract: In deepwater drilling operation, low temperature, high pressure, gas hydrate, narrow density window are the major challenges for drilling fluids to meet, and with the increasing depth drilled, high temperature and high pressure condition was occurred in deepwater well. In the other side, Oil based muds (OBM) and synthetic based muds (SBM) are limited in using because of the strict environment rules in the South China Sea. In deepwater HTHP well, shale hydration, dispersion and Equivalent Circulation Density (ECD) caused by rheology change with high temperature difference are the two critical problems. Therefore, petroleum service institutes and companies take much time and money on research to develop a high performance water-based mud system (HPWBM) to solve these problems and improve drilling efficiency. In the paper, a new method to estimate amine derivatives was proposed, the specific test steps was introduced in detail, and secondly a High efficiency muds (HEM) are selected and the main properties were evaluated in lab such as rheological properties at lower temperature, shale inhibition and anti-accretion. Finally, the system was applied successfully in LS project in the South China Sea. The results showed that HEM system delivered high drilling performance such as shale stability, high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) resistance, lubricity and high rate of penetration (ROP) with no wellbore problems, and the system is suitable for deepwater HTHP well operation.
Abstract: In deepwater drilling operation, low temperature, high pressure, gas hydrate, narrow density window are the major challenges for drilling fluids to meet, and with the increasing depth drilled, high temperature and high pressure condition was occurred in deepwater well. In the other side, Oil based muds (OBM) and synthetic based muds (SBM) are limit...
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