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A New Receptor Model Based on the Alternating Trilinear Decomposition Followed by a Score Matrix Reconstruction for Source Apportionment of Ambient Particulate Matter
Xiang Dong Qing,
Lin Da Yin,
Xiao Hua Zhang,
Yi Huang,
Ling Xu,
Min He
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 3, September 2020
Pages:
93-106
Received:
16 June 2020
Accepted:
3 July 2020
Published:
13 July 2020
Abstract: A new receptor model based on the alternating trilinear decomposition followed by a score matrix reconstruction (ATLD-SMR) was developed for the source apportionment of urban PM10 for the first time. First, simulated three-way data arrays of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to verify the feasibility of the ATLD-SMR method. Then, PM10 samples (receptor) at five locations and TSP samples of ten pollution sources were collected during July and August, 2018 in Loudi City, China. The collected samples were measured by GC-MS. PAHs were used as tracers and their concentrations were accurately obtained by the ATLD-SMR analysis of GC-MS data of these samples after the problems of GC-MS including baseline drift, retention-time shift and unexpected peaks overlapping were successfully resolved. The highest concentrations of individual PAH in these samples were for phenanthrene and benzo [a] pyrene (40.76 ng m-3 and 39.63 ng m-3 in Liangang steel-making workshop, respectively). Last, a relative contribution matrix of the source to the receptor was estimated by the ATLD-SMR method. The proposed method was employed to apportion the source contributions to PM10 particles at five locations and reasonable results were obtained, thus presenting a promising tool for source apportionment of complex ambient particulate matter.
Abstract: A new receptor model based on the alternating trilinear decomposition followed by a score matrix reconstruction (ATLD-SMR) was developed for the source apportionment of urban PM10 for the first time. First, simulated three-way data arrays of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to verify the feasibility of the ATLD-SMR method. The...
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Quantitative Estimation of Casein in Different Milk Samples
Mussarat Jabeen,
Mamoona Anwar,
Warisha Fatima,
Adeeba Saleem,
Khadija Rehman,
Maryum Masood,
Numaira Iqbal,
Saima Anjum,
Ansa Madeeha Zafar,
Noreen Aslam
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 3, September 2020
Pages:
107-110
Received:
23 June 2020
Accepted:
13 July 2020
Published:
30 July 2020
Abstract: Milk is an important part of human life and supposed to be a nutritious food which contain about 80% proteins. Milk proteins consist of 80% casein (soluble protein), 2-8% lactose (milk fat) and remaining is whey (byproduct of cheese and casein manufacture). Casein is more important and contain almost all essential amino acids. The purpose of the present work was to estimate the amount of casein in different milk samples including natural milk (cow, buffalo, sheep and goat) both in boiled and un-boiled form and ultra-high temperature processed (Nestle Milk pack, Olper’s and Everyday Liquid) milk. In all the milk samples Nestle Milk pack contains high casein (g/100mL) 7.39±0.021 while cow milk contains lowest casein (g/100mL) 4.91±0.036 in un-boiled form and 4.75±0.025 in boiled form. Milk is supposed to be more beneficial if quantity of casein increases. From this research it is concluded that sheep milk is more beneficial with casein percentage 5.64±0.01 in un-boiled milk and 5.52±0.021 in boiled milk sample in case of natural milk samples while in tetra-packs Nestle Milk pack is beneficial with casein percentage 7.18±0.021 and 7.39±0.021 casein (g/100mL).
Abstract: Milk is an important part of human life and supposed to be a nutritious food which contain about 80% proteins. Milk proteins consist of 80% casein (soluble protein), 2-8% lactose (milk fat) and remaining is whey (byproduct of cheese and casein manufacture). Casein is more important and contain almost all essential amino acids. The purpose of the pr...
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Some Physicochemical Parameters of Keana Salt Lake and Domestic Water Sources in the Salt Lake Community, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 3, September 2020
Pages:
111-116
Received:
19 May 2020
Accepted:
13 July 2020
Published:
5 August 2020
Abstract: Concerns have been raised on levels of some physicochemical parameters in Salt Lake water systems all over the world. In a developing country like Nigeria, Salt Lakes are pertinent domestic water sources in communities where they are found. This study examined the levels of selected physicochemical parameters (Chlorine, pH, Temperature, Total dissolved solids, Electrical conductivity, Total alkalinity, Total hardness, Nitrate, Sulphate and Phosphate) in water samples collected from Keana Salt Lake Nasarawa State, Nigeria and drinking water sources around the Salt Lake, in order to compare them with permissible limits. Water samples were collected in triplicates from five locations (two surface and three underground water sources) and analyzed using standard methods. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to determine significant differences in concentration (p≤ 0.05) based on sample location. The results are presented as Mean ±standard error values. Results show that Mean concentration levels of TDS and electrical conductivity were above WHO limits in the surface water samples. Chlorine, temperature, alkalinity, total hardness, Nitrate, Sulphate and Phosphate were all within their respective WHO permissible limits. Correlation analyses show that electrical conductivity, Nitrate and TDS were the variable significantly positively correlated among the physicochemical parameters examined in the study. On that note, the study recommends carrying out further research on heavy metals and microbial concentrations of water sources around Keana Salt Lake.
Abstract: Concerns have been raised on levels of some physicochemical parameters in Salt Lake water systems all over the world. In a developing country like Nigeria, Salt Lakes are pertinent domestic water sources in communities where they are found. This study examined the levels of selected physicochemical parameters (Chlorine, pH, Temperature, Total disso...
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Treatment of Spilled Auto-Mechanic Garage Oils in Soil Using Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Waste Materials
John Stephen Gushit,
Victor Fedoje Oguche,
Idoko Ogbe
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 3, September 2020
Pages:
117-121
Received:
9 August 2020
Accepted:
26 August 2020
Published:
3 September 2020
Abstract: The work aimed at cleaning oil contaminated soil started with sorting and pulverizing pre-clean high density polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste materials. The soil samples were collected from Farin-Gada Auto-Mechanic village located at Jos North Local Government area, Plateau State-Nigeria. They were prepared by homogenizing, crushing and sieving (mesh size ≤2mm), then extracted and purified for characterization of the total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) using gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GCMS). For the heavy metals, the soil samples were air-dried, digested using mineral acids (HNO3 and HCl) in appropriate proportion, then analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The levels of nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd) and TPH were assessed in the sample used as control (uncontaminated) labelled as ‘CC-S’. Untreated soil (automobile mechanic garage soil) labelled ‘UT-S’, and treated soil labelled as ‘TT-S. The results revealed that the untreated soil (UT-S) had high contaminants when compared to that of CC-S and TT-S. This suggest that anthropogenic activities is the major source of the soil contamination. On treating the contaminated soil with PET, the concentration of Ni, Pb, Cr and Cd in the UT-S was reduced by 18%, 4%, 84% and 66% respectively. Similarly, the total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentration reduced from 0.271 mg kg-1 to 0.082 mg kg-1 on treating UT-S with PET. The present work has established that pulverized waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) can be processed and used to clean up oil contaminated soils.
Abstract: The work aimed at cleaning oil contaminated soil started with sorting and pulverizing pre-clean high density polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste materials. The soil samples were collected from Farin-Gada Auto-Mechanic village located at Jos North Local Government area, Plateau State-Nigeria. They were prepared by homogenizing, crushing and sievi...
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Formulation of Weaning Food from Fonio (Digitaria exilis Stapf) and Soya Bean (Glycine max)
Nkiruka Charity Eboagu,
Collins Chibuzor Odidika,
Kate Ekwy Ochiagha,
Joy Nwando Nwokoye,
Chiagozie Michael Ekwunife
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 3, September 2020
Pages:
122-127
Received:
1 September 2020
Accepted:
18 September 2020
Published:
12 October 2020
Abstract: Malnutrition is a major health problem for children in developing countries. This study examines the use of fonio and soya bean flours as locally and readily available raw materials for production and formulation of weaning foods. Weaning food was produced from fonio and soya bean flour in varying proportions. Four blends A, B, C and D were formulated respectively. Proximate, vitamin and mineral contents were determined using standard methods. The chemical compositions of the formulations were as follows, for samples A, B, C and D respectively. Moisture contents = 3.20%, 3.00%, 2.50% and 2.00%. Ash contents = 3.30%, 3.20%, 3.00% and 2.80%. Protein = 29.00%, 25.00%, 20.00% and 17.50%. Fibre contents = 3.50%, 3.30%, 3.00% and 2.70%. Fat contents = 11.00%, 10.00%, 10.00% and 8.00%. Carbohydrate contents = 50.00%, 55.50%, 61.50% and 67.00%. Energy contents (Kcal/100g) = 415.00, 412.00, 416.00 and 410.00 Kcal/100grespectively. The mineral content of the formulated weaning food were determined which confirmed the presence of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, copper, iron and phosphorus. Vitamin A, B1, B2 and C were also determined. These values fall within the Food and Agriculture Organization (1966) recommended values of food for infants. The complementary diet prepared from fonio and soya bean flour was also compared with Cerelac and Nutrend a commercial weaning food. Sample C was compared favourably with those of the commercial weaning foods. It is also complied with infant food specification established by Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO) which had agreeable appearance, light yellow colour, good flavour and taste and readily dispersed in hot water. Sample C is recommended as the best formulated weaning foods which can therefore used as alternatives to the weaning foods in the Nigerian market as well as other countries in the world to improve nutritional status of children and also help to curb protein–energy malnutrition.
Abstract: Malnutrition is a major health problem for children in developing countries. This study examines the use of fonio and soya bean flours as locally and readily available raw materials for production and formulation of weaning foods. Weaning food was produced from fonio and soya bean flour in varying proportions. Four blends A, B, C and D were formula...
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