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Research Article
Guidelines on the Release of Patients Treated with Iodine – 131 for Thyroid Cancer in Nuclear Medicine: Case of Madagascar
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 2, June 2024
Pages:
30-34
Received:
17 April 2024
Accepted:
13 May 2024
Published:
24 May 2024
Abstract: The most frequently used radiopharmaceutical for treatment of thyroid cancer is the radioactive iodine (RAI). Patients treated with RAI therapy cause risk of external radiation exposure to the public and family members. While the therapeutic use of iodine-131 for thyroid carcinoma patients offers enormous benefit to them, it contributes also significantly to the radiation exposure of individuals and population. Patients treated with radioiodine present a radiation hazard and precautions are necessary to limit radiation dose to the relatives and the members of the public. The study aims to develop guidelines for the release of thyroid cancer patients treated with I-131. For this purpose, simulations were performed for estimating suitable period of restriction during which close contact with the patient should be disallowed and limited. These simulations are based on the French working Group and the recommendations of the International Commission on Radiation Protection. The study was carried out at the Isotopes Laboratory (LRI), Department of Nuclear Medicine in Antananarivo, Madagascar. According to the current regulation in radiation protection in Madagascar, the dose limit for the members of the public is limited to 1 mSv. Guidelines for discharge from the hospital are as follows. Patients can travel using public transportation up to 15 minutes. Patients are suggested to sleep apart and restrict contact with partner for 4 days after leaving the hospital. Contact with children should be restricted according to their ages. Time to restrict contact with child ranging from 3 to 10 years is limited to 4 days, and up to 7 days for younger children. This guideline is based on the retained activity of 800 MBq or the external dose rate is less than 40 μSv/h at 1 m. For public transportation, the suggested travel times for thyroid cancer are similar to those recommended by the French group. The length of time for which patients are in contact with children in this study is widely less than recommendations by French Group.
Abstract: The most frequently used radiopharmaceutical for treatment of thyroid cancer is the radioactive iodine (RAI). Patients treated with RAI therapy cause risk of external radiation exposure to the public and family members. While the therapeutic use of iodine-131 for thyroid carcinoma patients offers enormous benefit to them, it contributes also signif...
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Research Article
Determination of Diagnostic Reference Level in Dose-Area Product (DAP) and Evaluation of Dosimetry in Chest x-ray Examination at Bingerville Mother-Child Hospital, Cote D’Ivoire
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 2, June 2024
Pages:
35-39
Received:
18 April 2024
Accepted:
13 May 2024
Published:
30 May 2024
Abstract: X-rays have an undeniable advantage in medicine, especially for diagnosis. However, their use is not without risk. Following numerous studies carried out by the International Atomic Energy Agency and learned societies, it has been recommended to strengthen the principle of optimization in diagnostic radiology by implementing Diagnostic Reference Levels. The purpose of this study is to determine diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) in order to evaluate radiological practices and to reduce doses received by patients for frontal chest examination at the Bingerville Mother-Child Hospital (MCH). The work was carried out on a sample of 110 patients at the Mother and Child Hospital in Bingerville. We used a generator and a tube for the production of X-rays. The dose-area product (DAP) value was obtained using a dose calculator built into the generator. The determination of the DRLs in DAP (cGy.cm²) was made with the 75th percentile statistical method and yielded the following result of 14.32 cGy.cm². Comparing our DRL value with those obtained elsewhere, as well as comparing the median DAP from the present study with the DRLs in Abidjan and at the national level, radiological practices are satisfactory for frontal chest examination. However, after analysis of some radiological parameters used, it appears that efforts need to be made by acting on the kV, mAs, diaphragm and the filtration.
Abstract: X-rays have an undeniable advantage in medicine, especially for diagnosis. However, their use is not without risk. Following numerous studies carried out by the International Atomic Energy Agency and learned societies, it has been recommended to strengthen the principle of optimization in diagnostic radiology by implementing Diagnostic Reference Le...
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Review Article
Use of the Meta-Analysis and Kolmogorov Criteria in the Finding of Singularities of a Nuclear Matter Created in Ultra-Relativistic Nuclear Collisions
Valeriy Kizka*
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 2, June 2024
Pages:
40-50
Received:
21 May 2024
Accepted:
14 June 2024
Published:
29 June 2024
Abstract: Published theoretical data from several models – PHSD/HSD both with and without chiral symmetry restoration (CSR), applied to experimental data on nuclear collisions from BEVALAC/SIS to LHC energies were analyzed using meta-analysis and Kolmogorov criteria. This made it possible to localize possible features of nuclear matter created in central nucleus-nucleus collisions. Ignition of a drop of quark-gluon plasma (QGP) begins already at an energy of about √sNN = 2 GeV. The assessment showed that this QGP droplet occupies a small fraction, 15% (average radius of about 5.3 fm, if the fireball radius is 10 fm), of the total volume of the fireball created at √sNN = 2.7 GeV. A drop of exotic matter undergoes a split phase transition – separated boundaries of sharp (1st order) crossover and CSR in chiral limit, between QGP and Quarkyonic matter at an energy about √sNN = 3.5 GeV. The critical endpoint of 2nd order probably cannot be reached in nuclear collisions. The triple phase area occupies interval from √sNN =12 GeV to 15 GeV, the critical endpoint of 1st order – at around √sNN = 20 GeV. The boundary of smooth (2nd order) crossover transition with CSR in chiral limit between Quarkyonic matter and QGP was localized between √sNN = 9.3 GeV and 12 GeV, and between Hadronic and QGP in the interval from √sNN = 15 GeV to 20 GeV, the boundary of sharp (1st order) crossover transition with CSR in chiral limit between Hadronic matter and QGP was localized after √sNN = 20 GeV. The phase trajectory of the hadronic corona, enveloping the exotic droplet, always remains in the hadronic phase. The possible phase diagram of nuclear matter created in mid-central heavy ion collisions is also presented in the same energy range as for central collisions. Taking into account the quantum nature of the fireball created in nuclear collisions, emphasis is on the existence of events in central nuclear collisions at energy range from √sNN = 2 GeV to 2.76 TeV, at which no exotic matter is created and nuclear matter in the fireball remains in the hadronic phase throughout its (fireball) evolution.
Abstract: Published theoretical data from several models – PHSD/HSD both with and without chiral symmetry restoration (CSR), applied to experimental data on nuclear collisions from BEVALAC/SIS to LHC energies were analyzed using meta-analysis and Kolmogorov criteria. This made it possible to localize possible features of nuclear matter created in central nuc...
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