-
Physical, Thermal and Spectral Properties of Biofield Treated 3-Nitroacetophenone
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi,
Rama Mohan Tallapragada,
Alice Branton,
Dahryn Trivedi,
Gopal Nayak,
Rakesh Kumar Mishra,
Snehasis Jana
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2015
Pages:
71-79
Received:
19 September 2015
Accepted:
30 September 2015
Published:
16 October 2015
Abstract: 3-Nitroacetophenone (3-NAP) is an organic compound used as an intermediate for the synthesis of pharmaceutical agents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on the physical, thermal and spectral properties of 3-NAP. The study was performed in two groups i.e. control and treated. The control group remained as untreated, and the treated group received Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment. The control and treated 3-NAP samples were further characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), laser particle size analyzer, surface area analyzer, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and ultra violet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis) analysis. The XRD analysis showed decrease in crystallite size of treated 3-NAP by 20.27% as compared to the control sample. However, the XRD peaks of treated sample showed an increase in intensity as compared to the control. The DSC result showed a slight increase in melting temperature of treated 3-NAP (80.75ºC) with respect to the control (79.39ºC). The latent heat of fusion of treated 3-NAP was changed by 16.28% as compared to the control sample. The TGA analysis showed an increase in onset temperature of treated sample (192ºC) as compared to the control sample (182ºC). Further, the maximum thermal decomposition temperature (Tmax) of treated 3-NAP was increased as compared to the control. This showed the increase in thermal stability of treated 3-NAP with respect to control. The treated 3-NAP showed an increase in average particle size (d50) by 27.6% along with an increase in size exhibited by 99% of particles (d99) by 4.9% as compared to the control. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis showed a substantial decrease in surface area by 24.6% with respect to the control. The FT-IR analysis showed an emergence of peak at 1558 cm-1 in treated 3-NAP sample as compared to the control. Nevertheless, the UV spectral analysis of treated 3-NAP showed no alterations in absorption peaks as compared to the control. Altogether, the result showed that biofield energy treatment has altered the physical, thermal and spectral properties of treated 3-NAP as compared to the control.
Abstract: 3-Nitroacetophenone (3-NAP) is an organic compound used as an intermediate for the synthesis of pharmaceutical agents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on the physical, thermal and spectral properties of 3-NAP. The study was performed in two groups i.e. control and treated. The control group remained as ...
Show More
-
Simultaneous Determinations of Methoxylated Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Dairy Products from China by GC-MS
Decong Hu,
Xiaozhong Hu,
Wei Chen,
Hong Wang,
Kuanzheng Zhu,
Bin Wu,
Changjun Lin
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2015
Pages:
80-90
Received:
16 September 2015
Accepted:
4 October 2015
Published:
23 October 2015
Abstract: In this paper, the method of simultaneous determinations of methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in dairy products from China was investigated. PBDEs are widely used brominated flame retardant, which are increasingly reported in the environment. MeO-PBDEs are structural analogs to PBDEs, and reported as natural products and novel pollutants present in the environment. A new isotopic dilution GC-MS method was firstly developed to simultaneously determine fourteen PBDEs and eight MeO-PBDEs in dairy products (full cream milk powder, skim milk powder, pure milk and acidophilus milk) in this study. Solvent extraction, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and silica gel column cleanup were used, some important steps and crucial parameters were modified and intensified compared with other literatures. Besides, the conditions of GC and MS were also optimized. The limits of quantitation values of 1-50, 4-20 μg kg-1 in full cream milk powders, skim milk powders, pure milks and acidophilus milks were calculated for PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs. In addition, good repeatability and accuracy of the whole method were achieved. Moreover, Eighteen kinds of commercial full cream milk powder samples, sixteen skim milk powder samples, twenty pure milk samples and fifteen acidophilus milk samples were collected from local supermarket in Wuhan, Hubei province. These samples were analyzed to determine whether these samples were contaminated by PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs. The method was successfully applied to determine methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in these dairy products. Using the established methods, PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs were not detected in all samples.
Abstract: In this paper, the method of simultaneous determinations of methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in dairy products from China was investigated. PBDEs are widely used brominated flame retardant, which are increasingly reported in the environment. MeO-PBDEs are structural analogs to PBDEs, and reported as nat...
Show More
-
Determination of Buspirone HCl in Commercial Dosage Forms by Extractive Spectrophotometric Method and Comparison by HPLC Method
Syed Najmul Hejaz Azmi,
Laila Talib Al-Ghafri,
Samia Said Al-Ghafri,
Maithaa Mohammed Al-Haribi
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2015
Pages:
91-99
Received:
7 November 2014
Accepted:
23 January 2015
Published:
22 October 2015
Abstract: An extractive spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of buspirone HCl in tablets. It was based on the ion-pair complex formation between buspirone and bromothymol blue in presence of disodium hydrogen phosphate and citric acid buffer solution of pH 4.0 which is extractable in chloroform. The extracted complex showed maximum absorbance at 412 nm. Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range of 1.25-30 μg ml-1. Various factors affecting the reaction conditions were carefully studied and optimized. Validation parameters based on the guidelines of International Conference on Harmonisation, USA were followed. Effect of common excipients used as additives has been tested and the tolerance limit was calculated for the determination of buspirone HCl. Limits of detection and quantitation were 0.165 and 0.499 g ml-1, respectively. Proposed method has been successfully applied for the determination of buspirone HCl in pharmaceutical formulations. High performance liquid chromatographic method was employed using 250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 5-m particle, reversed phase C18 column with 70:30 (v/v) methanol-0.01M NaH2PO4 buffer as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.8 ml min-1 and UV detection at 240 nm for best separation of buspirone. Results obtained by the proposed method were statistically compared with the HPLC reference method using t- and F- values and found no significant difference between the two methods. The proposed method can be used as an alternate method for routine quality control analysis of buspirone HCl in pharmaceutical formulations.
Abstract: An extractive spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of buspirone HCl in tablets. It was based on the ion-pair complex formation between buspirone and bromothymol blue in presence of disodium hydrogen phosphate and citric acid buffer solution of pH 4.0 which is extractable in chloroform. The extracted complex showed maxi...
Show More
-
Biosorption of Pb2+ and Cr2+ Using Moringa Oleifera and Their Adsorption Isotherms
Ongulu Roselyn Adhiambo,
Kituyi John Lusweti,
Getenga Zachary Morang’a
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2015
Pages:
100-108
Received:
26 September 2015
Accepted:
13 October 2015
Published:
27 October 2015
Abstract: In the last three decades attention has been paid on environmental management caused by toxic materials such as heavy metals whose levels have risen due to increased anthropogenic activities. Conventional methods for waste treatment are numerous, some of which are expensive and sometimes inefficient. A search for cheaper and environmentally friendly method of treatment using natural products has taken a central stage in the recent past. Moringa oleifera seed powder was investigated with a view of using it as a low cost biosorbent for the removal of toxic heavy metals from wastewater. Fourier transform Infrared (FT-IR) analysis was done for characterization of Moringa oleifera seeds powder. Batch biosorption experiments of Pb2+ and Cr2+ with respect to contact time, pH, particle size, adsorbent dosage, effect of pretreatment and adsorption isotherms were studied. FT-IR showed the presence of –NH, -OH, -COOH functional groups in the biomass. The maximum biosorption capacity was observed at pH 5 for both metals, with the particle size of adsorbent of 0.250 mm and high adsorbent dosage of 0.6 g. The order of modification for Pb2+ was CaCl2 > NaOH > KMnO4 > HCl, while that of Cr2+ was KMnO4 > CaCl2 > HCl > NaOH. Although the data fitted into both the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms high correlation coefficients of about 1.00, the Langmuir gave better results than the Freundlich. The results suggest that Moringa oleifera seeds have potential application in Pb2+ and Cr2+ decontamination from aqueous effluents and that pretreatment further enhances biosorption.
Abstract: In the last three decades attention has been paid on environmental management caused by toxic materials such as heavy metals whose levels have risen due to increased anthropogenic activities. Conventional methods for waste treatment are numerous, some of which are expensive and sometimes inefficient. A search for cheaper and environmentally friendl...
Show More
-
Thermal, Spectroscopic and Chromatographic Characterization of Biofield Energy Treated Benzophenone
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi,
Alice Branton,
Dahryn Trivedi,
Gopal Nayak,
Gunin Saikia,
Snehasis Jana
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2015
Pages:
109-114
Received:
7 October 2015
Accepted:
19 October 2015
Published:
16 November 2015
Abstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on the thermal, spectroscopic, and chemical properties of benzophenone. The study was done using various analytical methods such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The benzophenone sample was divided into two parts, one part was subjected to Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment, called as treated and the other part was remained as untreated, called as control. Mass spectra showed the molecular ion peak at m/z = 182 in control and all the treated benzophenone samples with different intensities (treated samples further divided in to three parts, T1, T2, and T3 for GC-MS study). The isotopic abundance ratio of 2H/1H, 13C/12C (PM+1)/PM and in treated sample was decreased by 44.87% in T2 and slightly increased upto 5.79% in case of T1 as compared to the control [where, PM- primary molecule, (PM+1)- isotopic molecule either for 13C or 2H]. Moreover, isotopic abundance ratio of 18O/16O (PM+2)/PM in the treated sample was increased up to 22.64% in T3. The retention time of treated benzophenone was slightly increased (0.88 min) as compared to the control in HPLC chromatogram. The DSC data exhibited that the heat of degradation of treated benzophenone was increased by 674.16% as compared to the control. While, C=O stretching frequency of treated sample was shifted by 6 cm-1 to low energy region in FT-IR spectroscopy. Further, the UV-Vis spectra of control sample showed characteristic absorption peaks at 210 nm and 257 nm that was blue shifted to 205 nm and 252 nm, respectively in the treated sample. These results suggested that biofield treatment has significantly altered the thermal, spectroscopic, and chemical properties of benzophenone, which could make them more useful as reaction intermediate in industrial applications.
Abstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield energy treatment on the thermal, spectroscopic, and chemical properties of benzophenone. The study was done using various analytical methods such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC),...
Show More
-
Determination of the Level of Selected Heavy Metals from Khat Leaves (Cata Edulis Forsk) Grown in Gidolle, Konso and Koyira, Southern Ethiopia
Sleshi Fentie Tadesse,
Worku Lakew Kebede
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2015
Pages:
115-121
Received:
5 November 2015
Accepted:
16 November 2015
Published:
10 December 2015
Abstract: Khat (Catha edulis forsk), a plant used as a stimulant is grown in certain areas of East Africa and the Arab Peninsula. In Ethiopia, it is cultivated in most parts of the country and distributed to local consumers and in other countries. Many farmers have adopted modern farming methods such as application of fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation for Khat cultivation. These agricultural practices are known to increase the concentration of heavy metals in soil and khat. Some of these heavy metals such as Pb and Cd are toxic even at low concentrations while Zn, Cu, Fe and Cr though essential in the body, are toxic at high levels. Therefore this study determined the levels of Zn, Cu, Fe, Pb, Cd and Cr in khat where the plant is grown. Three different types of Khat samples grown in Gidolle, Konso and Koyira were collected from the growing area.0.5 g of oven dried Khat samples were digested by wet digestion using 3 mL of HNO3, 1 mL of HClO4 and 1 mL of H2O2 by setting the temperature first to 60°C for 30 min and then increased to 210°C for the next 2 h and 30 min.. The digests were analyzed for selected heavy metals using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The following concentration ranges in dry weight (μg/g) were obtained in khat: Fe (180-222), Zn (25.23-33.69), Cu (12.64-15.74), Cr (4.01-4.53). The toxic metals (Pb and Cd) were not detected in all the samples analyzed. The ANOVA results suggested that there was significant difference (p<0.05) in the levels of heavy metals between khat varieties. Levels of studied heavy metals in khat were within in the range of maximum recommended RDA value. Based on this study the analyzed khat are free from toxic heavy metals and do not pose a health risk rather it is a source of essential nutrients for the chewers.
Abstract: Khat (Catha edulis forsk), a plant used as a stimulant is grown in certain areas of East Africa and the Arab Peninsula. In Ethiopia, it is cultivated in most parts of the country and distributed to local consumers and in other countries. Many farmers have adopted modern farming methods such as application of fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation f...
Show More
-
Soxhlet Extraction and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Extracted Oil from Pistacia Atlantica Kurdica Nuts and Optimization of Process Using Factorial Design of Experiments
Atena Ghaderi,
Bahram Ebrahimi
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2015
Pages:
122-126
Received:
17 November 2015
Accepted:
29 November 2015
Published:
16 December 2015
Abstract: Chemical constituents of extracted oil from the nut of Pistacia atlantica kurdica (dried and fresh samples) - which grows in some regions of Kurdistan province in Iran - were extracted by using soxhlet method and analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The main goal of this study was qualitative analysis of extracted compounds and optimization of extraction conditions. At three extraction times (7h, 11h and 13h) and with two solvents (n-hexane and methanol), soxhlet extractions were carried out. Extraction time and type of solvents were selected as two important factors. A general full factorial design with selected factors was used. The study reveals that n-hexane extracted more yield than methanol. The highest yield obtained with n-hexane, was 33.59%; while the highest yield obtained by methanol was 3.85%. The results show that when extraction is done by n-hexane, by increasing the extraction time up to 11h, the mass yield percent was also increased. The obtained chromatograms were showed that by increasing the extraction time up to 13h, the main extracted compounds were maintained but compounds with low quantities have been eliminated. The main compounds identified were alpha-pinene, decane, dodecane, tetradecane, hexadecane, palmitic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid ester. The main identified compounds were nearly similar to dried and fresh samples. This study can be considered as the firs report on the chemical compounds of extracted oil from nut of Pistacia atlantica kurdica in studied region.
Abstract: Chemical constituents of extracted oil from the nut of Pistacia atlantica kurdica (dried and fresh samples) - which grows in some regions of Kurdistan province in Iran - were extracted by using soxhlet method and analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The main goal of this study was qualitative analysis of extracted compounds and optimiz...
Show More
-
Characterization of Physical, Thermal and Spectral Properties of Biofield Treated 2-Aminopyridine
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi,
Alice Branton,
Dahryn Trivedi,
Gopal Nayak,
Rakesh Kumar Mishra,
Snehasis Jana
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2015
Pages:
127-134
Received:
17 October 2015
Accepted:
6 November 2015
Published:
21 December 2015
Abstract: 2-Aminopyridine is an important compound, which is used as intermediate for the synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds. The present work was aimed to assess the effect of Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment on the physical, thermal and spectral characteristics of 2-AP. The work was accomplished by dividing the sample in two parts i.e. one part was remained untreated, and another part had received biofield energy treatment. Subsequently, the samples were analyzed using various characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, ultra violet-visible spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The XRD analysis revealed a decrease in crystallite size of the treated sample (91.80 nm) as compared to the control sample (97.99 nm). Additionally, the result showed an increase in Bragg’s angle (2θ) of the treated sample as compared to the control. The DSC and Differential thermal analysis analysis showed an increase in melting temperature of the treated 2-AP with respect to the control. Moreover, the latent heat of fusion of the treated sample was increased by 3.08%. The TGA analysis showed an increase in onset of thermal degradation (Tonset), and maximum thermal decomposition temperature (Tmax) of the treated 2-AP as compared to the control sample. Additionally, the treated sample showed a reduction in weight loss as compared with the control indicating higher thermal stability of the sample. UV-visible analysis showed no changes in the absorption peak of the treated sample as compared to the control. The FT-IR spectroscopic results showed downward shifting of C-H stretching vibration 2991→2955 cm-1 in treated sample with respect to the control.
Abstract: 2-Aminopyridine is an important compound, which is used as intermediate for the synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds. The present work was aimed to assess the effect of Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment on the physical, thermal and spectral characteristics of 2-AP. The work was accomplished by dividing the sample in two parts i.e. one part w...
Show More
