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Recent Advancement of Microbial Production of Curcuminoids and Its Industrial Applications: A Review
Mulatu Workie Desta,
Betemariam Kebede Gebremicheal
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 3, September 2020
Pages:
74-82
Received:
17 December 2019
Accepted:
19 May 2020
Published:
8 June 2020
Abstract: Turmeric (from Curcuma longa) is a yellow colored spice commonly used in daily diet. It has been extensively used in traditional medicine since ancient times to treat various nervous and disorder disease. A little was known about the biosynthesis curcuminoid in turmeric and identified the enzymes involved in the curcuminoid biosynthetic pathway and confirmed the involvement of the phenylpropanoid pathway in the production of these compounds in plants. Traditionally known curcumin has emerged as a modern biological regulator curcuminoids, agroclimatic and soil environmental variation are also influencing the curcumin synthase gene expression, which is correlated with curcumin yield in turmeric cultivars. Microbial production of curcuminoids is very promising and production yield can be improved by using synthetic biology approaches and metabolic engineering tools, to make heterologous production competitive with the current process of curcuminoid’s extraction from plants. Type III polyketide synthases are responsible for the production of curcuminoids. Among those DCS and CURS enzymes have been used to synthesize curcuminoids. Synthetic biology and metabolite engineering approaches have generated microbial cell factories that can allow the for the mass production of pharmaceutically and nutraceuticals important microbial metabolites in an environmentally friendly and efficient way. Considering a wide pharmaceutical, industrial and health beneficial applications of curcuminoids, this review focused on microbial production of curcuminoids and substrate recognizing and regulatory mechanism of curcuminoid synthase and obtain the mutant enzymes using mutagenesis study and synthetic biology approaches.
Abstract: Turmeric (from Curcuma longa) is a yellow colored spice commonly used in daily diet. It has been extensively used in traditional medicine since ancient times to treat various nervous and disorder disease. A little was known about the biosynthesis curcuminoid in turmeric and identified the enzymes involved in the curcuminoid biosynthetic pathway and...
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Microbial Biodiversity of a Traditional Food Made from Squash Seeds "NTETE" Consumed in Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
Etienne Nguimbi,
Cyr Jonas Morabandza,
Alain Brice Vouidibio Mbozo,
Mireille Huguette Belle Mbou,
Sayida Norgela Miakassissa,
Faly Armel Soloka Mabika
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 3, September 2020
Pages:
83-92
Received:
8 May 2020
Accepted:
25 May 2020
Published:
9 June 2020
Abstract: The microbial biodiversity of crushed, packaged and cooked (squash) squash seeds sold in Brazzaville markets for consumption has been explored. The enumeration and phenotypic characteristics of microorganisms, in particular: enterobacteria, yeasts, Bacillus, molds and coliforms were revealed, by conventional techniques of microbiology on specific media. The number of control samples not exposed to sale was compared with that of samples to be sold. Amplification by PCR of the 16S rDNA of a few colonies taken from PCA was carried out, followed by sequencing and finally by a bioinformatic analysis on BLASTN. A phylogenetic inference test was carried out by MEGA. 7, preceded by multiple alignment of 16S rRNA gene sequences. It appears from the count in the four markets chosen at random in Brazzaville that the total flora is variable: 101. 103 CFU / g for the Total market; 145. 103 CFU / g for the Bifouiti market; 140. 103 CFU / g for the Talangai market and, 113,103 CFU / g for the Ouenzé market. However, the absence of coliforms was noted in all the samples. Control samples not exposed for sale show the absence of any microorganism. The morphotypes presented different characteristics according to the type and depending on each medium: on Mossel, the bacteria isolated were all Gram +, catalase positive, mobile, isolated or grouped in pair, with yellow, pink or, yellow-pink colonies. PCR revealed by electrophoresis on 0.8% agarose gel the amplified fragments of the 1500Sb rRNA gene of size 1500bp. After sequencing, and analysis by BLASTN, the sequences were submitted to GenBank, the accession numbers are as follows: MK208500, MK208502, MK208503, MK208497, MK209069, MK209070. The alignment of the sequences obtained and their counterparts has revealed and confirmed that this gene is well conserved in the different genera with a very high similarity rate (97-100%). The phylogenetic inference made it possible to have a coherent tree showing different monophyletic groups that are the different genera.
Abstract: The microbial biodiversity of crushed, packaged and cooked (squash) squash seeds sold in Brazzaville markets for consumption has been explored. The enumeration and phenotypic characteristics of microorganisms, in particular: enterobacteria, yeasts, Bacillus, molds and coliforms were revealed, by conventional techniques of microbiology on specific m...
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Evaporative Coolers Air Conditioners Devices as a Source of Legionella Pneumophila in Khartoum State, Sudan and Recommended Measures of Control
Reem Mohamed Elfatih Ali Elsanousi
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 3, September 2020
Pages:
93-96
Received:
8 May 2020
Accepted:
29 May 2020
Published:
9 June 2020
Abstract: This study was designed to substantiate the role of the evaporative coolers air conditioners in the proliferation of the genus Legionella. In addition to sort out, isolate and identify the genus Legionella including Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease and Pontiac fever from a new source. This type of air conditioners depends on water in their operation. They cool the air by filtering it through evaporation of water which is widely used in the Sudan. The evaporative air conditioning units considered as reservoirs of the ubiquitous bacteria which it harbored by amoeba. Legionella species can proliferate in amoeba and in biofilms that promote the growth of the bacteria even in the bad conditions. The study was done in Khartoum State including different premises from which water samples of evaporative coolers air conditioners were collected. Five hundred and fifty five water samples were collected, treated, cultured, identified and confirmed by gold standard culture technique using Buffered Charcoal Yeast Extract Agar (BCYE - α medium), Glycine Vancomycin Polymxin-Cycloheximide Agar (G V P C Medium) and biochemical techniques well as Real Time PCR test. The results of Legionella species obtained from this study were 42.3% of the total collected samples with a rate of 11% for Legionella pneumophila. Recommended measures of control must be applied including this type of air conditioners to prevent Legionella out breaks.
Abstract: This study was designed to substantiate the role of the evaporative coolers air conditioners in the proliferation of the genus Legionella. In addition to sort out, isolate and identify the genus Legionella including Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease and Pontiac fever from a new source. This type of air conditioner...
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Phenotypic and Molecular Screening of Laccase-producing Bacteria Isolated from Automobile Workshop Soil Samples in Ado-Ekiti
Temitayo Omotunde Olowomofe,
Olaoluwa Jacob Oluyege,
Paul Ikechukwu Orjiakor,
Ayodele Oluwayemisi Ogunlade,
Solomon Temitayo Olaoye
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 3, September 2020
Pages:
97-102
Received:
21 April 2020
Accepted:
13 May 2020
Published:
20 June 2020
Abstract: This work was carried out to isolate hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria from oil contaminated soil sample in Ado-Ekiti and screen them for laccase production. Soil samples were collected and analyzed using standard microbiological techniques. The isolates were initially screened for hydrocarbon degrading ability on minimal salt medium supplemented with 1% crude oil and incubated for 14days. The isolates were further screened for their ability to produce laccase enzyme using plate screening and molecular techniques. Four of the isolates that gave the best results on tannic-agar plates were selected for PCR amplification of laccase gene using specific primers. The isolates were identified as Lactobacillus sakei, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus and Gracilibacter thermotolerans based on 16SrRNA sequencing. The DNA of these bacteria amplified the primer specific for laccase gene with 1300bp, 1400bp, 1600bp and 350bp respectively. For bioremediation to be effective, microorganisms must enzymatically attack the pollutants and convert them to harmless products. Therefore, laccase production potentials in these bacteria make them useful in bioremediation as laccase is known to break heavy phenol containing hydrocarbons. Further work can be done to determine the activity of this enzyme during the degradation of crude oil.
Abstract: This work was carried out to isolate hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria from oil contaminated soil sample in Ado-Ekiti and screen them for laccase production. Soil samples were collected and analyzed using standard microbiological techniques. The isolates were initially screened for hydrocarbon degrading ability on minimal salt medium supplemented with...
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Assessment of Haematological Parameters of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients with and Without HIV Infection Attending Two Secondary Health Facilities in Jigawa State
Baballe Abbas,
Musa Mustapha Dogara,
Nura Muhammad Sani,
Ahmad Mohammed Gumel,
Danjuma Lawal
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 3, September 2020
Pages:
103-109
Received:
4 May 2020
Accepted:
15 June 2020
Published:
29 June 2020
Abstract: TB and HIV form a lethal combination, as each fuels the progress of the other in the infected patients. This study assessed the haematological parameters of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients with and without HIV infection attending the two secondary health facilities in Jigawa State, Nigeria. A total of 150 PTB patients visiting the two secondary health facilities were randomly selected for the study. 5ml of venous blood was drawn aseptically with the help of sterile syringe using vein puncture technique and transferred into EDTA bottle to avoid coagulation. 2ml of the EDTA blood was transferred in to plane test tube for the haematological analysis using automated Haematological Analyser (Abacus Junior 380) while the remaining 3ml of the blood was placed into a Western green tube up to the zero mark for Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) determination. The data was analysed using SPSS version 20, One-way ANOVA was used to check the significant difference among the new, follow-up and Multi drug resistant TB (MDR-TB) groups of patients. 136 (90.67%) patients were HIV negative and 14 (9.33%) were HIV positive, 95 (63.33%) were males and 55 (36.37%) were females. Among the studied population 56 (37.33%) and 94 (62.67%) were new and follow-up PTB patients respectively. In this study, there were significantly lower mean values at (P>0.05) of White blood cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils (MID), granulocytes, Red Blood Cells, packed cells volume, and Platelets counts among PTB-HIV co-infected patients when compared with PTB patients. Of the PTB patients, 27.94% were Leukopenic, 25.7% Lymphopenic, 26.47% neutropenic, 30.88% anaemic and 20.59% thrombocytopenic. On the other hand, of the PTB-HIV co-infected patients, 64.29% were leukopenic, 35.71% lymphopenic, 26.47% neutropenic, 21.43% anaemic, and 14.29% thrombocytopenic. This study demonstrated high prevalence of leucopenia, followed by neutropenia and anaemia, lymphopenia, and thrombocytopenia. There was also high ESR values among more than two-third of the 150 PTB patients. The study also revealed that, females were more co-infected with HIV 64.29% than the males with 35.71%. HIV co-infection worsens haematological abnormalities of PTB patients. Knowledge of these haematological parameters will enhance the overall management of the PTB patients with regard to monitoring the disease progression and response to antimicrobial chemotherapy as they will serve as useful indicators for treatment success or failure. It is recommended that all newly diagnosed and follow-up PTB and PTB-HIV co-infected patients should be exposed to haematological counts to monitor their immune status.
Abstract: TB and HIV form a lethal combination, as each fuels the progress of the other in the infected patients. This study assessed the haematological parameters of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients with and without HIV infection attending the two secondary health facilities in Jigawa State, Nigeria. A total of 150 PTB patients visiting the two seconda...
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Bi-component Staphylococcal Leukotoxins Induce Chloride Ions Fluxes in Human Neutrophils: Opening of Ca2+-activated Cl- Channels
Leïla Staali,
Didier André Colin
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 3, September 2020
Pages:
110-119
Received:
1 June 2020
Accepted:
15 June 2020
Published:
29 June 2020
Abstract: The bi-component leukotoxins; γ-hemolysin and Panton and Valentin Leukocidin (PVL) from Staphylococcus aureus induce two independent cellular events 1) the formation of trans-membrane pores not permeable to chloride (Cl-) ions and 2) the activation of at least, two modes of chloride fluxes (efflux/influx), including pre-existing Ca2+-activated Cl- channels (CaCC) in human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). This was investigated by using spectrofluorometry techniques and the chloride-sensitive quencher fluorescent indicator, MQAE (N-(6-methoxyquinolyl) acetoacethyl ester). The ethidium bromide was used as an indicator for the trans-membrane pores formation by staphylococcal leukotoxins. In the absence of extracellular Ca2+, HlgA/HlgB, HlgC/HlgB and LukS-PV/LukF-PV leukotoxins from S. aureus induced a massive efflux of chloride (Cl-) ions. Interestingly, in the presence of extracellular Ca2+, the HlgA/HlgB γ-hemolysin provoked a biphasic response of Cl- movements (efflux/influx). Conversely to HlgA/HlgB and LukS-PV/LukF-PV, HlgC/HlgB leukotoxins did not induce any Cl- movement under this condition (e.g. in the presence of extracellular Ca2+). The potent Cl- channel inhibitor, DIDS, did inhibit significantly the Cl- fluxes caused by all pairs of staphylococcal leukotoxins tested in both conditions. In the present study, we found that the inhibitory effect of flufenamic acid, known as a Cl- channel inhibitor, was restricted only to the Ca2+-dependent Cl- influx triggered only by HlgA/HlgB and LukS-PV/LukF-PV leukotoxins. These findings might suggest that, Cl- fluxes in human neutrophils did involve at least, two different types of Cl- pathways, depending on the absence or presence of extracellular Ca2+. Both Cl- channels blockers, DIDS and flufenamic acid did not alter the pores formation by staphylococcal leukotoxins. Furthermore, under conditions when the membrane pores formation was blocked by divalent ions (Ca2+ and/or Zn2+), Cl- ions movements were still observed. Taken together, our results strongly provide an evidence that: i) trans-membrane pores formed by staphylococcal leukotoxins: HlgA/HlgB, HlgC/HlgB (γ-hemolysin) and LukS-PV/LukF-PV (PVL) do not drive Cl- ions fluxes ii) at least, two different types of Cl- ions pathways are activated, depending on the absence or presence of extracellular Ca2+, including Ca2+-activated Cl- channels (CaCC) and, iii) Ca2+-activated Cl- channels are mediated only by HlgA/HlgB and LukS-PV/LukF-PV leukotoxins.
Abstract: The bi-component leukotoxins; γ-hemolysin and Panton and Valentin Leukocidin (PVL) from Staphylococcus aureus induce two independent cellular events 1) the formation of trans-membrane pores not permeable to chloride (Cl-) ions and 2) the activation of at least, two modes of chloride fluxes (efflux/influx), including pre-existing Ca2+-activated Cl- ...
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Detection of Biofilm Formation and Antibiotic Resistance in Klebsiella Oxytoca and Klebsiella Pneumoniae from Animal Origin Foods
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 3, September 2020
Pages:
120-130
Received:
17 May 2020
Accepted:
29 May 2020
Published:
4 July 2020
Abstract: Biofilms are surface-attached microbial communities with distinct properties, which have a tremendous impact on our health and food safety. The study was aimed to detect biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance by Klebsiella oxytoca and Klebsiella pneumoniae from animal origin foods. In this study100 food samples were examined for the presence of Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and other Enterobacteriaceae family members. In this study, 19 Klebsiella oxytoca and 5 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were isolated from cheese and minced meat samples using standard biochemical tests and identification kit. Biofilm formation in these isolates was detected by using microplate, Congo red agar, and tube adherence methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method on Muller-Hinton agar. Using a microplate method strong biofilm formation was observed in 16 (84%) and 5 (100%) isolates of Klebsiella oxytoca and Klebsiella pneumoniae after 24 hours of incubation on Tryptic Soy Broth medium containing 2% of glucose respectively. After 24 and 48 hours of incubation on Tryptic Soy Broth without glucose strong biofilm formation was detected in 10 (52.6%) and 2 (40%) isolates of Klebsiella oxytoca and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. After 24 hours of incubation on Congo red agar 14 (73.7%) and 3 (60%), isolates of Klebsiella oxytoca and Klebsiella pneumoniae were slime factor positive respectively. In tube adherence method 13 (68.4%) and 4 (80%), isolates of Klebsiella oxytoca and Klebsiella pneumoniae were seen to have adhered strongly after 24 hours of incubation on Tryptic Soy Broth medium containing 2% of glucose. In general, strong biofilm formation by these strains was seen on Tryptic Soy Broth medium when supplemented with glucose. Among all the Klebsiella oxytoca, the highest rates of susceptibility were seen toward Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (100%) and Imipenem (94.7%) followed by Chloramphenicol (73.7%) and gentamicin (68.4%). Among 19 Klebsiella oxytoca isolates, the highest rates of resistance were seen in streptomycin (73.7%) and Kanamycin (73.7%) followed by ampicillin (63.2%). The majority of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were resistant to Kanamycin (80%) and Streptomycin (80%) followed by Amikacin (60%). On the other hand, 80% of Klebsiella pneumoniae were susceptible to imipenem, chloramphenicol, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole, and cefotaxime. Generally, majority of Klebsiella oxytoca, and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates showed strong biofilm production on different growth conditions and majority of the isolates were also resistance for antibiotics. Therefore, biofilm production by these nosocomial bacteria has an implication public health and pave the way for increased resistance of biofilm-associated organisms to antimicrobial agents.
Abstract: Biofilms are surface-attached microbial communities with distinct properties, which have a tremendous impact on our health and food safety. The study was aimed to detect biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance by Klebsiella oxytoca and Klebsiella pneumoniae from animal origin foods. In this study100 food samples were examined for the presence o...
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Evaluation of Two Rapid Antigen Tests for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Virus
Sahar Mohammed Khairat,
Nancy EL Guindy,
Mohammad Salah Eldeen Abdel Motaleb,
Noha Salah Soliman
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 3, September 2020
Pages:
131-134
Received:
21 July 2020
Accepted:
3 August 2020
Published:
13 August 2020
Abstract: Nucleic acid and antibody detection assays have been utilized in COVID-19 laboratory diagnosis. However, the use of viral antigenic proteins for diagnosis has not been successfully developed. Using viral antigen allows rapid direct viral detection earlier than production of antibodies. The present study was aimed at evaluating the performance of two COVID-19 rapid antigen detection tests, which are BIOCREDIT COVID-19 Ag (RapiGEN Inc., Korea) and Standard Q COVID-19 Ag (SD Biosensor, Korea), in comparison with RT-PCR. These tests were performed on 80 COVID-19 RT-PCR positive respiratory samples and 20 RT-PCR negative control samples. BIOCREDIT COVID-19 Ag and SD Biosensor RAD kits recorded total sensitivities of 52.5% and 68.7% and specificities of 46% and 96%, respectively. In high viral load samples, BIOCREDIT COVID-19 Ag and SD Biosensor RAD kits recorded higher sensitivities of 60% and 77%, compared to 45% and 60% in normal viral load samples, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of the 2 antigen kits varied significantly with P values of <0.000001 and 0.0135, respectively. The evaluated RAD tests presented promising performance which was relatively better for SD-Biosensor than BIOCREDIT RAD tests, especially in high viral load samples. However, antigen tests are still considered substandard in comparison with RT-PCR in detecting SARS-CoV-2.
Abstract: Nucleic acid and antibody detection assays have been utilized in COVID-19 laboratory diagnosis. However, the use of viral antigenic proteins for diagnosis has not been successfully developed. Using viral antigen allows rapid direct viral detection earlier than production of antibodies. The present study was aimed at evaluating the performance of tw...
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Staphylococcal Pore-forming Leukotoxins: Opening of Ca2+-activated K+ Channels and Specificity of Membrane Pores in Human Neutrophils
Leila Staali,
Didier Andre Colin
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 3, September 2020
Pages:
135-151
Received:
14 July 2020
Accepted:
27 July 2020
Published:
20 August 2020
Abstract: Pore-forming toxins are key virulence determinants produced by human bacterial pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, inducing two independent cellular events in neutrophils. Upon a specific binding to membrane receptors, both Panton and Valentin Leukocidin and γ-hemolysin induced an increase of Na+ and K+ fluxes, likely associated to the activation of preexisting ionic channels or to the membrane pores formation. This was investigated by using, spectrofluorometry techniques and, specific molecular probes in human neutrophils. Interestingly, we found that, in the absence of extracellular Ca2+, leukotoxins did form membrane pores, which were large enough to allow a massive entry of ethidium into neutrophils. Simultaneously, sustained Na+ influx and K+ efflux were observed. Another set of experiments carried out in the presence of extracellular Ca2+ did show that, the percentage of pores formed by leukotoxins was significantly, reduced due to the Ca2+ effect to eventually protect cells from lysis. The simultaneous recording of Na+ and K+ movements showed a significant increase of the K+ efflux although, the Na+ influx was reduced. By using potassium channels blockers, we found that, the potassium efflux enhanced by the presence of extracellular Ca2+, was markedly, inhibited in apamin-, charybdotoxin-, tetrodotoxin-, and quinine-pretreatment neutrophils. We also found that, the increase of the K+ efflux was reduced by either, thapsigargin or TMB8, potent blockers of the internal Ca2+ stores depletion. Consequently, we proposed that, the activation of another potassium pathway by leukotoxins, known as Ca2+-activated K+ channels following the Ca2+ stores depletion. Furthermore, potassium channels blockers did not affect ethidium, Na+ and K+ movements, in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. Moreover, in this condition, no monovalent ions movement was recorded, when the pores formation was altered by tetra-ethyl-ammonium. In the present study, we further highlighted the specificity of membrane pores to Na+ and K+ ions when, the pores formation was completely blocked by divalent ions blockers (Ca2+ and Zn2+). Under these conditions, no monovalent ions movement, was recorded although, a significant influx of Ca2+ and Zn2+ was observed after the leukotoxins application. In conclusion, our data provided an evidence that, staphylococcal leukotoxins induced in human neutrophils: 1) the opening of Ca2+-activated K+ channels, only in the presence of 1 mM extracellular Ca2+; 2) the formation of membrane pores, which exhibited a high specificity to monovalent cations and, 3) an influx of sodium, through a tetrodotoxin not-sensitive pathway ruling out the hypothesis that, Na+ channels could be activated by leukotoxins.
Abstract: Pore-forming toxins are key virulence determinants produced by human bacterial pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, inducing two independent cellular events in neutrophils. Upon a specific binding to membrane receptors, both Panton and Valentin Leukocidin and γ-hemolysin induced an increase of Na+ and K+ fluxes, likely associated to the activation of p...
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Microbial, Nutrient Composition and Sensory Qualities of Cookies Fortified with Red Kidney Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and Moringa Seeds (Moringa oleifera)
Noah Abimbola A.,
Banjo Olabisi A.
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 3, September 2020
Pages:
152-158
Received:
1 July 2020
Accepted:
3 August 2020
Published:
25 August 2020
Abstract: The microbial, nutrient and sensory qualities of cookies produced from wheat flour supplemented with red kidney bean and moringa seed flours, formulated as 100:0:0%, 90:5:5%, 80:10:10%, 70:15:15%, and 60:20:20% were studied. Microbial analysis shows total viable count range from 1.5 to 3.5 x 102cfu/g, Fungi counts ranges from 1.0 to 1.4 x 102cfu/g while there was no growth of Staphylococcus and Salmonella. The microbes increase slightly with increase in the substitution of red kidney bean and moringa seeds flour although all the counts were minimal and are within acceptable limits 106cfu/g of ready to eat food product. The moisture, protein, ash, fibre, fat and carbohydrate contents in the cookies ranges from 6.21 to 4.67%, 9.46 to 15.99%, 1.16 to 2.68%, 0.32 to 2.48%, 17.02 to 13.88% and 65.81 to 59.99% respectively. The cookies sample increases in protein, ash, fibre and mineral contents with increasingly added red kidney bean and moringa seed flours. Sensory evaluation depict that cookies sample are significantly different in attributes. Cookies produced from blends of 70:15:15% are observed to be more acceptable of all samples. Result from the work carried out reveals that acceptable cookies of improved nutritional value, high dietary fibre and protein content can be produced from wheat flour supplemented with red kidney bean and moringa seed flours.
Abstract: The microbial, nutrient and sensory qualities of cookies produced from wheat flour supplemented with red kidney bean and moringa seed flours, formulated as 100:0:0%, 90:5:5%, 80:10:10%, 70:15:15%, and 60:20:20% were studied. Microbial analysis shows total viable count range from 1.5 to 3.5 x 102cfu/g, Fungi counts ranges from 1.0 to 1.4 x 102cfu/g ...
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